Grotte du Vallonnet

Grotte du Vallonnet is an archaeological site located near Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, between Monaco and Menton, in France, that was first discovered in 1958. Stone tools found there have been dated to between 1 and 1.05 million years, making it one of the earliest sites of human settlement known in Europe.^[1]

Description

The cave of Vallonnet is located on the western slope of Cap Martin, about 800 metres above the Bay of Menton, at Roquebrune-Cap-Martin in the Alpes-Maritimes Department in France. It opens onto a ravine with a small creek, the Vallonnet, which drops down to the Bay. The mountain is a massif of calcite-dolomitic rock from the Jurassic period, covered with a pudding of stones and of hardened sand from the miocene period. The porch of the cave is narrow and low, and opens to a corridor five metres long, which opens into a room about four metres high.

Discovery

The cave was discovered by a girl of 13 years, Marianne Poire, in 1958. She regularly visited the cave and collected pieces of calcite. She showed these fragments to René Pascal, an employee of the casino of Monte-Carlo and an amateur prehistorian. Marianne showed her parents, Pascal and several others to the entry of the cave. The first systematic excavations were carried out in 1962.^[2]

Layers of sediment

The excavations found five distinct layers of sediment in the cave:

1. Layer I was a floor of stalagmites, which could be dated between 1.4 and 1.370 million years BC. Analysis of the pollen found in the layer showed it was located in a forested landscape, where plantane trees were dominant.
2. Layer II was composed of beach sand, mixed with seashells and fish bones, dated to a little over 1.05 million years. The types of fish bones found showed that at this time the cave was washed by a tropical or subtropical sea. The pollen found indicated that the landscapes were covered with pine forest, and that the climate at that time was relatively warm, with mild winters.
3. Layer III was the thickest layer (1.5 metres) composed of sand mixed with stones and rocks from the pudding which hung over the cave. Mixed into this layer were numerous animal bones, either brought there by man or by predatory animals. The pollen indicated a dryer climate at that time, dominated by clusters of white oak trees. This layer was dated by magnetostratigraphy; the studies showed that the layer corresponded with the Jaramillo period of direct geomagnetic polarity, between the periods of inverse geomagnetic polarity of Matuyama. This allowed the archaeologists to date the layer to between 1.050 and 1 million years.^[3]
4. About one million years ago the entry to the cave was emptied by erosion, leaving only the sediments in the deepest part of the interior chamber. The fourth layer, A thick stalagmitic floor, formed over these sediments, and was dated by Electron paramagnetic resonance to between 900,000 and 890,000 years. Pollen showed that the climate of this time was cooler and much wetter than the present climate.
5. The fifth and highest layer of sediment is composed of different sands from earlier layers of the cave, which were deposited during the successive wet periods which followed.

Animal species

Layer III contained the most important findings in the cave; a collection of animal bones, and 11 simple tools used by human visitors. It appears that the cave was used as a dining room by large carnivores, notably the bear, the panther, the saber-tooth tiger, and the large hyena. These brought to the cave the carcasses of herbivores; deer, bison, small bovides, rhinoceros, horses, and boars. When the predators were not in the cave, it was used by humans, who left the tools.

The bones of 25 different species of mammals were found in the cave, all characteristic of the lower Pleistocene age. Besides those named above, bones were found of Eurasian jaguar (Panthera gombaszoegensis), the leopard, (Acinonyx pardinensis) the meridional elephant (Mammuthus meridionalis), and others. Other species were found from the middle Pleistocene period, including an early species of wolf (Canis mosbachensis), an early fox (Alopex praeglacialis), and a cave lynx (Lynx spelaea).^[4]

Tools

About 100 basic tools made by man were found in the cave. Most were made of calcaire (limestone), less often of sandstone, with a small number of tools made of quartz and flint. Percussion, or pounding, tools, were the most frequent. These included chopping tools, of poor quality. None of the tools had been reworked to improve their quality. The middle part of a femur bone of a bison was found which showed sign of being crafted into a pounding tool.

While most of the bones in the cave showed that they had been broken by the teeth of predators, a number of bones had marks that showed that they had been broken by these early tools. It appears that the early human visitors to Vallonnet cave used their stone tools to break bones and eat the marrow inside.

There were no indications of fire in the cave; fire had apparently not yet been domesticated. It appears that the people who visited the cave were not primarily hunters, but scavengers, who lived on the meat of animals killed by predators. There were also no signs that they lived in the cave.^[5]

Comparison with other archaeological sites

• Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. Oldest known man-made stone tools, 2.55 million years BC.^[6][7]
• Dmanisi, Georgia. Remains of Homo georgicus, oldest fossils of man in Europe, 1.8 million years BC.^[8][9]
• Basin of Gaudix-Baza, Barranco Leon, Fuenta Nueva Three, Sima del Elefante, Atapuerca, Spain. 1.1 million–1.2 million years BC.^[1][10]
• Grotte du Vallonnet. 1 million–1.05 million years BC.
• Gran Dolina, Atapuerca, Spain. 780,000 years BC.^[10]
• Terra Amata, Nice, France. 480,000 BC.^[11]
• Lascaux Caves, Dordogne, France. 17,300 BC.^[12]

References

1. Henry de Lumley, La Grande Histoire des premiers européens, Odile Jacob, Paris, 2010, pg. 131. "La grotte du Vallonnet est bien l'un es plus anciens temoins de la presence de l'homme en Europe, dans un contexte stratigraphique bien daté, avec les sites de Pirro Nord, de Barranco Léon, de Fuente Neuva 3 and de la Sima del Elefante..."
2. De Lumley, La Grande Histoire des premiers hommes européens, pg. 120.
3. De Lumley, La Grande Histoire des premiers hommes européens, pg. 123
4. De Lumley, pg. 126
5. De Lumley, pg, 130.
6. Plummer T (2004). "Flaked stones and old bones: Biological and cultural evolution at the dawn of technology". Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. Suppl 39: 118–64. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20157. PMID 15605391.
7. Semaw, S.; Rogers, M. J.; Quade, J.; Renne, P. R.; Butler, R. F.; Domínguez-Rodrigo, M.; Stout, D.; Hart, W. S.; Pickering, T.; Simpson, S. W. (2003). "2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia". Journal of Human Evolution. 45: 169–177. doi:10.1016/s0047-2484(03)00093-9.
8. Wilford, John Noble (19 September 2007). "New Fossils Offer Glimpse of Human Ancestors". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
9. Lordkipanidze, David; Tea Jashashvili; Abesalom Vekua; Marcia S. Ponce de León; Christoph P. E. Zollikofer; G. Philip Rightmire; Herman Pontzer; Reid Ferring; Oriol Oms; Martha Tappen; et al. (20 September 2007). "Postcranial evidence from early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia". Nature. 449 (7160): 305–310. doi:10.1038/nature06134. PMID 17882214.
10. Carbonell, Eudald; José M. Bermúdez de Castro; et al. (2008-03-27). "The first hominin of Europe". Nature. 452 (7186): 465–469. doi:10.1038/nature06815. PMID 18368116. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
11. Henry de Lumley, La Grande Histoire des premiers européens, Odile Jacob, Paris, 2010, pg. 211.
12. Breuil, H., (1954), « Les datations par C14 de Lascaux (Dordogne) et Philip Cave (S.W. Africa) », Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française, t. LI, 11-12, pp. 554-559.

Bibliography

Henry de Lumley, La Grande Histoire des premiers hommes européens, Odile Jacob, Paris, 2010. (ISBN 978-2-7381-2386-2)

Coordinates: 43°45′51″N 7°28′11″E / 43.7643°N 7.4698°E