Demographics of Uzbekistan

Population of Uzbekistan (in millions): 1950 – 1 January 2008.

The demographics of Uzbekistan are the demographic features of the population of Uzbekistan, including population growth, population density, ethnicity, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population. The nationality of any person from Uzbekistan is Uzbekistani, while the ethnic Uzbek majority call themselves Uzbeks.

Demographic trends

Boys pose for a picture at Registan. Over a quarter of Uzbekistan's population is under 14 years old.

Uzbekistan is Central Asia's most populous country. Its 28.1 million people (July 2011 estimate)^[1] comprise nearly half the region's total population.

The population of Uzbekistan is very young: 34.1% of its people are younger than 14. According to official sources, Uzbeks comprise a majority (80%) of the total population. Other ethnic groups include Russians 5.5%, Tajiks 5%, Kazakhs 3%, Karakalpaks 2.5%, and Tatars 1.5% (1996 estimates).^[1] There is some controversy about the percentage of the Tajik population. Official data from Uzbekistan that put the number of Tajiks at 5% of the population do not include ethnic Tajiks who, for a variety of reasons, choose to identify themselves as Uzbeks in population census forms.^[2] Some Western scholars, citing anonymous "observers" or "Tajiks around the country", accordingly estimate the number of Tajiks in Uzbekistan at 20%^[3] or even as high as 25%-30%.^[4]

Uzbekistan has an ethnic Korean population that was forcibly relocated to the region from the Soviet Far East in 1937-1938. There are also small groups of Armenians in Uzbekistan, mostly in Tashkent and Samarkand. The nation is 88% Muslim (mostly Sunni, with a 5% Shi'a minority), 9% Eastern Orthodox and 3% other faiths (which include small communities of Korean Christians, other Christian denominations, Buddhists, Baha'is, and more).^[5] The Bukharan Jews have lived in Central Asia, mostly in Uzbekistan, for thousands of years. There were 94,900 Jews in Uzbekistan in 1989^[6] (about 0.5% of the population according to the 1989 census), but now, since the collapse of the USSR, most Central Asian Jews left the region for the United States or Israel. Fewer than 5,000 Jews remain in Uzbekistan.^[7]

Much of Uzbekistan's population was engaged in cotton farming in large-scale collective farms when the country was part of the Soviet Union. The population continues to be heavily rural and dependent on farming for its livelihood, although the farm structure in Uzbekistan has largely shifted from collective to individual since 1990.

Vital statistics

UN estimates

Period	Births per year	Deaths per year	Natural change per year	CBR^1	CDR^1	NC^1	TFR^1	IMR^1
1995–2000				24.8	6.8	18.0	2.99
2000–2005				21.4	6.7	14.7	2.51
2005–2010				22.6	6.9	15.7	2.48
2010–2015				23.3	7.0	16.3	2.48
2015–2020				20.9	7.1	13.8	2.33
2020–2025				17.9	7.2	10.7	2.21

Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs website > World Population Prospects: The 2010 revision.^[8]

Births and deaths

	Average population (x 1000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)
1950	6,314	192,188	54,612	137,576	30.4	8.6	21.8
1951	6,511	207,302	49,275	158,027	31.8	7.6	24.3
1952	6,704	223,452	55,068	168,384	33.3	8.2	25.1
1953	6,909	219,832	60,855	158,977	31.8	8.8	23.0
1954	7,085	237,470	58,345	179,125	33.5	8.2	25.3
1955	7,256	248,545	59,370	189,175	34.3	8.2	26.1
1956	7,466	267,187	46,210	220,977	35.8	6.2	29.6
1957	7,720	276,668	47,568	229,100	35.8	6.2	29.7
1958	7,979	300,646	48,433	252,213	37.7	6.1	31.6
1959	8,252	305,082	50,254	254,828	37.0	6.1	30.9
1960	8,558	340,618	51,758	288,860	39.8	6.0	33.8
1961	8,895	339,952	53,591	286,361	38.2	6.0	32.2
1962	9,237	341,352	56,178	285,174	37.0	6.1	30.9
1963	9,574	342,659	54,502	288,157	35.8	5.7	30.1
1964	9,905	346,847	53,315	293,532	35.0	5.4	29.6
1965	10,233	355,135	60,056	295,079	34.7	5.9	28.8
1966	10,557	360,336	60,115	300,221	34.1	5.7	28.4
1967	10,886	359,623	64,627	294,996	33.0	5.9	27.1
1968	11,259	385,687	64,762	320,925	34.3	5.8	28.5
1969	11,625	380,729	69,147	311,582	32.8	6.0	26.8
1970	11,973	401,613	66,189	335,424	33.6	5.5	28.1
1971	12,354	425,646	67,162	358,484	34.4	5.4	29.0
1972	12,756	421,458	77,942	343,516	33.0	6.1	26.9
1973	13,155	441,237	83,170	358,067	33.5	6.3	27.2
1974	13,569	462,062	86,864	375,198	34.1	6.4	27.7
1975	13,981	478,604	100,213	378,391	34.2	7.2	27.0
1976	14,389	503,514	101,544	401,970	35.0	7.1	27.9
1977	14,786	493,329	104,297	389,032	33.4	7.1	26.3
1978	15,184	514,030	105,204	408,826	33.9	6.9	27.0
1979	15,578	535,928	109,459	426,469	34.4	7.0	27.4
1980	15,952	540,047	118,886	421,161	33.9	7.5	26.4
1981	16,376	572,197	117,793	454,404	34.9	7.2	27.7
1982	16,813	589,283	124,137	465,146	35.0	7.4	27.7
1983	17,261	609,400	128,779	480,621	35.3	7.5	27.8
1984	17,716	641,398	132,042	509,356	36.2	7.5	28.8
1985	18,174	679,057	131,686	547,371	37.4	7.2	30.1
1986	18,634	708,658	132,213	576,445	38.0	7.1	30.9
1987	19,095	714,454	133,781	580,673	37.4	7.0	30.4
1988	19,561	694,144	134,688	559,456	35.5	6.9	28.6
1989	20,108	668,807	126,862	541,945	33.3	6.3	27.0
1990	20,465	691,636	124,553	567,083	33.8	6.1	27.7
1991	20,857	723,420	130,294	593,126	34.7	6.2	28.4
1992	21,354	680,459	140,092	540,367	31.9	6.6	25.3
1993	21,847	692,324	145,294	547,030	31.7	6.7	25.0
1994	22,277	657,725	148,423	509,302	29.5	6.7	22.9
1995	22,684	677,999	145,439	532,560	29.9	6.4	23.5
1996	23,128	634,842	144,829	490,013	27.4	6.3	21.2
1997	23,560	602,694	137,331	465,363	25.6	5.8	19.8
1998	23,954	553,745	140,526	413,219	23.1	5.9	17.3
1999	24,312	544,788	130,529	414,259	22.4	5.4	17.0
2000	24,650	527,580	135,598	391,982	21.4	5.5	15.9
2001	24,965	512,950	132,542	380,408	20.5	5.3	15.2
2002	25,272	532,511	137,028	395,483	21.1	5.4	15.6
2003	25,568	508,457	135,933	372,524	19.9	5.3	14.6
2004	25,864	540,381	130,357	410,024	20.9	5.0	15.9
2005	26,167	533,530	140,585	392,945	20.4	5.4	15.0
2006	26,488	555,946	139,622	416,324	21.0	5.3	15.7
2007	26,868	608,917	137,430	471,487	22.7	5.1	17.5
2008	27,303	646,096	138,792	507,304	23.7	5.1	18.6
2009	27,767	649,727	130,659	519,068	23.4	4.7	18.7
2010	28,562	634,810	138,411	496,399	22.2	4.8	17.4
2011	29,339	626,881	144,585	482,296	21.4	4.9	16.4
2012	29,774	625,106	145,988	479,118	21.0	4.9	16.1
2013	30,243	679,519	145,672	533,847	22.5	4.8	17.7
2014	30,759	718,036	149,761	568,998	23.5	4.9	18.6
2015		734,141	152,035	582,106

Sources:^{[9][10][11][12][13][14][15]}

Fertility and Births

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):^[16]

Year	CBR (Total)	TFR (Total)	CBR (Urban)	TFR (Urban)	CBR (Rural)	TFR (Rural)
1996	27	3,34 (3,1)	23	2,71 (2,5)	29	3,74 (3,4)
2002	24,4	2,92	19,8	2,48	27,5	3,21

Total fertility rate (TFR)

According to the CIA World Factbook, the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) estimated as of 2011 is 1.89 children born/woman.^[1][17][18]

In 2002, the estimated TFR was 2.92; Uzbeks 2.99, Russians 1.35, Karakalpak 2.69, Tajik 3.19, Kazakh 2.95, Tatar 2.05, others 2.53; Tashkent City 1.96, Karakalpakstan 2.90, Fergana 2.73; Eastern region 2.71, East Central 2.96, Central 3.43, Western 3.05.^[19]

The high fertility rate during the Soviet Union and during its period of disintegration is partly due to the historical cultural preferences for large families, economic reliance upon agriculture, and the greater relative worth of Soviet child benefits in Uzbekistan.^[20] Abortion was the preferred method of birth control. Legalized in 1955, the number of abortions increased by 231% from 1956-1973.^[21] By 1991, the abortion ratio was 39 abortions per 1,000 women of reproductive age per year.^[22]

However, in the past few decades, fertility control methods have shifted considerably from abortion to modern contraceptive methods, especially IUDs. By the mid-1980s IUDS became the main method of contraception through government and organizational policies that aimed to introduce women to modern contraceptives. According to a UHES report from 2002, 73% of married Uzbek woman had used the IUD, 14% male condom, and 13% the pill.^[23]

The government supported the use of modern contraceptives to control fertility rates because of national economic difficulties that followed the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Thus the government has been influential in determining the popularity of the IUD. Despite family planning programs that educate women on different methods of contraception, the IUD has remained women’s first choice of contraception. Word of mouth and social relations also account for the strong preference for the IUD. Nevertheless, factors such as class and level of education have been shown to give women more freedom in their choice of contraception methods.

Ethnic groups

Ethnic composition according to the 1989 population census (latest available):^{[17][18][24][25]}
Uzbek 71%, Russian 6%, Khowar 2%, Tajik 5% (believed to be much higher^[2][3][4]), Kazakh 4%, Tatar 3%, Karakalpak 2%, other 7%.

Estimates of ethnic composition in 1996 from CIA World Factbook:^[26]

Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak 2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, Other 2.5% (1996 est.)

The table shows the ethnic composition of Uzbekistan's population (in percent) according to four population censuses between 1926 and 1989 (no population census was carried out in 1999, and the next census is now being planned for 2010).^[27] The increase in the percentage of Tajik from 3.9% of the population in 1979 to 4.7% in 1989 may be attributed, at least in part, to the change in census instructions: in the 1989 census for the first the nationality could be reported not according to the passport, but freely self-declared on the basis of the respondent's ethnic self-identification.^[28]

Population of Uzbekistan according to ethnic group 1926–1989

Ethnic group	census 1926^1		census 1939^2		census 1959^3		census 1970^4		census 1979^5		census 1989^6
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Uzbeks	3,467,226	73.0	4,804,096	65.1	5,038,273	62.2	7,733,541	64.7	10,569,007	68.7	14,142,475	71.4
Russians	245,807	5.2	727,331	11.6	1,090,728	13.5	1,495,556	12.5	1,665,658	10.8	1,653,478	8.4
Tajiks	350,670	7.4	317,560	5.1	311,375	3.8	457,356	3.8	594,627	3.9	933,560	4.7
Kazakhs	191,126	4.0	305,416	4.9	335,267	4.1	549,312	4.6	620,136	4.0	808,227	4.1
Tatars	28,335	0.6	147,157	2.3	397,981	4.9	442,331	3.7	531,205	3.5	467,829	2.4
Karakalpaks	142,688	3.0	181,420	2.9	168,274	2.1	230,273	1.9	297,788	1.9	411,878	2.1
Crimean Tatars					46,829	0.6	135,426	1.1	117,559	0.8	188,772	1.0
Koreans	30	0.0	72,944	1.2	138,453	1.7	151,058	1.3	163,062	1.1	183,140	0.9
Kyrgyz	79,610	1.7	89,044	1.4	92,725	1.1	110,864	1.0	142,182	0.7	174,907	0.8
Ukrainians	25,335	0.5	70,577	1.1	87,927	1.1	114,979	1.0	113,826	0.7	153,197	0.8
Turkmens	31,492	0.7	46,543	0.7	54,804	0.7	71,066	0.6	92,285	0.6	121,578	0.6
Turks	371	0.0	474	0.0	21,269	0.3	46,398	0.4	48,726	0.3	106,302	0.5
Jews	37,621	0.8	50,676	0.8	94,303	1.2	102,843	0.9	99,836	0.7	94,689	0.5
Armenians	14,862	0.3	20,394	0.3	27,370	0.3	34,470	0.3	42,374	0.3	50,537	0.3
Azerbaijanis	20,764	0.4	3,645	0.1	40,511	0.5	40,431	0.3	59,779	0.4	44,410	0.2
Uyghurs	36,349	0.8	50,638	0.8	19,377	0.2	24,039	0.2	29,104	0.2	35,762	0.2
Bashkirs	624	0.0	7,516	0.1	13,500	0.2	21,069	0.2	25,879	0.2	34,771	0.2
Others	77,889	1.6	98,838	1.6	126,738	1.6	198,570	1.7	176,274	1.1	204,565	1.0
Total	4,750,175		6,271,269		8,105,704		11,959,582		15,389,307		19,810,077
^1 Excluding the Tadzjik ASSR, but including the Kara-Kalpak Autonomous Oblast (in 1926 part of the Kazakh ASSR); source: . ^2 Source: . ^3 Source: . ^4 Source: . ^5 Source: . ^6 Source: .

Languages

Languages of Uzbekistan [26]
Languages			percent
Uzbek			74.3%
Russian			14.2%
Other			7.1%
Tajik			4.4%

According to the CIA factbook, the current language distribution is: Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4% and Other 7.1.^[26] The Latin script replaced Cyrillic in the mid-1990s. Following independence, Uzbek was made the official state language. President Islam Karimov, the radical nationalist group Birlik (Unity), and the Uzbek Popular Front promoted this change. These parties believed that Uzbek would stimulate nationalism and the change itself was part of the process of de-Russification, which was meant to deprive Russian language and culture of any recognition. Birlik held campaigns in the late 1980s to achieve this goal, with one event in 1989 culminating in 12,000 people in Tashkent calling for official recognition of Uzbek as the state language.^[29] In 1995, the government adopted the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on State Language, which mandates that Uzbek be used in all public spheres and official jobs. Scholars studying migration and ethnic minorities have since criticized the law as a source of discrimination toward minorities who do not speak Uzbek. Nevertheless, Russian remains the de facto language when it comes to science, inter-ethnic communication, business, and advertising.^[30]

Sources suggest that the Persian-speaking Tajik population of Uzbekistan may be as large as 25%-30% of the total population,^[31] but these estimates are based on unverifiable reports of "Tajiks around the country". The Tajik language is the dominant language spoken in the cities of Bukhara and Samarqand. The delineation of territory in 1924 and the process of “Uzbekisation” caused many Tajiks to identify as Uzbek. Thus there are many Tajiks who speak Tajik but they are considered Uzbek.^[32]

Religions

Mosque in Bukhara

Religions of Uzbekistan (2013 ) [26]
Religions			percent
Islam			88%
Eastern Orthodox			9%
Other			3%

Muslims constitute 90% of the population according to a 2009 US State Department release.^[33] Approximately 5% of the population are Russian Orthodox Christians.^[33]

There were 94,900 Jews in Uzbekistan in 1989^[6] (about 0.5% of the population according to the 1989 census), but fewer than 5,000 remained in 2007.^[7]

A study showed that only 35% of surveyed consider religion as "very important".^[34]

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

For the latest statistics, see this country's entry in the CIA World Factbook

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook as of September 2009, unless otherwise indicated.

Age structure

0–14 years: 26% (male 3,970,386/female 3,787,371)
15–64 years: 67% (male 9,191,439/female 9,309,791)
65 years and over: 6% (male 576,191/female 770,829) (2009 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2009 est.)

Infant mortality rate

Total: 23.43 deaths/1,000 live births
Male: 27.7 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 18.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 71.96 years
male: 68.95 years
female: 75.15 years (2009 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.3%
male: 99.6%
female: 99% (2003 est.)

Education

The educational system has achieved 99% literacy, and the mean amount of schooling for both men and women is 12 years. The government provides free and compulsory 12-year education.

Migration

As of 2011, Uzbekistan has a net migration rate of -2.74 migrant(s)/ 1000 population.^[1]

The process of migration changed after the fall of the Soviet Union. During the Soviet Union, passports facilitated movement throughout the fifteen republics and movement throughout the republics was relatively less expensive than it is today.^[35] An application for a labor abroad permit from a special department of the Uzbek Agency of External Labor Migration in Uzbekistan is required since 2003. The permit was originally not affordable to many Uzbeks and the process was criticized for the bureaucratic red tape it required. The same departments and agencies involved in creating this permit are consequently working to substantially reduce the costs as well as simplifying the procedure. On July 4, 2007, the Russian First Deputy Prime Minister Sergey Ivanov signed three agreements that would address labor activity and protection of the rights of the working migrants (this includes Russian citizens in Uzbekistan and Uzbek citizens in Russia) as well as cooperation in fighting undocumented immigration and the deportation of undocumented workers.^[36]

Uzbek Migration

Economic difficulties have increased labor migration to Russia, Kazakhstan, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Turkey, the Republic of Korea, and Europe over the past decade.^[37] At least 10% of Uzbekistan’s labor force works abroad.^[38] Approximately 58% of the labor force that migrates, migrates to Russia.^[36] High unemployment rates and low wages are responsible for labor migration.

Migrants typically are people from the village, farmers, blue-collar workers, and students who are seeking work abroad. However, many migrants are not aware of the legal procedures required to leave the country, causing many to end up unregistered in Uzbekistan or the host country. Without proper registration, undocumented migrants are susceptible to underpayment, no social guarantees and bad treatment by employers. According to data from the Russian Federal Immigration Service, there were 102,658 officially registered labor migrants versus 1.5 million unregistered immigrants from Uzbekistan in Russia in 2006. The total remittances for both groups combined was approximately US $1.3 billion that same year, eight percent of Uzbekistan’s GDP.^[36]

Minorities

Jewish Children with their Teacher in Samarkand. Early color photograph from Russia, created by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii as part of his work to document the Russian Empire from 1909 to 1915.

A significant number of ethnic and national minorities left Uzbekistan after the country became independent, but actual numbers are unknown. The primary reasons for migration by minorities include: few economic opportunities, a low standard of living, and a poor prospect for educational opportunities for future generations. Although Uzbekistan’s language law has been cited as a source of discrimination toward those who do not speak Uzbek, this law has intertwined with social, economic, and political factors that have led to migration as a solution to a lack of opportunities in Uzbekistan.

Russians, who constituted a primarily urban population made up half of the population of Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan, until the 1980s. Since then, the population has been gradually diminishing as many Russians have migrated to Russia. Nevertheless, Russian registration permits (propiska) constrain migration.^[39] The decision to migrate is complicated by the fact that many Russians or other minority groups who have a “homeland” may view Uzbekistan as the “motherland.” It is also complicated by the fact that these groups might not speak the national language of their “homeland” or may be registered under another nationality on their passports. Nonetheless, “native” embassies facilitate this migration. Approximately 200 visas are given out to Jews from the Israel embassy weekly.^[40]

See also

• Demography of Central Asia

References

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32. Fane 1998, p. 292-293
34. Pew Global Attitudes
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