Euler–Jacobi pseudoprime

In number theory, an odd integer n is called an Euler–Jacobi probable prime (or, more commonly, an Euler probable prime) to base a, if a and n are coprime, and

$a^{(n-1)/2}\equiv \left({\frac {a}{n}}\right){\pmod {n}}$

where $\left({\frac {a}{n}}\right)$ is the Jacobi symbol.

If n is an odd composite integer that satisfies the above congruence, then n is called an Euler–Jacobi pseudoprime (or, more commonly, an Euler pseudoprime) to base a.

Properties

The motivation for this definition is the fact that all prime numbers n satisfy the above equation, as explained in the Legendre symbol article. The equation can be tested rather quickly, which can be used for probabilistic primality testing. These tests are over twice as strong as tests based on Fermat's little theorem.

Every Euler–Jacobi pseudoprime is also a Fermat pseudoprime and an Euler pseudoprime. There are no numbers which are Euler–Jacobi pseudoprimes to all bases as Carmichael numbers are. Solovay and Strassen showed that for every composite n, for at least n/2 bases less than n, n is not an Euler–Jacobi pseudoprime.

The smallest Euler–Jacobi pseudoprime base 2 is 561. There are 11347 Euler–Jacobi pseudoprimes base 2 that are less than 25·10⁹ (see  A047713) (page 1005 of ^[1]).

In the literature (for example,^[1]), an Euler–Jacobi pseudoprime as defined above is often called simply an Euler pseudoprime.

Examples

The table below gives all Euler–Jacobi pseudoprimes less than 100000 for bases n ≤ 30.

n	Euler–Jacobi pseudoprimes in base n
1	9, 15, 21, 25, 27, 33, 35, 39, 45, 49, 51, 55, 57, 63, 65, 69, 75, 77, 81, 85, 87, 91, 93, 95, 99, 105, 111, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 129, 133, 135, 141, 143, 145, 147, 153, 155, 159, 161, 165, 169, 171, 175, 177, 183, 185, 187, 189, 195, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 225, 231, 235, 237, 243, 245, 247, 249, 253, 255, 259, 261, 265, 267, 273, 275, 279, 285, 287, 289, 291, 295, 297, 299, ... (all odd composites)
2	561, 1105, 1729, 1905, 2047, 2465, 3277, 4033, 4681, 6601, 8321, 8481, 10585, 12801, 15841, 16705, 18705, 25761, 29341, 30121, 33153, 34945, 41041, 42799, 46657, 49141, 52633, 62745, 65281, 74665, 75361, 80581, 85489, 87249, 88357, 90751, ...
3	121, 703, 1729, 1891, 2821, 3281, 7381, 8401, 8911, 10585, 12403, 15457, 15841, 16531, 18721, 19345, 23521, 24661, 28009, 29341, 31621, 41041, 44287, 46657, 47197, 49141, 50881, 52633, 55969, 63139, 63973, 74593, 75361, 79003, 82513, 87913, 88573, 93961, 97567, ...
4	341, 561, 645, 1105, 1387, 1729, 1905, 2047, 2465, 2701, 2821, 3277, 4033, 4369, 4371, 4681, 5461, 6601, 7957, 8321, 8481, 8911, 10261, 10585, 11305, 12801, 13741, 13747, 13981, 14491, 15709, 15841, 16705, 18705, 18721, 19951, 23001, 23377, 25761, 29341, 30121, 30889, 31417, 31609, 31621, 33153, 34945, 35333, 39865, 41041, 41665, 42799, 46657, 49141, 49981, 52633, 55245, 57421, 60701, 60787, 62745, 63973, 65077, 65281, 68101, 72885, 74665, 75361, 80581, 83333, 83665, 85489, 87249, 88357, 88561, 90751, 91001, 93961, ...
5	781, 1541, 1729, 5461, 5611, 6601, 7449, 7813, 11041, 12801, 13021, 14981, 15751, 15841, 21361, 24211, 25351, 29539, 38081, 40501, 41041, 44801, 47641, 53971, 67921, 75361, 79381, 90241, ...
6	217, 481, 1111, 1261, 1729, 2701, 3589, 3913, 5713, 6533, 10585, 11041, 11137, 14701, 15841, 17329, 18361, 20017, 21049, 29341, 34441, 39493, 41041, 43621, 46657, 46873, 49141, 49321, 49661, 52633, 54481, 58969, 74023, 74563, 75361, 76921, 83333, 83665, 87061, 88561, 92053, 94657, 94697, 97751, 97921, ...
7	25, 325, 703, 2101, 2353, 2465, 3277, 4525, 11041, 13665, 14089, 19345, 20197, 29857, 29891, 38081, 39331, 46657, 49241, 58825, 64681, 76627, 78937, 79381, 87673, 88399, 88831, 89961, 92929, ...
8	9, 65, 105, 273, 481, 511, 561, 585, 1001, 1105, 1281, 1417, 1729, 1905, 2047, 2465, 2501, 3201, 3277, 3641, 4033, 4097, 4641, 4681, 4921, 6305, 6601, 7161, 8321, 8481, 9265, 10585, 10745, 11041, 12545, 12801, 13833, 14497, 15665, 15841, 16589, 16705, 16881, 17865, 18705, 19345, 19561, 20801, 23241, 24311, 24929, 25761, 29341, 30121, 32865, 33153, 33201, 34881, 34945, 35113, 37401, 38081, 40833, 41041, 41441, 42799, 43745, 45761, 46657, 49141, 49601, 50881, 52429, 52521, 52633, 52801, 54161, 55537, 55969, 56033, 57681, 59291, 59641, 61337, 62745, 64201, 65281, 65793, 66197, 69345, 69921, 73801, 74023, 74665, 75361, 77161, 80581, 85281, 85489, 87061, 87249, 88357, 90751, 92929, 94657, 95281, 96321, 97921, ...
9	91, 121, 671, 703, 949, 1105, 1541, 1729, 1891, 2465, 2665, 2701, 2821, 3281, 3367, 3751, 4961, 5551, 6601, 7381, 8401, 8911, 10585, 11011, 12403, 14383, 15203, 15457, 15841, 16471, 16531, 18721, 19345, 23521, 24661, 24727, 28009, 29161, 29341, 30857, 31621, 31697, 32791, 38503, 41041, 44287, 46657, 46999, 47197, 49051, 49141, 50881, 52633, 53131, 55261, 55969, 63139, 63973, 65485, 68887, 72041, 74593, 75361, 76627, 79003, 82513, 83333, 83665, 87913, 88561, 88573, 88831, 90751, 93961, 96139, 97567, ...
10	9, 91, 481, 1729, 4187, 6533, 6601, 8149, 8401, 10001, 11111, 11169, 11649, 12801, 15841, 19201, 20961, 21931, 24013, 34441, 41041, 50851, 50881, 63973, 69921, 75361, 79003, 83119, 94139, 95161, 97681, ...
11	133, 793, 2047, 2465, 4577, 4921, 5041, 5185, 12403, 13333, 14521, 15841, 17711, 18705, 23377, 34945, 43213, 43739, 47611, 48283, 49105, 49141, 49601, 50737, 50997, 55537, 56057, 57929, 58969, 62745, 68137, 74089, 85879, 86347, 87913, 88831, 94945, ...
12	91, 133, 145, 247, 385, 1649, 1729, 2041, 2233, 2821, 3553, 8911, 9073, 10585, 12673, 13051, 13333, 13345, 13585, 14905, 15841, 16471, 18721, 19517, 20737, 20881, 21361, 24013, 24727, 25681, 26467, 26785, 27985, 29341, 29539, 30745, 31483, 31621, 33553, 34219, 34861, 35881, 37345, 38311, 38503, 38665, 40321, 41041, 46657, 49141, 52633, 53083, 59185, 61309, 63973, 65569, 66637, 67861, 74305, 75361, 78793, 79381, 79501, 80185, 87841, 88705, 88831, 89089, 93961, 97351, ...
13	85, 105, 1099, 1785, 5149, 7107, 8841, 8911, 9577, 9637, 13019, 14491, 15505, 17803, 19757, 20881, 22177, 23521, 26521, 30073, 30889, 35371, 44173, 45629, 49105, 54097, 56033, 57205, 70801, 75241, 82733, 83333, 85285, 86347, 87681, 91001, ...
14	15, 65, 793, 841, 2465, 2743, 3277, 5713, 6541, 7171, 7449, 7585, 9073, 12545, 15457, 18721, 21667, 22261, 23521, 34441, 38221, 38417, 40385, 40501, 41371, 46657, 49471, 58255, 68401, 71969, 79003, 88381, 90241, 91681, 95033, 96049, 97469, ...
15	1687, 1729, 1921, 3277, 6541, 14041, 14701, 15409, 15841, 19201, 25313, 31021, 41041, 47461, 49241, 50401, 54241, 54649, 58969, 60691, 67249, 73801, 75361, 82733, 88831, 97921, ...
16	15, 85, 91, 341, 435, 451, 561, 645, 703, 1105, 1247, 1271, 1387, 1581, 1695, 1729, 1891, 1905, 2047, 2071, 2465, 2701, 2821, 3133, 3277, 3367, 3683, 4033, 4369, 4371, 4681, 4795, 4859, 5461, 5551, 6601, 6643, 7957, 8321, 8481, 8695, 8911, 9061, 9131, 9211, 9605, 9919, 10261, 10585, 11305, 12403, 12801, 13019, 13741, 13747, 13981, 14351, 14491, 14701, 15051, 15211, 15709, 15841, 16021, 16471, 16705, 18705, 18721, 19669, 19951, 20191, 20485, 23001, 23377, 24727, 25351, 25761, 26335, 26599, 27511, 28645, 29341, 30121, 30889, 31417, 31609, 31621, 33153, 33227, 33355, 34945, 35333, 38503, 39865, 40501, 40951, 41041, 41665, 42121, 42127, 42799, 45551, 45991, 46513, 46657, 47197, 47611, 48599, 49141, 49155, 49981, 50737, 51319, 52633, 53131, 55245, 57421, 60701, 60787, 61447, 62745, 63973, 64821, 65077, 65281, 68101, 68251, 72631, 72885, 73555, 74563, 74665, 75361, 76627, 76921, 77879, 78013, 79003, 80581, 81631, 81915, 83333, 83665, 85489, 87249, 88357, 88561, 88831, 90751, 91001, 92701, 93961, 98671, ...
17	9, 91, 145, 781, 1111, 1305, 2821, 4033, 4187, 5365, 5833, 6697, 7171, 12673, 15805, 19345, 19729, 21781, 22791, 24211, 26245, 31621, 33001, 33227, 34441, 35371, 38081, 42127, 46657, 49771, 62745, 71071, 74665, 77293, 78881, 80185, 88831, 93961, 96433, 97921, 98671, ...
18	25, 49, 65, 325, 343, 425, 1105, 1225, 1369, 1387, 1729, 1921, 2465, 2977, 4577, 5725, 5833, 5941, 6305, 6601, 7345, 10585, 11305, 11425, 12025, 15505, 15793, 15841, 18631, 19465, 22393, 22411, 27937, 28153, 29341, 30457, 30889, 35425, 39817, 39865, 40501, 41041, 41159, 43225, 46657, 49141, 50737, 52633, 54145, 60385, 60685, 60691, 74425, 75361, 80137, 84721, 89425, 90113, 90751, 91001, 94129, 99451, 99937, ...
19	9, 45, 49, 169, 343, 1849, 2353, 2701, 3201, 4033, 4681, 6541, 6697, 7957, 8281, 9997, 12403, 13213, 13747, 13833, 15251, 16531, 18769, 19201, 19729, 24761, 30589, 31621, 31861, 32477, 34945, 37681, 41003, 41041, 47593, 49141, 49771, 59585, 63139, 64681, 65161, 66421, 68257, 73555, 75361, 96049, ...
20	21, 671, 889, 1281, 1729, 1891, 2059, 2761, 3201, 5461, 6601, 7999, 12801, 13051, 15311, 15841, 16441, 21667, 25681, 31369, 34861, 35169, 37901, 38989, 41041, 42127, 49771, 50737, 52521, 54811, 57981, 64681, 68251, 75361, 78961, 85591, 86241, 88831, 89281, 92509, 93031, 96049, 97921, ...
21	221, 703, 793, 1045, 3781, 7363, 9061, 10945, 11647, 13051, 17767, 19345, 19669, 19909, 22681, 27133, 30073, 30745, 31021, 35785, 38503, 38665, 41353, 43213, 46657, 58829, 79081, 80137, 83569, 85285, 88357, 92509, 96049, ...
22	21, 91, 169, 345, 485, 1183, 1247, 2047, 2465, 5551, 7665, 10465, 11557, 14111, 15229, 15841, 16393, 17169, 17767, 18705, 19909, 20881, 21667, 23651, 31417, 33465, 34945, 38503, 47197, 49141, 53131, 62745, 64907, 70579, 72581, 76921, 88705, 89281, 90851, 98385, 99541, ...
23	169, 265, 553, 1271, 1729, 2465, 2701, 4033, 4371, 4681, 6533, 6541, 7189, 7957, 8321, 8651, 8911, 9805, 11713, 14905, 14981, 18721, 19513, 19517, 20801, 25201, 28897, 31861, 34133, 38665, 41041, 44173, 44785, 46657, 47611, 47783, 50737, 52633, 57401, 62849, 75361, 80401, 82513, 86101, 93457, 96049, ...
24	25, 175, 553, 949, 1541, 1729, 1825, 1975, 2701, 4537, 6931, 7501, 9361, 10465, 10585, 12025, 13825, 14425, 15025, 15841, 19345, 19513, 21349, 25201, 25273, 25477, 29185, 29341, 29665, 35425, 38323, 40369, 41041, 42121, 42127, 43873, 46657, 47617, 49141, 50881, 52417, 52633, 55969, 63701, 75361, 80137, 83333, 83665, 85609, 88561, 89281, 94753, ...
25	217, 561, 781, 1541, 1729, 1891, 2821, 4123, 5461, 5611, 5731, 6601, 7449, 7813, 8029, 8911, 9881, 11041, 12801, 13021, 13333, 13981, 14981, 15751, 15841, 16297, 17767, 21361, 22791, 23653, 24211, 25327, 25351, 29341, 29539, 30673, 32021, 35371, 36661, 36991, 38081, 40501, 41041, 42127, 44173, 44801, 45141, 46657, 47641, 48133, 50737, 50997, 52633, 53083, 53971, 56033, 58807, 63973, 67921, 68101, 68251, 75361, 79381, 88831, 90241, 98173, ...
26	9, 25, 27, 45, 217, 225, 475, 703, 925, 1065, 3825, 5041, 5425, 8029, 9073, 11005, 11041, 13833, 16725, 17575, 23653, 24073, 24727, 25299, 25425, 31651, 33227, 35881, 47197, 55537, 60701, 61975, 63025, 68251, 70561, 76627, 79003, 85321, 91525, 93961, 95051, 96641, ...
27	121, 133, 259, 365, 481, 703, 1649, 1729, 1891, 2821, 3281, 4033, 4921, 5461, 7381, 7585, 8401, 8911, 9809, 9841, 9881, 10585, 11041, 12403, 13019, 13073, 13333, 15457, 15841, 16021, 16531, 18721, 19345, 21901, 23521, 24661, 26467, 26599, 27265, 28009, 29341, 29891, 31609, 31621, 35113, 35371, 37969, 41041, 44287, 46657, 47197, 48133, 49141, 50171, 50881, 52633, 52801, 55537, 55969, 58201, 59641, 63139, 63973, 69469, 74023, 74593, 75361, 79003, 79381, 82513, 82853, 87061, 87913, 88573, 92509, 92833, 92929, 93961, 94657, 97567, 97921, 98881, ...
28	9, 27, 261, 361, 529, 785, 1431, 2041, 2465, 3201, 3277, 4699, 5149, 7065, 8401, 13357, 13833, 14981, 17767, 27133, 28009, 31753, 32551, 33227, 35443, 36801, 38503, 43213, 46657, 50737, 58969, 68143, 80137, 81317, 82513, 88705, 96139, 97567, 97831, ...
29	15, 91, 341, 469, 871, 2257, 4371, 4411, 5149, 5185, 6097, 8401, 8841, 11581, 12431, 15577, 15841, 16471, 19093, 22281, 25681, 27613, 28009, 29539, 31417, 33001, 41041, 46657, 48133, 49141, 54913, 57889, 79003, 98301, ...
30	49, 133, 341, 403, 637, 871, 901, 931, 1729, 2059, 2077, 3277, 4081, 4097, 6031, 6409, 8023, 8401, 9881, 11041, 11809, 15841, 17593, 24929, 26599, 27001, 27133, 30889, 33227, 38503, 41041, 42127, 43213, 48133, 50881, 52801, 54961, 56033, 57137, 63973, 65569, 66197, 75361, 79003, 92929, 96049, ...

Least Euler-Jacobi pseudoprime to base n

n	Smallest EJPSP	n	Smallest EJPSP	n	Smallest EJPSP	n	Smallest EJPSP
1	9	33	545	65	33	97	49
2	561	34	33	66	65	98	9
3	121	35	9	67	33	99	25
4	341	36	35	68	25	100	9
5	781	37	9	69	35	101	25
6	217	38	39	70	69	102	133
7	25	39	133	71	9	103	51
8	9	40	39	72	85	104	15
9	91	41	21	73	9	105	451
10	9	42	451	74	15	106	15
11	133	43	21	75	91	107	9
12	91	44	9	76	15	108	91
13	85	45	481	77	39	109	9
14	15	46	9	78	77	110	111
15	1687	47	65	79	39	111	55
16	15	48	49	80	9	112	65
17	9	49	25	81	91	113	57
18	25	50	49	82	9	114	115
19	9	51	25	83	21	115	57
20	21	52	51	84	85	116	9
21	221	53	9	85	21	117	49
22	21	54	55	86	85	118	9
23	169	55	9	87	247	119	15
24	25	56	55	88	87	120	91
25	217	57	25	89	9	121	15
26	9	58	57	90	91	122	65
27	121	59	15	91	9	123	85
28	9	60	481	92	91	124	25
29	15	61	15	93	25	125	9
30	49	62	9	94	93	126	25
31	15	63	529	95	1891	127	9
32	25	64	9	96	95	128	49

See also

• Probable prime

References

1. Carl Pomerance; John L. Selfridge; Samuel S. Wagstaff, Jr. (July 1980). "The pseudoprimes to 25·10⁹" (PDF). Mathematics of Computation. 35 (151): 1003–1026. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1980-0572872-7.