Irkutsk Oblast

For other uses, see Irkutsk (disambiguation).
Irkutsk Oblast
Иркутская область (Russian)
—  Oblast  —

Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem: none[1]
Coordinates: 57°22′N 106°00′E / 57.367°N 106.000°E / 57.367; 106.000Coordinates: 57°22′N 106°00′E / 57.367°N 106.000°E / 57.367; 106.000
Political status
Country Russia
Federal district Siberian[2]
Economic region East Siberian[3]
Established September 26, 1937[4]
Oblast Day September 27[5]
Administrative center Irkutsk[6]
Government (as of October 2015)
 • Governor[7] Sergey Levchenko[8]
 • Legislature Legislative Assembly[7]
Statistics
Area (as of the 2002 Census)[9]
 • Total 767,900 km2 (296,500 sq mi)
Area rank 5th
Population (2010 Census)[10]
 • Total 2,428,750
 • Rank 20th
 • Density[11] 3.16/km2 (8.2/sq mi)
 • Urban 79.6%
 • Rural 20.4%
Population (January 2015 est.)
 • Total 2,414,913[12]
Time zone(s) IRKT (UTC+08:00)[13]
ISO 3166-2 RU-IRK
License plates 38
Official languages Russian[14]
Official website

Irkutsk Oblast (Russian: Ирку́тская о́бласть, Irkutskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in southeastern Siberia in the basins of the Angara, Lena, and Nizhnyaya Tunguska Rivers. The administrative center is the city of Irkutsk. Population: 2,428,750 (2010 Census).[10]

Geography

Spring time at the Irkutsk Botanic Garden. The pink blooming bushes in the middle are a relic plant, Amygdalus pedunculata Pallas. Picea pungens Engelm trees are seen in the backdrop.
The Circum-Baikal Railway skirts the southwestern tip of Lake Baikal

Irkutsk Oblast borders with the Republic of Buryatia and the Tuva Republic in the south and southwest, with Krasnoyarsk Krai in the west, with the Sakha Republic in the northeast, and with Zabaykalsky Krai in the east.

The unique and world-famous Lake Baikal is located in the southeast of the region. It is drained by the Angara, which flows north across the province; the outflow rate is controlled by the Irkutsk Dam. The two other major dams on the Irkutsk Oblast's section of the Angara are at Bratsk and Ust-Ilimsk; both forming large reservoirs. The Lena has its source in Irkutsk Oblast as well, and flows north-east into the neighboring Sakha Republic.

Irkutsk Oblast consists mostly of the hills and broad valleys of the Central Siberian Plateau and of its eastern extension, the Patom Plateau.

Climate

The climate varies from warm summer continental in the south to continental-subarctic in the northern part (Köppen climate classification: Dwc). For almost half the year, from mid-October until the beginning of April, the average temperature is below 0 °C (32 °F).[15] Winters are very cold, with average high temperatures in Irkutsk of −14.9 °C (5.2 °F) and average lows of −25.3 °C (−13.5 °F) in January. Summers are warm but short: the average high in July is +24.5 °C (76.1 °F) and the average low is +11.2 °C (52.2 °F). However, by September, the weather cools down significantly to an average daily high of +15.3 °C (59.5 °F) and an average daily low of +2.5 °C (36.5 °F).[16][17] More than half of all precipitation falls in the summer months, with the wettest month being July, with 96.2 millimeters (3.79 in) of rain. January is the driest month, with only 11 millimeters (0.43 in) of precipitation. Annual precipitation averages 419.8 millimeters (16.53 in).[18]

History

Mongolic-related Slab Grave cultural monuments are found in Baikal territory.[19] The territory of Buryatia has been governed by the Xiongnu Empire (209 BC-93 CE) and Mongolian Xianbei state (93-234), Rouran Khaganate (330-555), Mongol Empire (1206-1368) and Northern Yuan (1368-1691).[20] Medieval Mongol tribes like Merkit, Bayads, Barga Mongols and Tümeds inhabited in Buryatia.[20] Today Buryat-Mongols remained in the territory of the oblast.

Russian presence in the area dates to the 17th century, as the Russian Tsardom expanded eastward following the conquest of the Khanate of Sibir in 1582. By the end of the 17th century, Irkutsk was a small town, monasteries were being built, and suburbs and agricultural settlements were being formed.

Since the 18th century, trades and crafts began to develop, and gold and silversmiths appeared. As Russian state expanded to the East of Irkutsk, the city became the capital of enormous territories from the Yenisey River to the Pacific Ocean, and played an important role in the exploration and securing of vast Eastern-Siberian and Far-Eastern territories for Russia. Gradually, Irkutsk gained more importance as the main transportation and trade center of Eastern Siberia; it became a center of trade routes from Kamchatka, Chukotka, Yakutia to Mongolia, and China. The administrative importance of the city also increased, and it became a center of a fifth of the provinces of Siberia; in 1764 it became a center of an independent province.

For Irkutsk the 18th century was a time of research expeditions. Vitus Bering's first and second expeditions to the shores of Kamchatka were organized in Irkutsk.

A merchant class was formed in the city of Irkutsk. In the second half of the eighteenth century, the Irkutsk industrial and merchant companies of Golikov, Trapeznikov, Bechevin, Milinikov, Sibirakov began to explore the Aleutian Islands and later Alaska. In 1799, the merchant companies were united in a Russian-American Company “for the trades on the territory of the Aleutian and Kuril islands and the rest of the North-Eastern sea, belonging to Russia by the right of discovery.” Grigorii Ivanovich Shelikhov, an outstanding seafarer, played an important role in controlling enormous spaces of the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. He founded the first colonies of Russian America through the Shelikhov-Golikov Company. In 1727, the Irkutsk Eparchy was founded.

During the 18th century, schools, professional-technical education colleges, science museums, libraries, theaters, and book-printers were developed in Irkutsk. Educational and cultural organizations were opened. In 1725, the first school in Eastern Siberia, attached to the Voznesensky monastery, was opened, and in 1754 sea (navigation) schools and secondary schools were opened throughout Irkutsk Oblast. The 1780s were marked by the opening of the second public library in province towns in Russia, as well as a regional museum and an amateur theater. In Irkutsk outstanding representatives appeared, still remembered today. These were an architect, geographer, historian A.I.Losev, a writer I.T. Kalashnikov, and a teacher S.S.Schukin. Siberian science buildings were first opened. A.G.Laxman, Lomonosov's apprentice, one of the first Siberian mineralogists, worked in Irkutsk.

The city landscape of Irkutsk was changing. The Spassky church, the oldest stone building in Eastern Siberia, the unique Krestovozdvizhenskaya church, the “Prikaznaya izba” (order house), the first stone construction, and the Triumph gate were built.

In the late eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century, Irkutsk Oblast gradually increased in importance as a center of trade, craft, and culture. It became the center of trade with China and, since the 1830s, a gold-manufacturing center of Eastern Siberia. In 1803, Irkutsk became a center of Siberian general-governor unit, and in 1822 it became a center of Eastern Siberian general–governor unit. General-governors of Eastern Siberia greatly influenced the city's fate.

Irkutsk merchants explored the Yeniseysky and Leno-Vitimsky golden regions, and with that they substantially increased their capitals, which made them become the richest merchants in Siberia. The Irkutsk merchant class began to play a major role in the city's development. Intensive city construction was undertaken. Private residences, hospitals, orphanages, and schools were being built, while significant funds were spent on education and the development of science in the region.

The architecture of the city of Irkutsk was being changed. The White House, done in Russian classic style, the Moscow Triumphal Gates – a monument of the nineteenth century, were built in honor of the tenth anniversary of Alexander I's reign.

In the second half of the nineteenth century the book printing were released in Irkutsk, the first newspapers being, “Irkutsk province news” and “Amur”. The names of A.P.Schapov, M.B.Zagoskin, V.I.Vagin were connected with the newspaper “Siberia”. In 1851, the first scientific organization in Eastern Siberia – the Siberian branch of Russian geographical society, was opened. In 1877, it was called the Eastern-Siberian branch. V.I.Dybovskii, A.L.Chekanovskii, I.D.Cherskii, V.A.Obruchev, geologists, geographers and researchers of Siberia, worked in Irkutsk Oblast on exploring Lake Baikal and the Lena River.

The summer of 1879 could be considered to be a dramatic period in the city of Irkutsk's history. During a July 22–24 fire almost all the central parts of the city were burnt, and more than two thirds of city buildings and 75 city districts were destroyed. The city began to revive, getting a new look. Stone and wooden constructions built after the fire have been preserved up to the present day. In 1898 the arrival of the first train via the Trans-Siberian Railway to Irkutsk Oblast was a major event. The construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway contributed to further city development.

Several politically exiled figures were connected with Irkutsk city. Among the first of the exiled was A.N. Radischev, who lived in Irkutsk for more than 3 months. Since the 1830s, the Decembrists lived in settlements and in colonies in the Irkutsk Oblast. The exiled houses of Volkonsky and Trubetskoy later became house-museums. N. A. Panov, I. V. Podzhio, A. Z. Muravyov, P. A. Mukhanov, A. P. Yushnevsky, V. A. Bechasnov, the wife of Trubetskoy and their children stayed in Irkutsk for the rest of their lives. In the late 1850s, the Petrashevtzy appeared in Irkutsk. The exiled historian-democrat, A.P. Schapov, lived here until his last days, and the Polish rebels and revolutionaries (including the narodnik) also lived here.

A well-known Russian publicist of the nineteenth century, N. Shelgunov, wrote about Irkutsk: “Irkutsk is the only Siberian city, which has the city character. ...As England created London, France - Paris, Siberia – created Irkutsk. Siberia is proud of Irkutsk, “not to see this city” means “not to see Siberia”.

In the early nineteenth century the city was considerably changed, especially its center. Large buildings were being built, mason streets were being made, cab drivers and street lights appeared. The water supply and the first electrification stations were built. The Irkutsk Regional museum was stamped with the names of famous Siberian researchers on its walls (1883), the building of the first public community, city theater (1897), Kazan' cathedral, made in new Byzantine style (1893), and the Roman Catholic cathedral (1895) completed an architectural style of the city. In 1908 a monument to Alexander III was opened on a picturesque place of Angara embankment.

The city was damaged and influenced by the political events of the twentieth century – the Russian revolution, the 1917 October Revolution, the Civil war and the Great Patriotic War.

Since the 1930s the industrial construction of the city had begun. Mechanical engineering plants, the air plant, brick and concrete plants, tea fabric, and food industry plants were being built. Economic development of the city contributed to scientific, educational and cultural development. The first Higher education in Eastern Siberia, Irkutsk State University was founded in 1918. Its departments were developing as independent institutes: medical, pedagogical, finance-economical. In 1930 the metallurgic institute was opened, in 1934 the agricultural institute was organized.

Since the 1950s a rapid development of the city of Irkutsk took place. In 1947 streetcar routes were opened in the city and trolleybus routes were opened in 1972. In 1958 a TV center was established. The city's larger districts and micro regions construction period began. New districts such as Baykalsky, Solnechny, Yubileyny, Primorsky, Akademgorodok and others were created.[21]

Administrative divisions

Economy

The Ust-Ilimsk Dam

The main industries of Irkutsk Oblast are metals, energy, logging, oil and fuels, machine-building, chemicals, food industry, and hydroelectricity. The average wages in Irkutsk Oblast are 10% higher than in Russia overall.

Politics

Building of the Government of Irkutsk Oblast

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Irkutsk CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The Charter of Irkutsk Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Irkutsk Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.

Demographics

Population: 2,428,750 (2010 Census);[10] 2,581,705 (2002 Census);[22] 2,830,641 (1989 Census).[23]

District in 2007 Type Birth Rate[24] Death Rate NGR
Irkutsk Oblast Obl 13.8 14.0 -0.02%
Bratsk Urb 11.8 13.0 -0.12%
Zima Urb 17.4 17.2 0.02%
Irkutsk Urb 13.5 12.6 0.09%
Sayansk Urb 12.9 11.8 0.11%
Svirsk Urb 14.3 21.7 -0.74%
Tulun Urb 13.9 15.3 -0.14%
Usolye-Sibirskoye Urb 13.1 16.3 -0.32%
Ust-Ilimsk Urb 10.5 9.4 0.11%
Cheremkhovo Urb 15.1 20.6 -0.55%
Angarsky Rur 11.0 13.5 -0.25%
Balagansky Rur 15.9 14.1 0.18%
Bodaybinsky Rur 13.6 13.9 -0.03%
Bratsky Rur 13.5 14.7 -0.12%
Zhigalovsky Rur 18.8 16.7 0.21%
Zalarinsky Rur 16.0 15.9 0.01%
Ziminsky Rur 14.7 16.4 -0.17%
Irkutsky Rur 16.1 13.1 0.30%
Kazachinsko-Lensky Rur 15.3 11.8 0.35%
Katangsky Rur 12.8 14.6 -0.18%
Kachugsky Rur 17.3 15.4 0.19%
Kirensky Rur 13.6 14.7 -0.11%
Kuytunsky Rur 16.0 17.0 -0.10%
Mamsko-Chuysky Rur 9.9 19.3 -0.94%
Nizhneilimsky Rur 14.3 15.0 -0.07%
Nizhneudinsky Rur 14.2 19.9 -0.57%
Olkhonsky Rur 18.6 13.0 0.56%
Slyudyansky Rur 16.4 15.6 0.08%
Tayshetsky Rur 13.6 16.4 -0.28%
Tulunsky Rur 15.8 15.9 -0.01%
Usolsky Rur 14.1 14.0 0.01%
Ust-Ilimsky Rur 14.4 12.3 0.21%
Ust-Kutsky Rur 16.5 14.5 0.20%
Ust-Udinsky Rur 19.0 15.4 0.36%
Cheremkhovsky Rur 18.1 16.1 0.20%
Chunsky Rur 14.4 16.4 -0.20%
Shelekhovsky Rur 13.7 12.3 0.14%
Alarsky OAO 15.5 11.7 0.38%
Bayandayevsky OAO 18.2 14.0 0.42%
Bokhansky OAO 16.1 12.9 0.32%
Nukutsky OAO 21.2 12.6 0.86%
Osinsky OAO 17.9 12.3 0.56%
Ekhirit-Bulagatsky OAO 20.8 11.5 0.93%

The oblast is very thinly populated, with a population density of 3.5 people per square kilometer, compared to a national average of 8.7. Irkutsk is the administrative center and largest city, with 612 973 residents. Other large cities are Bratsk (238 825 people), Angarsk (229 592 people), Ust-Ilimsk (83 635 people), and Usolye-Sibirskoye (80 331 people).

Most of the population are ethnic Russians. A minority group, the Buryats, have a special Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug inside the oblast. Russians and other Slavic/Germanic groups make up 93.5% of the population, according to the 2010 Census, while Buryats are 3.3%. Tofalars number 837, an increase from 722 in 1989.[10]

One small ethnic group, concentrated in three villages (Pikhtinsk, Sredne-Pikhtinsk, and Dagnik) in Zalarinsky District is the so-called "Bug Hollanders": descendants of Polish-speaking Lutheran farmers who had moved to Siberia from the then Russian Volhynia in 1911-1912 in search of affordable land. Although they had long lost German (or Dutch) language of their ancestors (even in the early twentieth century they spoke Ukrainian and read Polish), they were still considered ethnic Germans, and during World War II were usually drafted for work in labor camps, instead of front-line military service.[25]

Irkutsk Oblast registered natural population growth in 2008, the first time after 1993.[26] Still, the future prospects for population growth in Irkutsk seems bleak. In 2007, women in Irkutsk were having an average of 1.602 children each. Fertility rate was extremely low in urban areas, where women were having just 1.477 children each. In rural areas however, the fertility rate was slightly above replaceable levels. In rural areas of Irkutsk Oblast, women were having an average of 2.165 children each. (Figures are not available for 2008, although for Russia as a whole fertility rates for 2008 were approx. 6% higher than that in 2007, and for Irkutsk 9% higher).[27]

Vital statistics for 2012

2009 - 1.88 | 2010 - 1.82 | 2011 - 1.86 | 2012 - 1.97 | 2013 - 1.98 | 2014 - 1.97 | 2015 - 2.02(e)

Vital statistics

Religion

Religion in Irkutsk Oblast (2012)[31][32]

  Russian Orthodox (28.1%)
  Unaffiliated Christian (7%)
  Other Orthodox (6%)
  Slavic native faith (Rodnovery) (2%)
  Muslim (1%)
  Spiritual but not religious (37%)
  Atheist (17%)
  Other or undeclared (1.9%)

According to a 2012 official survey[31] 28.1% of the population of Irkutsk Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 7% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 6% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or are members of other (non-Russian) Orthodox churches, 2% of the population adheres to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), and 1% to Islam. In addition, 37% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 17% is atheist, and 1.9% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[31]

Health

Despite its remoteness, Irkutsk was reported in 2004 to have the highest HIV infection rate in Russia.[33] Tens of thousands of drug addicts, mostly ethnic Russians in their mid to late teens are infected. The number of reported AIDS cases increased by more than 10,000% during the 1999-2000 period. Although the epidemic, which started in 1999, is reported to have slowed down, Irkutsk will lose tens of thousands of its working age population from 2010 onwards. This is one of the reasons Irkutsk's male life expectancy, at 53 years, is one of the lowest in all of Russia. Preventive measures are in place to prevent the spread of the epidemic to the generation which was born after the breakup of the USSR.[34][35][36][37][38]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Article 4 of the Charter of Irkutsk Oblast states that the oblast may have an anthem, providing a law is adopted to that effect. As of 2015, no such law is in place.
  2. ↑ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", №20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  3. ↑ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  4. ↑ Resolution of September 26, 1937
  5. ↑ Charter of Irkutsk Oblast, Article 2
  6. ↑ Charter of Irkutsk Oblast, Article 14
  7. 1 2 Charter of Irkutsk Oblast, Article 9
  8. ↑ Official website of the Government of Irkutsk Oblast. Sergey Levchenko, Governor of Irkutsk Oblast (Russian)
  9. ↑ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  11. ↑ The density value was calculated by dividing the population reported by the 2010 Census by the area shown in the "Area" field. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox is not necessarily reported for the same year as the population.
  12. ↑ Irkutsk Oblast Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service. Численность постоянного населения Иркутской области (на начало года) (Russian)
  13. ↑ Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №271-ФЗ от 03 июля 2016 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #271-FZ of July 03, 2016 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
  14. ↑ Official on the whole territory of Russia according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  15. ↑
  16. ↑ "IRKUTSK, Weather History and Climate Data". Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  17. ↑ "IRKUTSK, Weather History and Climate Data". Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  18. ↑ "IRKUTSK, FORMER UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS Weather History and Climate Data". Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  19. ↑ History of Mongolia, Volume I, 2003
  20. 1 2 History of Mongolia, Volume II, 2003
  21. ↑ "Essay about Irkutsk". Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  22. ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  23. ↑ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  24. ↑ http://irkutskstat.gks.ru/digital/region1/default.aspx
  25. ↑ Olga Solovyova (Ольга Соловьева) "Bug 'Hollanders'" (БУЖСКИЕ ГОЛЕНДРЫ) (Russian)
  26. ↑
  27. ↑
  28. ↑ "Естественное движение населения в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации". Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  29. ↑ "Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики". Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  30. ↑ "Интерактивная витрина". Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  31. 1 2 3 Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org
  32. ↑ 2012 Survey Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), August 27, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  33. ↑ "Russia Sees an AIDS 'Explosion'" Washington Post, June 13, 2004
  34. ↑ "AEGIS Security & Investigations - Los Angeles Private Investigator". AEGIS. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  35. ↑ "AIDS Epidemic Explodes in Eastern Europe". TheBody.com. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  36. ↑ "[The HIV infection epidemic in the city of Irkutsk under the conditions of drug abuse prevalence]". Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol. (4): 38–9. 2000. PMID 10994102.
  37. ↑ "[pr-x] Russians dying of AIDS, drugs and despair". Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  38. ↑ "WWW Irkutsk: AIDS problem in Irkutsk". Retrieved December 5, 2015.

Sources

Further reading

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