Demographics of Afghanistan

This article is about the population of the country of Afghanistan. For ethnic groups, see Ethnic groups in Afghanistan.
Demographics of Afghanistan

Sport fans inside the Ghazi Stadium in the capital of Kabul, which is multi-ethnic.
Population 32,564,342[1]
Growth rate 2.32% (2015)
Birth rate 38.57 births/1,000 population (2015)
Death rate 13.89 deaths/1,000 population (2015)
Life expectancy c. 60 years (2011) [2]
 • male 59 years
 • female 61 years
Fertility rate 5.33 children born/woman (2015)
Infant mortality rate 66.3 deaths/1,000 live births[3]
Age structure
0–14 years 42.3% (male 6,464,070/female 6,149,468)
15–64 years 55.3% (male 8,460,486/female 8,031,968)
65 and over 2.4% (male 349,349/female 380,051)
Sex ratio
At birth 1.05 male/female
Under 15 1.03 male/female
15–64 years 1.04 male/female
65 and over 0.87 male/female
Nationality
Nationality noun: Afghan(s)
Major ethnic Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, and others
Language
Official Pashto and Dari [4]
Spoken Pashto, Dari, Uzbeki, Turkmeni, and other

The population of Afghanistan is around 32 million as of 2015,[1] which includes the 2.7 million Afghans citizens that are residing temporarily in Pakistan and Iran.[5] The nation is composed of a multi-ethnic and multilingual society, reflecting its location astride historic trade and invasion routes between Central Asia, Southern Asia, and Western Asia. The largest ethnic group among Afghanistan's population is the Pashtuns, followed by Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch and others.[1][6]

As of 2013 46% of Afghanistan's population are under 15 years of age and 74% of the population live in rural areas.[7] The average woman gave birth to five children during her life and 6.8% of all babies died in child-birth or infancy.[8] Life expectancy in 2013 was 60 years and only .1% of the population between ages 15 and 49 had HIV.[9]

Pashto and Dari (Afghan Persian) are both the official languages of the country.[4] Dari is mostly spoken in the Tajik- and Hazara-dominated areas, while Pashto is spoken mainly in the Pashtun tribal areas south of the Hindu Kush mountains. Uzbek and Turkmen are spoken in parts of the north. Smaller groups in various parts of the country speak about 30 other languages.[1] Multilingualism is common throughout the country, especially in the major cities. Afghan Persian is the predominate language spoken in urban areas but language is not necessarily an indicator of an individuals ethnic or group identity since Pashto and Dari are both spoken by nearly all of the country's ethnic groups (Turkmen and Uzbeks generally constituting an exception to this rule).[10]

Islam is the religion of more than 99% of Afghanistan's citizens. An estimated 80–90% of the population practice Sunni Islam and belong to the Hanafi Islamic law school, while 7–19% are Shia;[1][11][12] the majority of the Shia follow the Twelver branch, with smaller numbers of Ismailis. The remaining 1% or less practice other religions such as Sikhism and Hinduism. Excluding urban populations in the principal cities, most Afghans are organized into tribal and other kinship-based groups, who follow their own traditional customs, for instance Pashtunwali. The majority of the country's population lives in rural areas and is involved in agricultural activities.

Population statistics

Further information: Afghan diaspora

As of 2013, the total population of Afghanistan is around 32,564,342,[1] which includes the 2.7 million Afghan citizens that are living in Pakistan and Iran.[5] In 2009, a nationwide survey conducted by the Afghan Central Statistics Organization (CSO) estimated that the total number of Afghans living inside Afghanistan was about 24.5 million and by 2011 it reached 26 million. Of this, 5.7 million people (some 22%) were reported to be living in urban areas and the rest in rural or countryside.[5]

After the 1978 Marxist coup, hundreds of Afghans began leaving the country as refugees - most of these were related to the ousted president Mohammad Daoud Khan. In 1979, the population was reported to be about 15.5 million.[13][14] From the start of the Soviet invasion on 24 December 1979 until the end of 1983, some 4 million people, a quarter of the population, left the country to take shelter in neighboring northwestern Pakistan and eastern Iran. The Statistical Yearbook published in 1983 by the Babrak Karmal government claimed a total population of 15.96 million for 1981–82.[15] Some suggest that between 600,000 and 2 million Afghans were killed during the various 1979–2001 wars, majority of them during the Soviet war in the 1980s.[16] According to the Population Reference Bureau, the Afghan population is estimated to increase to 82 million by 2050.[17]

Urban areas are experiencing rapid population growth since the Karzai administration began in late 2001, which is mainly due to the return of over 5 million expats. The only city in Afghanistan with over a million residents is its capital, Kabul. The other largest cities in the country are shown in the chart below.

 
Largest cities or towns in Afghanistan
2012 estimate[18]
Rank Name Province Pop.

Kabul

Kandahar		 1 Kabul Kabul Province 3,289,000
Herat

Mazar-i-Sharif
2 Kandahar Kandahar Province 491,500
3 Herat Herat Province 436,300
4 Mazar-i-Sharif Balkh Province 368,100
5 Kunduz Kunduz Province 304,600
6 Taloqan Takhar Province 219,000
7 Jalalabad Nangarhar Province 206,500
8 Puli Khumri Baghlan Province 203,600
9 Charikar Parwan Province 171,200
10 Sheberghan Jowzjan Province 161,700

Age structure

0–14 years: 42.3% (male 6,464,070/female 6,149,468)
15–64 years: 55.3% (male 8,460,486/female 8,031,968)
65 years and over: 2.4% (male 349,349/female 380,051) (2011 est.)

Population growth rate

In 1979, the population was reported to be about 15.5 million.[19] 2.32% (2015 est.)[1]
country comparison to the world: 39

Urbanization

Young Afghans at a music festival inside the Gardens of Babur in Kabul.

urbanization population: 24% of the total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 5.4% annual rate of change (2005–10 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.93 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2009 est.)

Vital statistics

UN estimates[20]

Period Live births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year CBR1 CDR1 NC1 TFR1 IMR1
1950–1955 450 000 313 000 136 000 52.9 36.9 16.0 7.70 275.0
1955–1960 489 000 322 000 168 000 52.9 34.8 18.1 7.70 260.6
1960–1965 538 000 333 000 205 000 52.8 32.7 20.2 7.70 245.4
1965–1970 596 000 343 000 253 000 52.6 30.3 22.4 7.70 228.1
1970–1975 664 000 356 000 308 000 52.1 27.9 24.2 7.70 211.4
1975–1980 713 000 354 000 360 000 51.5 25.6 26.0 7.70 194.5
1980–1985 694 000 323 000 372 000 51.8 24.1 27.7 7.80 182.8
1985–1990 669 000 291 000 378 000 52.2 22.7 29.5 7.90 171.9
1990–1995 863 000 352 000 512 000 52.6 21.4 31.2 8.00 161.8
1995–2000 1 118 000 429 000 688 000 52.4 20.1 32.3 8.00 152.3
2000–2005 1 221 000 463 000 759 000 48.4 18.3 30.1 7.35 143.7
2005–2010 1 332 000 496 000 836 000 45.1 16.8 28.3 6.62 136.0
1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Fertility and Births

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):[21]

Year CBR (Total) TFR (Total) CBR (Urban) TFR (Urban) CBR (Rural) TFR (Rural)
2010 35,6 5,1 34,7 4,5 35,9 5,2
2015 36,8 5,3 35,8 4,8 37,1 5,4

Structure of the population[22]

Structure of the population (2012.01.07) (Data refer to the settled population based on the 1979 Population Census and the latest household prelisting. The refugees of Afghanistan in Iran, Pakistan, and an estimated 1.5 million nomads, are not included):

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 60+ years (2013)[2][23]


country comparison to the world: 214
male: 59 years (2013)[23]
female: 61 years (2013)[23]

Development and health indicators

Gathering of students in 2006 at a school in Nangarhar Province.

Literacy

Definition: People over the age of 15 that can read and write
Total population: 31% (2005 est.)[24]
Male: 43% (2005)
Female: 20% (2005)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 8 years
male: 11 years
female: 4 years (2004)

HIV/AIDS – adult prevalence rate

About 0% (2011 est.)

In 2008, health officials in Afghanistan reported 504[25] cases of people living with HIV but by the end of 2012 the numbers reached 1,327. The nation's healthy ministry stated that most of the HIV patients were among intravenous drug users and that 70% of them were men, 25% women, and the remaining 5% children. They belonged to Kabul, Kandahar and Herat, the provinces from where people make the most trips to neighboring or other foreign countries.[26] Regarding Kandahar, 22 cases were reported in 2012. "AIDS Prevention department head Dr Hamayoun Rehman said 1,320 blood samples were examined and 21 were positive. Among the 21 patients, 18 were males and three were females who contracted the deadly virus from their husbands. He said four people had reached a critical stage while three had died. The main source of the disease was the use of syringes used by drug addicts."[27] There are approximately 23,000 addicts in the country who inject drugs into their bodies using syringes. It is estimated that between 2,000 and 3,000 people maybe living with the deadly virus in Afghanistan.[28]


country comparison to the world: 168

HIV/AIDS – deaths

About 11 people, most of them drug addicts.[28]

Major infectious diseases

Degree of risk: high

Note: WH5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk as of 2009.

Ethnic groups

Ethnolinguistic groups in Afghanistan

In 2013, the total population of Afghanistan was 27.5 million.[29] An additional 3 million or so Afghans are temporarily living in neighboring Pakistan and Iran. This makes the estimated total Afghan population around 32 million. Because a systematic census has not been held in decades, exact figures about the size and composition of the various ethnic groups are unvailable. The government announced that it will issue computerized ID cards in which the ethnicity of each citizen is to be provided in the application.[30] This process is expected to reveal the exact figures about the size and composition of the various ethnic groups living in the country.[31]

An approximate distribution of the ethnic groups found today in Afghanistan is shown in the chart below:

Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
Ethnic group Image World Factbook / Library of Congress Country Studies estimate (2004–present)[1][12] World Factbook / Library of Congress Country Studies estimates (pre-2004)[32][33][34]
Pashtun 42% 38–50 percent
Tajik 27% 25–26.3% (of this 1% are Qizilbash)
Hazara 9% 6–13 percent
Uzbek 9% 6–8% percent
Aimak 4% 500,000 to 800,000
Turkmen 3% 2.5 percent
Baloch 2% 100,000
Others (Pashai, Nuristani, Arab, Brahui, Pamiri, Gujjar, etc.) 4% 6.9 percent

The 2004–present suggested figures in the above chart are supported by recent national opinion polls, which were aimed at knowing how a group of about 804 to 7,760 local residents in Afghanistan felt about the current war, political situation, as well as the economic and social issues affecting their daily lives. Seven of the surveys were conducted between 2004 and 2012 by the Asia Foundation and one between 2004 and 2009 by a combined effort of the broadcasting companies NBC News, BBC, and ARD.[35][36]

Answers regarding ethnicity provided by 804 to 7,760 Afghans in national opinion polls
Ethnic group "Afghanistan: Where Things Stand" (2004–2009)[36] "A survey of the Afghan people" (2006)[35] "A survey of the Afghan people" (2007)[35] "A survey of the Afghan people" (2008)[35] "A survey of the Afghan people" (2009)[35] "A survey of the Afghan people" (2010)[35] "A survey of the Afghan people" (2011)[35] "A survey of the Afghan people" (2012)[35]
Pashtun 38-46% 40.9% 40% Not reported Not reported 42% 41% 40%
Tajik 37-39% 37.1% 35% " " 31% 31% 33%
Hazara 6-13% 9.2% 10% " " 10% 11% 11%
Uzbek 5-7% 9.2% 8% " " 9% 9% 9%
Aimak 0-0% 0.1% 1% " " 2% 1% 1%
Turkmen 1-2% 1.7% 3% " " 2% 2% 2%
Baloch 1-3% 0.5% 1% " " 1% 1% 1%
Others (Pashayi, Nuristani, Arab, etc.) 0-4% 1.4% 2% " " 3% 3% 5%
No opinion 0-2% 0% 0% " " 0% 0% 0%

Languages

Afghan school textbooks written in Pashto language
Languages of Afghanistan[37]
Dari (Afghan Persian)
  
 50%
Pashto
  
 35%
Uzbek and Turkmen
  
 11%
30 others including Balochi and Pashai
  
 4%

Pashto and Dari are both designated as the official languages of Afghanistan.[4] Dari (Afghan Persian) serves as the lingua franca in Kabul, Herat, Mazar-i-Sharif and other cities in northern and north-western Afghanistan. It is the language resorted to when people of different ethnic groups need to conduct business or otherwise communicate. Pashto is widely used in southern and eastern areas of the country where ethnic Pashtuns are the majority. The Afghan National Anthem is recited in Pashto. Uzbeki and Turkmeni are spoken in certain northern provinces, but mainly among the Uzbek and Turkmen tribes. Smaller number of Afghans are also fluent in Urdu, Balochi, Arabic and other languages. English is taught in schools and is gradually becoming popular among the younger generation.

An approximate distribution of languages spoken in the country is shown in the line chart below:

Languages of Afghanistan
Language World Factbook / Library of Congress Country Studies (1992-present estimate)[1][12] Ethnologue / World Factbook / Iranica (pre-1992 estimates)[32][38][39]
Dari (Afghan Persian) 50% 25-50%
Pashto 35% 50-55%
Uzbek 8.5% 9%
Turkmen 2.5% 500,000 speakers
30 others (Balochi, Nuristani, Pashayi, Brahui, Hindko, Pamiri, Kyrgyz, Gujari, etc.) 4% 4%

Based on information from the latest national opinion polls, up to 49% stated that they can speak or understand Pashto and up to 77% stated that they can speak or understand Dari. Uzbeki was spoken or understood by up to 11% and Turkmen by up to 7%. Other languages that can be spoken are Arabic (4%) and Balochi (2%)[35][36]

Religions

Religion in Afghanistan (2009 est.)[37]
Religion Percent
Islam
  
 99.7%
Others
  
 0.3%
Distribution of religions
Afghan politicians and foreign diplomats praying at the U.S. Embassy in Kabul.

Almost the entire Afghan population is Muslim, with less than 1% being non-Muslim. Despite attempts to secularize Afghan society, Islamic practices pervade all aspects of life. Likewise, Islamic religious tradition and codes, together with traditional practices, provide the principal means of controlling personal conduct and settling legal disputes. Islam was used as the main basis for expressing opposition to the modernization of Afghanistan by King Amanullah in the 1920s. It was also used by the mujahideen during the 1980s Soviet war in Afghanistan and by the Taliban today.

National opinion polls (religion)
Religion "A survey of the Afghan people" (2004)[35] "A survey of the Afghan people" (2006)[35] "A survey of the Afghan people" (2007)[35] "A survey of the Afghan people" (2008)[35] "A survey of the Afghan people" (2009)[35] "A survey of the Afghan people" (2010)[35] "A survey of the Afghan people" (2011)[35] "A survey of the Afghan people" (2012)[35]
Sunni Islam 92% 87.9% 87% " " " " "
Shia Islam 7% 10.4% 12% " " " " "
Ismailism– 1% 1.2% 0% " " " " "
Hinduism 0% 0.1% 0% " " " " "
Buddhism 0% 0.1% 0% " " " " "
Sikhism 0% 0.1% 0% " " " " "

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Afghanistan". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  2. 1 2 "Life expectancy in Afghanistan rises past 60 years". Pajhwok Afghan News. November 30, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
  3. ↑ UNESCO, Country profile, http://www.uis.unesco.org/DataCentre/Pages/country-profile.aspx?code=AFG&regioncode=40535
  4. 1 2 3 "Article Sixteen of the Constitution of Afghanistan". 2004. Retrieved July 25, 2012. From among the languages of Pashto, Dari, Uzbeki, Turkmani, Baluchi, Pashai, Nuristani, Pamiri (alsana), Arab and other languages spoken in the country, Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state.
  5. 1 2 3 Mohammad Jawad Sharifzada, ed. (November 20, 2011). "Afghanistan's population reaches 26m". Pajhwok Afghan News. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
  6. ↑ http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/04/21/what-chance-for-afghanistan/
  7. ↑ UNESCO, Country profile, http://www.uis.unesco.org/DataCentre/Pages/country-profile.aspx?code=AFG&regioncode=40535
  8. ↑ UNESCO, Country profile, http://www.uis.unesco.org/DataCentre/Pages/country-profile.aspx?code=AFG&regioncode=40535
  9. ↑ UNESCO, Country profile, http://www.uis.unesco.org/DataCentre/Pages/country-profile.aspx?code=AFG&regioncode=40535
  10. ↑ Ethnic map of Afghanistan, http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Afghanistan_Ethnic_lg.png
  11. 1 2 3 "Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. August 9, 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 "Country Profile: Afghanistan" (PDF). Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan. Library of Congress. August 2008. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
  13. ↑ "United Nations and Afghanistan". UN News Centre. Retrieved 29 December 2013. Archived October 31, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  14. ↑ "Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment" (PDF). Afghanistan Country Study. Illinois Institute of Technology. pp. 105–06. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2001. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
  15. ↑ "Population". U.S. Library of Congress. 2008. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
  16. ↑ "Afghanistan (1979–2001)". Retrieved 2010-10-12.
  17. ↑ "Afghanistan – Population Reference Bureau". Population Reference Bureau. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
  18. ↑ "Estimated population of Afghanistan 2012-13". Central Statistics Office. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
  19. ↑ "United Nations and Afghanistan". UN News Centre. Retrieved 29 December 2013. Archived October 31, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  20. ↑ World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision
  21. ↑ http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR248/FR248.pdf
  22. ↑ http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2013.htm
  23. 1 2 3 "Afghanistan". World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved 2013-07-06. Life expectancy at birth m/f (years) 59/61
  24. ↑ "Health and Development" (PDF). World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved December 12, 2011.
  25. ↑ Children at risk of contracting HIV/AIDS in Afghanistan. December 1, 2008.
  26. ↑ "Over 1,300 HIV cases registered in Afghanistan". Pajhwok Afghan News. December 1, 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-02.
  27. ↑ "AIDS patients have doubled in Kandahar: Official". Pajhwok Afghan News. December 2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
  28. 1 2 "50pc surge in HIV cases, says Dalil". Pajhwok Afghan News. December 3, 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
  29. ↑ http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2013/04/30/afghan-population-set-reach-275m-year
  30. ↑ Ghulam Hussain Zakiri, ed. (February 24, 2013). "14m Afghans to get computerised ID cards in a year". Pajhwok Afghan News. Retrieved 2013-05-04.
  31. ↑ Abasin Zaheer, ed. (May 26, 2013). "Senators stress caution in ID cards issuance". Pajhwok Afghan News. Retrieved 2013-05-04.
  32. 1 2 "The World Factbok – Afghanistan". The World Factbook/Central Intelligence Agency. University of Missouri. October 15, 1991. Retrieved 2011-03-20. _#_Ethnic divisions: Pashtun 50%, Tajik 25%, Uzbek 9%, Hazara 12-15%; minor ethnic groups include Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and other
  33. ↑ "Ethnic Groups". Library of Congress Country Studies. 1997. Retrieved 2010-10-08.
  34. ↑ "PEOPLE – Ethnic divisions:". The World Factbook/Central Intelligence Agency. University of Missouri. January 22, 1993. Retrieved 2011-03-20. Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Uzbek 6%, Hazara 19%; minor ethnic groups include Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 See:
    • "Afghanistan in 2012 – A survey of the Afghan people" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: The Asia Foundation. pp. 181–182. Retrieved 2012-11-28. Appendix 1: Target Demographics 181... Pashtun 40%, Tajik 33%, Uzbek 9%, Hazara 11%, Turkmen 2%, Baloch 1%, Nuristani 1%, Aimak 1%, Arab 2%, Pashaye 1%, Sadat 1%
    • "Afghanistan in 2011 – A survey of the Afghan people" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: The Asia Foundation. p. 251. Retrieved 2012-11-13. 15. Appendix 3: Interview Questionnaire... D-10. Which ethnic group do you belong to? SINGLE RESPONSE ONLY Pashtun 41%, Tajik 32%, Uzbek 9%, Hazara 11%, Turkmen 2%, Baloch 1%, Nuristani 1%, Aimak 1%, Arab 1%, Sadat 1%
    • "Afghanistan in 2010 – A survey of the Afghan people" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: The Asia Foundation. 2010. pp. 225–226. Retrieved 2011-03-20. D-9. Which ethnic group do you belong to? SINGLE RESPONSE ONLY Pashtun 42%, Tajik 31%, Uzbek 9%, Hazara 10%, Turkmen 2%, Baloch 1%, Nuristani 1%, Aimak 2%, Arab 2%
    • "Afghanistan in 2009: A Survey of the Afghan People" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: The Asia Foundation. Retrieved 2012-11-28. The 2009 survey interviewed 6,406 Afghans (53% men and 47% women)
    • "Afghanistan in 2010 – A survey of the Afghan people" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: The Asia Foundation. Retrieved 2012-11-28. The 2008 survey interviewed 6,593 Afghans...
    • "Afghanistan in 2007 – A survey of the Afghan people" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: The Asia Foundation. 2010. pp. 225–226. Retrieved 2011-03-20. The 2007 survey interviewed 6,406 Afghans, Which ethnic group do you belong to? SINGLE RESPONSE ONLY Pashtun 40%, Tajik 35%, Uzbek 8%, Hazara 10%, Turkmen 3%, Baloch 1%, Nuristani 1%, Aimak 1%, Arab 1%
    • "Afghanistan in 2006 – A survey of the Afghan people" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: The Asia Foundation. pp. 83–88. Retrieved 2012-11-28. A total of 6,226 respondents were surveyed in the study, out of which 4888 (78.5%) were from the rural areas and 1338 (22%) were from the urban areas. Ethnicity: Pashtun 40.9, Tajik 37.1, Uzbek 9.2, Hazara 9.2, Turkmen 1.7, Baloch 0.5, Nuristani 0.4, Aimak 0.1, Arab 0.7, Pashayi 0.3
    • "Afghanistan in 2004 – A survey of the Afghan people" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: The Asia Foundation. 2004. Retrieved 2012-11-28. The 2004 survey interviewed 804 Afghans, Which ethnic group do you belong to? Pashtun 46%, Tajik 39%, Uzbek 6%, Hazara 6%, Turkmen 1%, Baloch 0%, Nuristani 1%, Aimak 0%, Arab 1%, Pashaye 0%, Other 1%.
  36. 1 2 3 "ABC NEWS/BBC/ARD poll - Afghanistan: Where Things Stand" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: ABC News. pp. 38–40. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
  37. 1 2 "South Asia ::AFGHANISTAN". CIA The World Factbook.
  38. ↑ "AFGHANISTAN v. Languages". Ch. M. Kieffer. Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2010-10-10. A. Official languages. Paṧtō (1) is the native tongue of 50 to 55 percent of Afghans... Persian (2) is the language most spoken in Afghanistan. The native tongue of twenty five percent of the population, it is split into numerous dialects.
  39. ↑ "Languages of Afghanistan". SIL International. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Retrieved 2010-09-18.

Further reading

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