Demographics of India

Demographics of India
Map showing the population density of each district in India.
Population	1,336,286,256 (May 2016 est.)[1]
Density	383 people per.sq.km (2011 est.)
Growth rate	1.19% (2016) (96th)
Birth rate	19.3 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)
Death rate	7.3 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)
Life expectancy	68.89 years (2009 est.)
• male	67.46 years (2009 est.)
• female	72.61 years (2009 est.)
Fertility rate	2.3 children born/woman (SRS 2013)
Infant mortality rate	40 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years	31.2% (male 190,075,426/female 172,799,553) (2009 est.)
15–64 years	63.6% (male 381,446,079/female 359,802,209) (2009 est.)
65 and over	5.3% (male 29,364,920/female 32,591,030) (2009 est.)
Sex ratio
At birth	1.10 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
Under 15	1.10 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
15–64 years	1.06 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
65 and over	0.90 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
Nationality
Major ethnic	See Ethnic Groups of India
Language
Official	See Languages of India

Crude birth rate trends in India
(per 1000 people, national average)^[2][3][4]

Infant mortality rate trends in India
(per 1000 births, under age 1, national average)

India is the second most populous country in the world, with 1,336,286,256 (1.3 billion) people (May 2016),^[1][5] nearly a fifth of the world's population. Already containing 18% of the world's population, India is projected to be the world's most populous country by 2022,^[6][7] surpassing China, its population reaching 1.7 billion by 2050.^[7][8][9] Thus, India is expected to become the first political entity in history to be home to more than 1.5 billion people. Its population growth rate is 1.2%, ranking 94th in the world in 2013.^[10] The Indian population had reached the billion mark by 1998.

India has more than 50% of its population below the age of 25 and more than 65% below the age of 35. It is expected that, in 2020, the average age of an Indian will be 29 years, compared to 37 for China and 48 for Japan; and, by 2030, India's dependency ratio should be just over 0.4.^[11]

India has more than two thousand ethnic groups,^[12] and every major religion is represented, as are four major families of languages (Indo-European, Dravidian, Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan languages) as well as two language isolates (the Nihali language^[13] spoken in parts of Maharashtra and the Burushaski language spoken in parts of Jammu and Kashmir).

Further complexity is lent by the great variation that occurs across this population on social parameters such as income and education. Only the continent of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural diversity of the nation of India.^[14]

The sex ratio is 944 females for 1000 males (2016).^[15]

History

It has been estimated that the population was about 100 million in 1600 and remained nearly static until the late 19th century. It reached 255 million according to the first census taken in 1881.^[16][17]

Studies of India's population since 1881 have focused on such topics as total population, birth and death rates, growth rates, geographic distribution, literacy, the rural and urban divide, cities of a million, and the three cities with populations over eight million: Delhi, Greater Mumbai (Bombay), and Kolkata (Calcutta).^[18]

Mortality rates fell in the period 1920–45, primarily due to biological immunisation. Other factors included rising incomes, better living conditions, improved nutrition, a safer and cleaner environment, and better official health policies and medical care.^[19]

Salient features

India occupies 2.41% of the world's land area but supports over 18% of the world's population. At the 2001 census 72.2% of the population^[20] lived in about 638,000 villages^[21] and the remaining 27.8%^[20] lived in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations.^[22]

India's population has exceeded that of the entire continent of Africa by 200 million people.^[23] However, because Africa's population growth is nearly double that of India, it is expected to surpass both China and India by 2025.

Comparative demographics

Comparative demographics

Category	Global Ranking	References
Area	7th	[24]
Population	2nd	[24]
Population growth rate	102nd of 212	in 2010[25]
Population density	24th of 212	in 2010[25]
Male to Female ratio, at birth	12th of 214	in 2009[26]

List of states and union territories by demographics

Population growth of India per decade^[27]

Census Year	Population	Change (%)
1951	361,088,000	–
1961	439,235,000	21.6
1971	548,160,000	24.8
1981	683,329,000	24.7
1991	846,387,888	23.9
2001	1,028,737,436	21.5
2011	1,210,726,932	17.7

Population distribution by states/union territories (2011)

Rank	State/UT	Population[28]	Percent (%)	Male	Female	Sex Ratio	Rural[29]	Urban[29]	Area[30] (km^2)	Density (per km^2)
1	Uttar Pradesh	199,812,341	16.50	104,480,510	95,331,831	930	155,111,022	44,470,455	240,928	828
2	Maharashtra	112,374,333	9.28	58,243,056	54,131,277	929	61,545,441	50,827,531	307,713	365
3	Bihar	104,099,452	8.60	54,278,157	49,821,295	918	92,075,028	11,729,609	94,163	1,102
4	West Bengal	91,276,115	7.54	46,809,027	44,467,088	950	62,213,676	29,134,060	88,752	1,030
5	Madhya Pradesh	72,626,809	6.00	37,612,306	35,014,503	931	52,537,899	20,059,666	308,245	236
6	Tamil Nadu	72,147,030	5.96	36,137,975	36,009,055	996	37,189,229	34,949,729	130,058	555
7	Rajasthan	68,548,437	5.66	35,550,997	32,997,440	928	51,540,236	17,080,776	342,239	201
8	Karnataka	61,095,297	5.05	30,966,657	30,128,640	973	37,552,529	23,578,175	191,791	319
9	Gujarat	60,439,692	4.99	31,491,260	28,948,432	919	34,670,817	25,712,811	196,024	308
10	Andhra Pradesh	49,386,799	4.08	24,738,068	24,648,731	996	34,776,389	14,610,410	160,205	308
11	Odisha	41,974,218	3.47	21,212,136	20,762,082	979	34,951,234	6,996,124	155,707	269
12	Telangana	35,193,978	2.91	17,704,078	17,489,900	988	21,585,313	13,608,665	114,840	307
13	Kerala	33,406,061	2.76	16,027,412	17,378,649	1084	17,445,506	15,932,171	38,863	859
14	Jharkhand	32,988,134	2.72	16,930,315	16,057,819	948	25,036,946	7,929,292	79,714	414
15	Assam	31,205,576	2.58	15,939,443	15,266,133	958	26,780,526	4,388,756	78,438	397
16	Punjab	27,743,338	2.29	14,639,465	13,103,873	895	17,316,800	10,387,436	50,362	550
17	Chhattisgarh	25,545,198	2.11	12,832,895	12,712,303	991	19,603,658	5,936,538	135,191	189
18	Haryana	25,351,462	2.09	13,494,734	11,856,728	879	16,531,493	8,821,588	44,212	573
19	Delhi (UT)	16,787,941	1.39	8,887,326	7,800,615	868	944,727	12,905,780	1,484	11,297
20	Jammu and Kashmir	12,541,302	1.04	6,640,662	5,900,640	889	9,134,820	3,414,106	222,236	56
21	Uttarakhand	10,086,292	0.83	5,137,773	4,948,519	963	7,025,583	3,091,169	53,483	189
22	Himachal Pradesh	6,864,602	0.57	3,481,873	3,382,729	972	6,167,805	688,704	55,673	123
23	Tripura	3,673,917	0.30	1,874,376	1,799,541	960	2,710,051	960,981	10,486	350
24	Meghalaya	2,966,889	0.25	1,491,832	1,475,057	989	2,368,971	595,036	22,429	132
25	Manipur	2,721,756	0.22	1,290,171	1,280,219	992	1,899,624	822,132	22,327	122
26	Nagaland	1,978,502	0.16	1,024,649	953,853	931	1,406,861	573,741	16,579	119
27	Goa	1,458,545	0.12	739,140	719,405	973	551,414	906,309	3,702	394
28	Arunachal Pradesh	1,383,727	0.11	713,912	669,815	938	1,069,165	313,446	83,743	17
29	Puducherry (UT)	1,247,953	0.10	612,511	635,442	1037	394,341	850,123	479	2,598
30	Mizoram	1,097,206	0.09	555,339	541,867	976	529,037	561,997	21,081	52
31	Chandigarh (UT)	1,055,450	0.09	580,663	474,787	818	29,004	1,025,682	114	9,252
32	Sikkim	610,577	0.05	323,070	287,507	890	455,962	151,726	7,096	86
33	Andaman and Nicobar Islands (UT)	380,581	0.03	202,871	177,710	876	244,411	135,533	8,249	46
34	Dadra and Nagar Haveli (UT)	343,709	0.03	193,760	149,949	774	183,024	159,829	491	698
35	Daman and Diu (UT)	243,247	0.02	150,301	92,946	618	60,331	182,580	112	2,169
36	Lakshadweep (UT)	64,473	0.01	33,123	31,350	946	14,121	50,308	32	2,013
–	Total (India)	1,210,854,977	100	623,724,248	586,469,174	943	833,087,662	377,105,760	3,287,240	382

Religious demographics

The table below summarises India's demographics (excluding Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results) according to religion at the 2011 census in per cent. The data is "unadjusted" (without excluding Assam and Jammu and Kashmir); the 1981 census was not conducted in Assam and the 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir.

Religions of India (Census 2011)^[31]

Religion	Population	Percent (%)
All	1,210,854,977	100.00
Hindus	966,378,868	79.80
Muslims	172,245,158	14.23
Christians	27,819,588	2.30
Sikhs	20,833,116	1.72
Buddhists	8,442,972	0.70
Jains	4,451,753	0.37
Others	7,937,734	0.66
Not stated	2,867,303	0.24

Population composition by religion

Composition	Hindus	Muslims	Christians	Sikhs	Buddhists	Jains	Others
Percent of total population (%)[32]	80.50	13.40	2.30	1.90	0.80	0.40	0.60
10-year growth (est. 2001–2011) (%)	16.8	24.6	15.5	8.4	6.1	5.4	103.1
No. of females per 1000 males (average = 943)	939	951	1023	903	965	954	995
Literacy rate (%)	64.5	60.0	80.3	70.4	73.0	95.0	50.0
Work participation rate (%)	40.4	31.3	39.7	37.7	40.6	32.9	48.4
Rural sex ratio	923	953	1001	895	958	937	995
Urban sex ratio	922	907	1026	886	944	941	966
Child sex ratio (0–6 yrs)	925	950	964	786	942	870	976

Population composition trend by religion (1951–2011)^{[33][34][35][36]}

Religion	1951 (%)	1961 (%)	1971 (%)	1981 (%)	1991 (%)	2001 (%)	2011 (%)[37]
Hinduism	84.10	83.45	82.73	82.30	81.53	80.46	79.80
Islam	9.80	10.69	11.21	11.75	12.61	13.43	14.23
Christianity	2.30	2.44	2.60	2.44	2.32	2.34	2.30
Sikhism	1.79	1.79	1.89	1.92	1.94	1.87	1.72
Buddhism	0.74	0.74	0.70	0.70	0.77	0.77	0.70
Jainism	0.46	0.46	0.48	0.47	0.40	0.41	0.37
Zoroastrianism	0.13	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.08	0.06	NA
Others	0.43	0.43	0.41	0.42	0.44	0.72	0.90

Neonatal and infant demographics

Male to female sex ratio for India, based on its official census data, from 1941 through 2011.^[38] The data suggests the existence of high sex ratios before and after the arrival of ultrasound-based prenatal care and sex screening technologies in India.

The table below represents the infant mortality rate trends in India, by gender, in the last 15 years. In the urban areas of India, average male infant mortality rates are slightly higher than the female infant mortality rates.

Infant mortality rate trend (deaths per 1000)

Year	Male	Female
1998[39]	70	74
2005[40]	56	58
2009[41]	49	52

Some activists believe India's 2011 census shows a serious decline in the number of girls under the age of seven – activists fear eight million female foetuses may have been aborted between 2001 and 2011.^[42] These claims are controversial. Scientists who study human sex ratios and demographic trends suggest that birth sex ratio between 1.08 and 1.12 can be because of natural factors, such as the age of mother at baby's birth, age of father at baby's birth, number of babies per couple, economic stress, endocrinological factors, etc.^[43] The 2011 census birth sex ratio in India, of 917 girls to 1000 boys, is similar to 870–930 girls to 1000 boys birth sex ratios observed in Japanese, Chinese, Cuban, Filipino and Hawaiian ethnic groups in the United States between 1940 and 2005. They are also similar to birth sex ratios below 900 girls to 1000 boys observed in mothers of different age groups and gestation periods in the United States.^[44][45]

Population within the age group of 0–6

Population between age 0–6 by state/union territory^[46]

State/UT Code	State/UT	Total	Male	Female
1	Jammu and Kashmir	2,008,670	1,080,662	927,982
2	Himachal Pradesh	763,864	400,681	363,183
3	Punjab	2,941,570	1,593,262	1,348,308
4	Chandigarh	117,953	63,187	54,766
5	Uttarakhand	1,328,844	704,769	624,075
6	Haryana	3,297,724	1,802,047	1,495,677
7	Delhi	1,970,510	1,055,735	914,775
8	Rajasthan	10,504,916	5,580,212	4,924,004
9	Uttar Pradesh	29,728,235	15,653,175	14,075,060
10	Bihar	18,582,229	9,615,280	8,966,949
11	Sikkim	61,077	31,418	29,659
12	Arunachal Pradesh	202,759	103,430	99,330
13	Nagaland	285,981	147,111	138,870
14	Manipur	353,237	182,684	170,553
15	Mizoram	165,536	83,965	81,571
16	Tripura	444,055	227,354	216,701
17	Meghalaya	555,822	282,189	273,633
18	Assam	4,511,307	2,305,088	2,206,219
19	West Bengal	10,112,599	5,187,264	4,925,335
20	Jharkhand	5,237,582	2,695,921	2,541,661
21	Odisha	5,035,650	2,603,208	2,432,442
22	Chhattisgarh	3,584,028	1,824,987	1,759,041
23	Madhya Pradesh	10,548,295	5,516,957	5,031,338
24	Gujarat	7,564,464	3,974,286	3,519,890
25	Daman and Diu	25,880	13,556	12,314
26	Dadra and Nagar Haveli	49,196	25,575	23,621
27	Maharashtra	12,848,375	6,822,262	6,026,113
28	Andhra Pradesh	8,642,686	4,448,330	4,194,356
29	Karnataka	6,855,801	3,527,844	3,327,957
30	Goa	139,495	72,669	66,826
31	Lakshadweep	7,088	3,715	3,373
32	Kerala	3,322,247	1,695,889	1,626,358
33	Tamil Nadu	6,894,821	3,542,351	3,352,470
34	Puducherry	127,610	64,932	62,678
35	Andaman and Nicobar Islands	39,497	20,094	19,403
–	Total (India)	158,789,287	82,952,135	75,837,152

Population above the age of 7

Life expectancy map of India, 2011–2016.^[47]

Population above the age of 7 by state/union territory^[46]

State/UT Code	State/UT	Total	Male	Female
1	Jammu and Kashmir	–	–	–
2	Himachal Pradesh	–	–	–
3	Punjab	–	–	–
4	Chandigarh	–	–	–
5	Uttarakhand	–	–	–
6	Haryana	22,055,357	11,703,083	10,352,274
7	Delhi	14,782,725	7,920,675	6,862,050
8	Rajasthan	58,116,096	30,039,874	28,076,222
9	Uttar Pradesh	169,853,242	88,943,240	80,910,002
10	Bihar	85,222,408	44,570,067	40,652,341
11	Sikkim	546,611	290,243	256,368
12	Arunachal Pradesh	1,179,852	616,802	563,050
13	Nagaland	1,694,621	878,596	816,025
14	Manipur	2,368,519	1,187,080	1,181,439
15	Mizoram	925,478	468,374	457,104
16	Tripura	3,226,977	1,644,513	1,582,464
17	Meghalaya	2,408,185	1,210,479	1,197,706
18	Assam	26,657,965	13,649,839	13,008,126
19	West Bengal	81,235,137	41,740,125	39,495,012
20	Jharkhand	27,728,656	14,235,767	13,492,889
21	Odisha	36,911,708	18,598,470	18,313,238
22	Chhattisgarh	21,956,168	11,002,928	10,953,240
23	Madhya Pradesh	62,049,270	32,095,963	29,953,307
24	Gujarat	52,889,452	27,507,996	25,381,456
25	Daman and Diu	217,031	136,544	80,487
26	Dadra and Nagar Haveli	293,657	167,603	126,054
27	Maharashtra	99,524,597	51,539,135	47,985,462
28	Andhra Pradesh	76,022,847	38,061,551	37,961,296
29	Karnataka	54,274,903	27,529,898	26,745,005
30	Goa	1,318,228	668,042	650,186
31	Lakshadweep	57,341	29,391	27,950
32	Kerala	–	–	–
33	Tamil Nadu	65,244,137	32,616,520	32,627,617
34	Puducherry	1,116,854	545,553	571,301
35	Andaman and Nicobar Islands	340,447	182,236	158,211
–	Total (India)	1,051,404,135	540,772,113	510,632,022

Literacy rate

Literacy rate map of India, 2011.^[48]

Literacy rate by state/union territory^[46]

State/UT Code	State/UT	Overall (%)	Male (%)	Female (%)
1	Jammu and Kashmir	86.61	87.26	86.23
2	Himachal Pradesh	83.78	90.83	76.60
3	Punjab	76.60	81.48	71.34
4	Chandigarh	86.43	90.54	81.38
5	Uttarakhand	79.63	88.33	70.70
6	Haryana	76.64	85.38	66.77
7	Delhi	86.34	91.03	80.93
8	Rajasthan	67.06	80.51	52.66
9	Uttar Pradesh	69.72	79.24	59.26
10	Bihar	63.82	73.39	53.33
11	Sikkim	82.20	87.29	76.43
12	Arunachal Pradesh	66.95	73.69	59.57
13	Nagaland	80.11	83.29	76.69
14	Manipur	79.85	86.49	73.17
15	Mizoram	91.58	93.72	89.40
16	Tripura	87.75	92.18	83.15
17	Meghalaya	75.48	77.17	73.78
18	Assam	73.18	78.81	67.27
19	West Bengal	77.08	82.67	71.16
20	Jharkhand	67.63	78.45	56.21
21	Odisha	72.90	82.40	64.36
22	Chhattisgarh	71.04	81.45	60.59
23	Madhya Pradesh	70.63	80.53	60.02
24	Gujarat	79.31	87.23	70.73
25	Daman and Diu	87.07	91.48	79.59
26	Dadra and Nagar Haveli	77.65	86.46	65.93
27	Maharashtra	83.20	89.82	75.48
28	Andhra Pradesh	67.66	75.56	59.74
29	Karnataka	75.60	82.85	68.13
30	Goa	87.40	92.81	81.84
31	Lakshadweep	92.28	96.11	88.25
32	Kerala	93.91	96.02	91.98
33	Tamil Nadu	80.33	86.81	73.86
34	Puducherry	86.55	92.12	81.22
35	Andaman and Nicobar Islands	86.27	90.11	81.84
–	Overall (India)	74.03	82.14	65.46

Linguistic demographics

41.03% of the Indians speak Hindi while the rest speak Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and a variety of other languages.

The table immediately below excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results.

Languages of India by number of native speakers at the 2001 census^[49]

Rank	Language	Speakers	Percentage (%)
1	Hindi dialects[50]	422,048,642	41.030
2	Bengali	83,369,769	8.110
3	Telugu	74,002,856	7.190
4	Marathi	71,936,894	6.990
5	Tamil	60,793,814	5.910
6	Urdu	51,536,111	5.010
7	Gujarati	46,091,617	4.480
8	Kannada	37,924,011	3.690
9	Malayalam	33,066,392	3.210
10	Odia	33,017,446	3.210
11	Punjabi	29,102,477	2.830
12	Assamese	13,168,484	1.280
13	Maithili	12,179,122	1.180
14	Bhili/Bhilodi	9,582,957	0.930
15	Santali	6,469,600	0.630
16	Kashmiri	5,527,698	0.540
17	Nepali	2,871,749	0.280
18	Gondi	2,713,790	0.260
19	Sindhi	2,535,485	0.250
20	Konkani	2,489,015	0.240
21	Dogri	2,282,589	0.220
22	Khandeshi	2,075,258	0.200
23	Kurukh	1,751,489	0.170
24	Tulu	1,722,768	0.170
25	Meitei (Manipuri)	1,466,705	0.140
26	Bodo	1,350,478	0.130
27	Khasi – Garo	1,128,575	0.112
28	Mundari	1,061,352	0.105
29	Ho	1,042,724	0.103

Largest cities

Vital statistics

UN estimates

United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2015 revision – India^[52]

Period	Births per year	Deaths per year	Natural change per year	CBR^1	CDR^1	NC^1	TFR^1	IMR^1
1950–1955	16,832,000	9,928,000	6,904,000	43.3	25.5	17.7	5.90	165.0
1955–1960	17,981,000	9,686,000	8,295,000	42.1	22.7	19.4	5.90	153.1
1960–1965	19,086,000	9,358,000	9,728,000	40.4	19.8	20.6	5.82	140.1
1965–1970	20,611,000	9,057,000	11,554,000	39.2	17.2	22.0	5.69	128.5
1970–1975	22,022,000	8,821,000	13,201,000	37.5	15.0	22.5	5.26	118.0
1975–1980	24,003,000	8,584,000	15,419,000	36.3	13.0	23.3	4.89	106.4
1980–1985	25,577,000	8,763,000	16,814,000	34.5	11.8	22.7	4.47	95.0
1985–1990	26,935,000	9,073,000	17,862,000	32.5	10.9	21.5	4.11	85.1
1990–1995	27,566,000	9,400,000	18,166,000	30.0	10.2	19.8	3.72	76.4
1995–2000	27,443,000	9,458,000	17,985,000	27.2	9.4	17.8	3.31	68.9
2000–2005	27,158,000	9,545,000	17,614,000	25.3	8.4	16.9	3.14	60.7
2005–2010	27,271,000	9,757,000	17,514,000	22.9	7.9	15.0	2.80	52.9
2010–2015	–	–	–	20.4	7.4	14.0	2.48	–
^1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Census of India: sample registration system

Total fertility rate map: average births per woman by states and union territories, 2012^[53]

Total fertility rate map: average births per woman by districts, 2011

Census of India: sample registration system^[54][55]

Year	Average population (x 1000)	Live births^1	Deaths^1	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Total fertility rate
1981	716,493	24,289,000	8,956,000	15,333,000	33.9	12.5	21.4	–
1982	733,152	24,781,000	8,725,000	16,056,000	33.8	11.9	21.9	–
1983	750,034	25,276,000	8,925,000	16,351,000	33.7	11.9	21.8	–
1984	767,147	26,006,000	9,666,000	16,340,000	33.9	12.6	21.3	–
1985	784,491	25,810,000	9,257,000	16,553,000	32.9	11.8	21.1	–
1986	802,052	26,147,000	8,903,000	17,244,000	32.6	11.1	21.5	–
1987	819,800	26,316,000	8,936,000	17,380,000	32.1	10.9	21.2	–
1988	837,700	26,388,000	9,215,000	17,173,000	31.5	11.0	20.5	–
1989	855,707	26,185,000	8,814,000	17,371,000	30.6	10.3	20.3	–
1990	873,785	26,388,000	8,476,000	17,912,000	30.2	9.7	20.5	3.80
1991	891,910	26,133,000	8,741,000	17,392,000	29.3	9.8	19.5	–
1992	910,065	26,392,000	9,192,000	17,200,000	29.0	10.1	18.9	–
1993	928,226	26,640,000	8,633,000	18,007,000	28.7	9.3	19.4	–
1994	946,373	27,161,000	8,801,000	18,360,000	28.7	9.3	19.4	–
1995	964,486	27,295,000	8,680,000	18,615,000	28.3	9.0	19.3	3.50
1996	982,553	26,824,000	8,745,000	18,079,000	27.3	8.9	18.4	–
1997	1,000,558	27,215,000	8,905,000	18,310,000	27.2	8.9	18.3	–
1998	1,018,471	26,989,000	9,166,000	17,823,000	26.5	9.0	17.5	–
1999	1,036,259	26,943,000	9,015,000	17,928,000	26.0	8.7	17.3	–
2000	1,053,898	27,191,000	8,958,000	18,233,000	25.8	8.5	17.3	3.20
2001	1,071,374	27,213,000	9,000,000	18,213,000	25.4	8.4	17.0	–
2002	1,088,694	27,217,000	8,818,000	18,399,000	25.0	8.1	16.9	–
2003	1,105,886	27,426,000	8,847,000	18,579,000	24.8	8.0	16.8	–
2004	1,122,991	27,064,000	8,422,000	18,642,000	24.1	7.5	16.6	–
2005	1,140,043	27,133,000	8,664,000	18,469,000	23.8	7.6	16.2	2.90
2006	1,157,039	27,190,000	8,678,000	18,512,000	23.5	7.5	16.0	–
2007	1,173,972	27,119,000	8,687,000	18,432,000	23.1	7.4	15.7	–
2008	1,190,864	27,152,000	8,812,000	18,340,000	22.8	7.4	15.4	2.60
2009	1,207,740	27,174,000	8,817,000	18,357,000	22.5	7.3	15.2	2.60
2010	1,224,614	27,064,000	8,817,000	18,247,000	22.1	7.2	14.9	2.50
2011	1,242,738	27,092,000	8,823,000	18,268,000	21.8	7.1	14.7	2.44
2012	1,261,006	27,237,000	8,827,000	18,410,000	21.6	7.0	14.6	2.40
2013	1,279,416	27,379,500	8,956,000	18,423,600	21.4	7.0	14.4	2.30
^1 The numbers of births and deaths were calculated from the birth and death rates and the average population.

Structure of the population

Structure of the population (09.02.2011) (Census) (Includes data for the Indian-held part of Jammu and Kashmir, the final status of which has not yet been determined):^[56]

Population by age group

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percentage (%)
0–4	58,632,074	54,174,704	112,806,778	9.32
5–9	66,300,466	60,627,660	126,928,126	10.48
10–14	69,418,835	63,290,377	132,709,212	10.96
15–19	63,982,396	56,544,053	120,526,449	9.95
20–24	57,584,693	53,839,529	111,424,222	9.20
25–29	51,344,208	50,069,757	101,413,965	8.38
30–34	44,660,674	43,934,277	88,594,951	7.32
35–39	42,919,381	42,221,303	85,140,684	7.03
40–44	37,545,386	34,892,726	72,438,112	5.98
45–49	32,138,114	30,180,213	62,318,327	5.15
50–54	25,843,266	23,225,988	49,069,254	4.05
55–59	19,456,012	19,690,043	39,146,055	3.23
60–64	18,701,749	18,961,958	37,663,707	3.11
65–69	12,944,326	13,510,657	26,454,983	2.18
70–74	9,651,499	9,557,343	19,208,842	1.59
75–79	4,490,603	4,741,900	9,232,503	0.76
80–84	2,927,040	3,293,189	6,220,229	0.51
85–89	1,120,106	1,263,061	2,383,167	0.20
90–94	652,465	794,069	1,446,534	0.12
95–99	294,759	338,538	633,297	0.05
100+	289,325	316,453	605,778	0.05
Unknown	2,372,881	2,116,921	4,489,802	0.37
Total	623,270,258	587,584,719	1,210,854,977	100.00

Fertility rate

From the Demographic Health Survey:^[57]

Crude Birth Rate and Total Fertility Rate (Wanted Fertility Rate)

Year	CBR – Total	TFR – Total^1	CBR – Urban	TFR – Urban^1	CBR – Rural	TFR – Rural^1
1992–1993	28.7	3.39 (2.64)	24.1	2.70 (2.09)	30.4	3.67 (2.86)
1998–1999	24.8	2.85 (2.13)	20.9	2.27 (1.73)	26.2	3.07 (2.28)
2003–2005	23.1	2.68 (1.90)	18.8	2.06 (1.60)	25.0	2.98 (2.10)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). ^1Number in parenthesis represents the wanted fertility rate.

Regional vital statistics

Birth Rate, Death Rate, Natural Growth Rate, and Infant Mortality Rate, by state/UT (2010) ^[58]

State/UT	Birth Rate			Death Rate			Natural Growth Rate			Infant Mortality Rate
	Total	Rural	Urban	Total	Rural	Urban	Total	Rural	Urban	Total	Rural	Urban
Andaman and Nicobar Islands	15.6	15.5	15.8	4.3	4.8	3.3	11.3	10.7	12.6	25	29	18
Andhra Pradesh	17.9	18.3	16.7	7.6	8.6	5.4	10.2	9.7	11.3	46	51	33
Arunachal Pradesh	20.5	22.1	14.6	5.9	6.9	2.3	14.6	15.2	12.3	31	34	12
Assam	23.2	24.4	15.8	8.2	8.6	5.8	14.9	15.8	10.1	58	60	36
Bihar	28.1	28.8	22.0	6.8	7.0	5.6	21.3	21.8	16.4	48	49	38
Chandigarh	15.6	21.6	15.0	3.9	3.7	3.9	11.6	17.9	11.0	22	20	23
Chhattisgarh	25.3	26.8	18.6	8.0	8.4	6.2	17.3	18.4	12.4	51	52	44
Dadra and Nagar Haveli	26.6	26.0	28.6	4.7	5.1	3.3	21.9	20.9	25.3	38	43	22
Daman and Diu	18.8	19.1	18.3	4.9	4.9	4.8	13.9	14.2	13.6	23	19	29
Delhi	17.8	19.7	17.5	4.2	4.6	4.1	13.6	15.0	13.4	30	37	29
Goa	13.2	12.6	13.7	6.6	8.1	5.7	6.6	4.5	8.0	10	10	10
Gujarat	21.8	23.3	19.4	6.7	7.5	5.5	15.1	15.8	14.0	44	51	30
Haryana	22.3	23.3	19.8	6.6	7.0	5.6	15.7	16.3	14.3	48	51	38
Himachal Pradesh	16.9	17.5	11.5	6.9	7.2	4.2	10.0	10.3	7.3	40	41	29
Jammu and Kashmir	18.3	19.5	13.5	5.7	5.9	4.7	12.6	13.6	8.8	43	45	32
Jharkhand	25.3	26.7	19.3	7.0	7.4	5.4	18.3	19.3	13.9	42	44	30
Karnataka	19.2	20.2	17.5	7.1	8.1	5.4	12.1	12.1	12.1	38	43	28
Kerala	14.8	14.8	14.8	7.0	7.1	6.7	7.8	7.7	8.1	13	14	10
Lakshadweep	14.3	15.5	13.2	6.4	6.1	6.7	8.0	9.5	6.5	25	23	27
Madhya Pradesh	27.3	29.2	20.5	8.3	9.0	6.0	18.9	20.2	14.5	62	67	42
Maharashtra	17.1	17.6	16.4	6.5	7.5	5.3	10.6	10.2	11.1	28	34	20
Manipur	14.9	14.8	15.3	4.2	4.3	4.0	10.7	10.5	11.3	14	15	9
Meghalaya	24.5	26.6	14.8	7.9	8.4	5.6	16.6	18.2	9.2	55	58	37
Mizoram	17.1	21.1	13.0	4.5	5.4	3.7	12.5	15.7	9.3	37	47	21
Nagaland	16.8	17.0	16.0	3.6	3.7	3.3	13.2	13.3	12.7	23	24	20
Odisha	20.5	21.4	15.2	8.6	9.0	6.6	11.9	12.4	8.6	61	63	43
Puducherry	16.7	16.7	16.7	7.4	8.2	7.0	9.3	8.5	9.6	22	25	21
Punjab	16.6	17.2	15.6	7.0	7.7	5.8	9.6	9.5	9.8	34	37	28
Rajasthan	26.7	27.9	22.9	6.7	6.9	6.0	20.0	20.9	16.9	55	61	31
Sikkim	17.8	18.1	16.1	5.6	5.9	3.8	12.3	12.3	12.3	30	31	19
Tamil Nadu	15.9	16.0	15.8	7.6	8.2	6.9	8.3	7.8	8.9	24	25	22
Tripura	14.9	15.6	11.5	5.0	4.8	5.7	9.9	10.8	5.8	27	29	19
Uttar Pradesh	28.3	29.2	24.2	8.1	8.5	6.3	20.2	20.7	17.9	61	64	44
Uttarakhand	19.3	20.2	16.2	6.3	6.7	5.1	13.0	13.5	11.1	38	41	25
West Bengal	16.8	18.6	11.9	6.0	6.0	6.3	10.7	12.6	5.6	31	32	25

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Total population

1,166,079,217 (July 2009 est. CIA);^[59] 1,210 million (2011 census)^[60]

Map showing the population density in India, per 2011 Census.^[61]

Rural population

72.2%; male: 381,668,992, female: 360,948,755 (2001 census)

Age structure

0–14 years: 30.8%; male: 188,208,196, female: 171,356,024
15–64 years: 64.3%; male: 386,432,921, female: 364,215,759
65+ years: 4.9%; male: 27,258,259, female: 30,031,289 (2007 est.)

Median age

25.1 years

Population growth rate

1.548% (2009 est.)

Literacy rate

74% (age 7 and above, in 2011)^[48]
81.4% (total population, age 15–25, in 2006)^[62]

Per cent of population below poverty line

22% (2006 est.)

Unemployment rate

7.8%

Net migration rate

−0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Sex ratio

At birth: 1.12 male(s)/female
Under 10 years: 1.14 male(s)/female
15–24 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
24–64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.908 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.08 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

Total population: 65.8 years (source: UN Human Development Report, 2013)

Total fertility rate

2.72 children born/woman (2009 est.), although more up-to-date statistics indicate that India's TFR was 2.6 in 2008^[63]

The TFR (total number of children born per women) according to religion in 2001 was: Hindus 2.4, Muslims 2.8, Sikhs 2.1, Christians 2.1, Buddhists 2.1, Jains 1.4, animists and others 2.99, tribals 3.16, scheduled castes 2.89

Religions

Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.8%, Buddhists 0.8%, Jains 0.4%, others 0.7%, unspecified 0.1% (2001 census)^{[64][65][66][67]}

Scheduled castes and tribes

Scheduled castes: 16.6% (2011 census);^[68][69] scheduled tribes: 8.6% (2011 census)

Languages

See Languages of India and List of Indian languages by total speakers. There are 216 languages with more than 10,000 native speakers in India. The largest of these is Hindi with some 337 million, and the second largest is Bengali. 22 languages are recognised as official languages. In India, there are 1,652 languages and dialects in total.^[70][71]

Population projections

India is projected to overtake China as the world's most populous nation by 2030. India's population growth has raised concerns that it would lead to widespread unemployment and political instability.^[72][73] Note that these projections make assumptions about future fertility and death rates which may not turn out to be correct in the event. Fertility rates also vary from region to region, with some higher than the national average and some lower.

Source:^[74]

• 2020: 1,326,093,000
• 2030: 1,460,743,000
• 2040: 1,571,715,000
• 2050: 1,656,554,000

2020 estimate

In millions (example: 361 = 361,000,000)

Source:^[75]

Year	Under 15	15–64	65+	Total
2000	361	604	45	1010
2005	368	673	51	1093
2010	370	747	58	1175
2015	372	819	65	1256
2020	373	882	76	1332

Ethnic groups

The national Census of India does not recognise racial or ethnic groups within India,^[76] but recognises many of the tribal groups as Scheduled Castes and Tribes (see list of Scheduled Tribes in India).

According to a 2009 study published by Reich et al., the modern Indian population is composed of two genetically divergent and heterogeneous populations which mixed in ancient times (about 1,200–3,500 BC), known as Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). ASI corresponds to the Dravidian-speaking population of southern India, whereas ANI corresponds to the Indo-Aryan-speaking population of northern India.^[77][78]

For a list of ethnic groups in the Republic of India (as well as neighbouring countries) see ethnic groups of the Indian subcontinent.

Genetics

Y-chromosome DNA

^[79]

Y-Chromosome DNA Y-DNA represents the male lineage, The Indian Y-chromosome pool may be summarised as follows where haplogroups R-M420, H, R2, L and NOP comprise generally more than 80% of the total chromosomes.^[80]

• H ~ 30%
• R1a ~ 20%
• R2 ~ 15%
• L ~ 10%
• NOP ~ 10% (Excluding R)
• Other Haplogroups 15%

Mitochondrial DNA

^[81]

Mitochondrial DNA mtDNA represents the female lineage. The Indian mitochondrial DNA is primarily made up of Haplogroup M^[82]

• Haplogroup M ~ 60%
• Haplogroup UK ~ 15%
• Haplogroup N ~ 25% (Excluding UK)

Autosomal DNA

Numerous genomic studies have been conducted in the last 15 years to seek insights into India's demographic and cultural diversity. These studies paint a complex and conflicting picture.

• In a 2003 study, Basu, Majumder et al. have concluded on the basis of results obtained from mtDNA, Y-chromosome and autosomal markers that "(1) there is an underlying unity of female lineages in India, indicating that the initial number of female settlers may have been small; (2) the tribal and the caste populations are highly differentiated; (3) the Austroasiatic tribals are the earliest settlers in India, providing support to one anthropological hypothesis while refuting some others; (4) a major wave of humans entered India through the northeast; (5) the Tibeto-Burman tribals share considerable genetic commonalities with the Austroasiatic tribals, supporting the hypothesis that they may have shared a common habitat in southern China, but the two groups of tribals can be differentiated on the basis of Y-chromosomal haplotypes; (6) the Dravidian speaking populations were possibly widespread throughout India but are regulated to South India now ; (7) formation of populations by fission that resulted in founder and drift effects have left their imprints on the genetic structures of contemporary populations; (8) the upper castes show closer genetic affinities with Central Asian populations, although those of southern India are more distant than those of northern India; (9) historical gene flow into India has contributed to a considerable obliteration of genetic histories of contemporary populations so that there is at present no clear congruence of genetic and geographical or sociocultural affinities."^[83]
• In a later 2010 review article, Majumder affirms some of these conclusions, introduces and revises some other. The ongoing studies, concludes Majumder, suggest India has served as the major early corridor for geographical dispersal of modern humans from out-of-Africa. The archaeological and genetic traces of the earliest settlers in India has not provided any conclusive evidence. The tribal populations of India are older than the non-tribal populations. The autosomal differentiation and genetic diversity within India's caste populations at 0.04 is significantly lower than 0.14 for continental populations and 0.09 for 31 world population sets studied by Watkins et al., suggesting that while tribal populations were differentiated, the differentiation effects within India's caste population was less than previously thought. Majumder also concludes that recent studies suggest India has been a major contributor to the gene pool of southeast Asia.^[84][85]
• Another study covering a large sample of Indian populations allowed Watkins et al. to examine eight Indian caste groups and four endogamous south Indian tribal populations. The Indian castes data show low between-group differences, while the tribal Indian groups show relatively high between-group differentiation. This suggests that people between Indian castes were not reproductively isolated, while Indian tribal populations experienced reproductive isolation and drift. Furthermore, the genetic fixation index data shows historical genetic differentiation and segregation between Indian castes population is much smaller than those found in east Asia, Africa and other continental populations; while being similar to the genetic differentiation and segregation observed in European populations.^[85]
• In 2006, Sahoo et al. reported their analysis of genomic data on 936 Y-chromosomes representing 32 tribal and 45 caste groups from different regions of India. These scientists find that the haplogroup frequency distribution across the country, between different caste groups, was found to be predominantly driven by geographical, rather than cultural determinants. They conclude there is clear evidence for both large-scale immigration into ancient India of Sino-Tibetan speakers and language change of former Austroasiatic speakers, in the northeast Indian region.^[86][87]
• The genome studies through 2010 have been on relatively small population sets. Many are from just one southeastern state of Andhra Pradesh (including Telangana, which was part of the state until June 2014). Any conclusions on demographic history of India must therefore be interpreted with caution. A larger national genome study with demographic growth and sex ratio balances may offer further insights on the extent of genetic differentiation and segregation in India over the millenniums.^[84]

See also

• Census of India prior to independence
• Culture of India
• Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin
• Demography of Central Asia
• Female foeticide in India
• Human population control
• Hinduism in India
• Jainism in India
• Sikhism in India
• Islam in India
• Christianity in India

Government

• 2011 census of India
• National Commission on Population

Lists

• List of most populous cities in India
• List of most populous metropolitan areas in India
• List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India
• List of states and union territories of India by population

Notes

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External links

• Census of India; government site with detailed data from 2001 census
• Census of India map generator; generates maps based on 2001 census figures
• Demographic data for India; provides sources of demographic data for India
• 2001 maps; provides maps of social, economic and demographic data of India in 2001
• Population of India 2011 map; distribution of population amongst states and union territories
• India's Demographic Outlook: Implications and Trends
• United Nations "World Population Prospects": Country Profile – India
• Aggregated demographic statistics from Indian and global data sources
• Demographic statistics for India – online on Bluenomics
• India comparing with China population projection graph Based on data from database of UN Population Division