List of consorts of the Ottoman sultans

This is a list of Consorts of the Ottoman sultans, the wives and concubines of the monarchs of the Ottoman Empire who ruled over the transcontinental empire from its inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922. The imperial consorts held the titles of Hatun, Sultan (including Valide Sultan and Haseki Sultan), Kadınefendi, and Hanımefendi.

Honorific and titles

Hatun

Hatun (Ottoman Turkish: خاتون) was used as an honorific for women in the Ottoman period, roughly equivalent to the English term Lady. The term was being used for the Ottoman sultan's consorts. When the son of one of the consort ascended the throne she became Valide Hatun.

Sultan

Sultan (سلطان) is a word of Arabic origin, originally meaning "authority" or "dominion". By the beginning of the 16th century, the title of sultan, carried by both men and women of the Ottoman dynasty, were replacing other titles by which prominent members of the imperial family had been known (notably hatun for women and bey for men), with imperial women carrying the title of "Sultan" after their given names. Consequently, the title "Valide Hatun" also turned into "Valide Sultan". In this time, the title "Haseki Sultan" was created and used for the legal wife or Chief Consort of the Ottoman Sultan. For example, Hafsa Sultan, Suleiman’s mother and first Valide Sultan, and Hürrem Sultan, Suleiman’s legal wife and first Haseki Sultan. This usage underlines the Ottoman conception of sovereign power as family prerogative.^[1] Towards the end of the seventeenth century the title hatun and sultan for imperial consorts was replaced by Kadınefendi and Hanımefendi.

Kadınefendi

Kadınefendi (Ottoman Turkish: قادين افندی) was the title given to the official wives of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. The title first came in use during the reign of Sultan Suleiman II. The Sultan could have up to four and some times five women i.e. wives with the imperial rank of Kadınefendi and unlimited number of wives with the rank of Hanımefendi.

Hanımefendi

Hanımefendi (Ottoman Turkish: خانم افندی) was the title given to the official consorts of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, who came below the rank of Kadınefendi. The title was given to the Ikbals and Gözdes of the Sultan, which appeared for the first time in the reign of Sultan Mustafa II, the end of the seventeenth century, the start of the Ottoman Decline

Consorts of Ottoman Sultans

Name	Parent(s)	Birth name	Origin	Place of Origin	Marriage	Spouse
Malhun Hatun	Ömer Abdülaziz Bey	Mala	Turkish		1280	Osman I
Rabia Bala Hatun	Sheik Edebali	Rabia	Turkish		1289
Nilüfer (Bayalun) Hatun	Porphyrogennetos of Yahisar	Holofira	Greek	Bilecik, Byzantine Empire	1299	Orhan I
Asporça Hatun	Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos	Asporsha Palaiologina	Greek	Byzantine Empire	1316
Theodora Hatun	Emperor Stefan IV Uroš Empress Helena	Teodora Nemanjić	Serb	Serbian Empire	1345
Maria Hatun	Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos Empress Irene Asanina	Theodora Kantakouzene	Greek	Byzantine Empire	May 1346
Eftandise Hatun	Akbaşlu Mahmud Alp	Effendi	Turkish
Gülçiçek Hatun		Maria	Greek	Byzantine Empire	1359	Murad I
Paşa Melîke Hâtûn	Kızıl Murad Bey	Pasha	Turkish		?
........... Hâtûn	Seyyid Sultan Ahi		Turkish		1366
Maria Thamara	Emperor Ivan Alexander Empress Theodora[2]	Kera Tamara	Bulgarian	Bulgarian Empire	1370
Fülane Hâtûn	Konstantin Dejanović		Serb	Serbian Empire	1372
Fülane Hatun	Prince Süleymanşah II Bey		Turkish	Kastamonu, Isfendiyarid Principality	1383
........... Hâtûn	Manuel Paleologus		Greek	Byzantine Empire	1386
Angelina Hâtûn	Hungarian Count János [3] [4]	Angelina	Hungarian		?	Bayezid I
.......... Hâtûn			Byzantine Empire		1372
Devletşah Hatun	Süleyman of Germiyan Mutahhare Abide Hatun	Devletşah	Turkish	Kütahya, Germinayid Principality	1378
Maria Hâtûn	Hungarian Count János	Maria	Hungarian		?
.......... Hâtûn	Manuel II Palaiologos		Byzantine Empire		1386
.......... Hâtûn	John V Palaiologos		Byzantine Empire		1389
Hafsa Hatun	Fahreddin İsa Bey	Hâfize	Turkish	Birgi, Aydinid Principality	1390
.......... Hâtûn	Karamanoğlu ..............		Karamanids		?
Sultan Hatun	Prince Şaban Süli Bey	Sultan	Turkish	Elbistan, Dulkadirid Principality	?
Olivera Despina	Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović Princess Nemanjić	Mileva Olivera Lazarević	Serbian	Kruševac, Serbia	1390
.......... Hâtûn					?
Şâh-Zâde Kumru Hatun	Prince Hacı Şâd-Geldi Ahmed Paşa	Şâh-Zâde	Turkish	Amasya, Kutluşah Principality		Mehmed I
Şehzade Hatun	Prince Dividdar Ahmed Bey		Turkish	Amasya, Kutluşah Principality
Emine Hatun	Prince Nasıreddin Mehmed Bey	Emine	Turkish	Elbistan, Dulkadirid Principality	1403
Alime Hatun	Dulkadiroğlu ..............	Alime	Turkish	Elbistan, Dulkadirid Principality	1421	Murad II
Fülane Hatun	Damad Karaca Paşa		Balkan
Yeni Hatun	Prince Amasyalı Mahmud-Şâh Bey	Yeni-Şâh	Turkish	Amasya, Tâceddin Principality
Tacünnisa Hatun	Prince Izzeddin Isfendiyar Bey	Hatice Halime	Turkish	Kastamonu, Isfendiyarid Principality	1423
Hüma Valide Hatun			Italian[5] or Serb[6]	Europe	1426
Meryem Hatun	Despot Đurađ Branković Princess Eirene Kantakouzene[7]	Mara Branković	Serb	Serbian Despotate	4 September 1435
Hundi Hânim					?
Gülbahar Valide Hatun			Albanian[8] or Pontic Greek[9]		1446	Mehmed II
Gülşah Hatun	Prince Damat Ibrahim II Bey		Turkish	Mut, Karamanid Principality	1451
Sittişah Hatun	Prince Süleyman Bey	Mükrime	Turkish	Elbistan, Dulkadirid Principality	15 December 1449
Hatice Hatun	Damat Zağanos Paşa	Hatice	Balkan		1451
?	Enez Ağabeyi Dorino I Gatteluzio				1454
Çiçek Hatun	Türkmen Kardeşi Ali Bey		Turkish		1458
Helene Hâtûn	Mora Despotu Demetrios Paleologus	Helene	Mora		?
Anna Hâtûn	David of Trebizond	Anna	Empire of Trebizond		1461
Alexias Hâtûn	David of Trebizond	Alexias	Empire of Trebizond		1463
?	Muhammed bin İbrahim Bey		Karamanids		1471
Nigar Hatun	Abdullah Vehbi				?	Bayezid II
Şirin Hatun					1464
Bülbül Hatun					1465
Gülbahar Hatun	Abd'üs-Samed[10] or Prince Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey	Ayşe	Turkish	Elbistan, Dulkadirid Principality	1469
Gülruh Hatun	Abd'ül-Hay				1476
Hüsnüşah Hatun	Prince Nasuh Bey		Turkish	Mut, Karamanid Principality	?
Gül-Fem Hatun					?
Ferahşad Hatun	Muhammed Bey				?
Fülane Hatun	Damat Güveği Sinan Paşa		Balkan		?
Muhterem Hatun	Abd'ül-Hay[10]				?
Ayşe Hatun	Meñli I Giray	Ayşe	Crimean Tartar	Bakhchisaray, Giray dynasty	?	Selim I
Hafsa Valide Sultan	Abd'ûl-Muin[10]	Ayşe	?	Trabzon	1494
Gülfem Hatun					1511	Suleiman I
Mahidevran Gülbahar			Albanian or Circassian[11]		5 January 1512 / 1514
Hürrem Haseki Sultan (Roxelana)	Ukrainian Priest Havrylo Lisowski Leksandra Lisowska	Alexandra Lisowska	Ukrainian or Polish	Rohatyn, Kingdom of Poland	June 1531
Nurbanu Sultan[12]	Nicolò Venier (?) Violanta Baffo (?)	Cecilia Venier-Baffo? / Rachel?	Italian? Jew? Greek?	Páros?, Cyclades Islands, Republic of Venice	?	Selim II
Safiye Valide Sultan			Albania	Principality of Dukagjini Kosovo		Murad III
Şahihuban Hatun
Şemsiruhsar Hatun
Nazperver Hatun
Mihriban Hatun
Fahriye Hatun
Fülane Hatun	Prince Mircea Ciobanul Princess Doamna Chiajna		Wallachian	Wallachia	1575	Mehmed III
Handan Valide Sultan		Helena?	Greek?	Greece?	1589
Halime Valide Sultan			Abazin	Caucasus	1589
Mahfiruz Hatice Sultan					1603	Ahmed I
Kösem Valide Sultan	Greek Orthodox Priest	Anastasia	Greek	Tinos, Greece
Ayşe Haseki Sultan		Ayşe			January 1620	Osman II
Akile Sultan	Şeyhülislam Esad Efendi	Rukiye	Albanian	Istanbul, Ottoman Empire	7 February 1622
Meylişah Hatun		Mariça	Serbian	Serbia	20 October 1621
Ayşe Haseki Sultan						Murad IV
Turhan Hatice Valide Sultan		Nadia	Ruthenian			Ibrahim I
Saliha Dilaşub Valide Sultan		Katarina	Serb	Rumelia	1641
Hatice Muazzez Sultan		Eva	Jewish	Poland	1642
Ayşe Hatun		Ayşe	Crimean Tartar	Crimea	1643
Mahienver Hatun			Circassian		1644
Saçıbağlı Hatun		Leyla	Circassian	North Caucasus	1645
Şivekar Hatun		Meryem	Armenian	Istanbul, Ottoman Empire	1646
Hümaşah Sultan		Hümaşah	Circassian	Caucasus	1647
Gülnûş Valide Sultan	Greek Orthodox Priest	Evmania Voria	Greek	Rethymno, Crete, Republic of Venice		Mehmed IV
Hatice Kadınefendi						Suleiman II
Behzat Kadınefendi
İvaz Kadınefendi
Sülün Kadınefendi
Şehsuvar Kadınefendi
Zeyneb Kadınefendi
Rabia Kadınefendi	Unknown		Rum Millet			Ahmed II
Alicenab Kadınefendi						Mustafa II
Bahtiyar Kadınefendi
Saliha Sebkati Valide Sultan		Alexandra	Greek
Hafise Kadınefendi
Ivaz Kadınefendi
Şehsuvar Valide Sultan	Serbian nobility	Marija	Serb	Rumelia
Afife Kadınefendi
Fatma Şahin Hanımefendi
Hanife Hanımefendi
Emetullah Kadınefendi		Banu				Ahmed III
Rukiye Kadınefendi
Emine Mihrişah Kadınefendi		Jeanette	French
Hatice Kadınefendi
Rabia Şermi Kadınefendi		Ida	Unclear
Zeyneb Kadınefendi
Emine Musall Kadınefendi		Emine
Hanife Kadınefendi
Gülşen Kadınefendi
Ümmügülsüm Kadınefendi
Hürrem Kadınefendi
Meyli Kadınefendi
Fatma Hümaşah Kadınefendi		Fatma
Nijad Kadınefendi
Nazife Kadınefendi
Şayeste Hanımefendi
Bahri Hanımefendi		Ayşe
Hatem Hanımefendi
Hace Alicenab Kadınefendi						Mahmud I
Hace Ayşe Kadınefendi		Ayşe
Hace Verdinaz Kadınefendi
Hatice Rami Kadınefendi		Hatice
Hatem Kadınefendi
Raziye Kadınefendi
Meyyase Hanımefendi
Fehmi Hanımefendi
Habbabe Hanımefendi
Sırrı Hanımefendi
Leyla Kadınefendi						Osman III
Zevki Kadınefendi
Ferhunde Emine Kadınefendi		Emine
Aynülhayat Kadınefendi						Mustafa III
Fehmi Kadınefendi
Mihrişah Valide Sultan		Agnes	Georgian	Caucasus	1760
Rif’at Kadınefendi					1759
Ayşe Adilşah Kadınefendi		Ayşe			1765
Binnaz Kadınefendi
Ayşe Kadınefendi		Ayşe				Abdul Hamid I
Hümaşah Kadın Efendi					1775
Haciye Hatice Ruhşah Kadınefendi		Hatice
Binnaz Kadınefendi
Müteber Kadınefendi
Mislinayab Kadınefendi
Nevres Kadınefendi
Mihriban Kadınefendi
Fatma Şebsafa Kadınefendi		Fatma
Mehtabe Kadınefendi
Ayşe Seniyeperver Valide Sultan		Sonja	Bulgarian		1776
Dilpezir Kadınefendi
Nakşıdil Valide Sultan			French	Martinique	1783
Nükhetsezâ Hanımefendi[13][14]				Caucasus
Nefizar Kadınefendi						Selim III
Hüsnümah Kadınefendi
Zibifer Kadınefendi
Afitab Kadınefendi
Re’fet Kadınefendi
Nurişems Kadınefendi
Gonca Nigar Kadınefendi		Fatma
Demhoş Kadınefendi
Tabısafa Kadınefendi
Mahbube Kadınefendi
Pakize Hanımefendi
Aynısafa Hanımefendi
Meryem Hanımefendi
Mihriban Hanımefendi			Egyptian
Fatma Fericihan Hanımefendi		Fatma
Şevrinur Kadınefendi						Mustafa IV
Dilpezir Kadınefendi
Seyyare Kadınefendi
Peykidil Kadınefendi
Fatma Kadınefendi		Fatma				Mahmud II
Alicenab Kadınefendi					1810
Haciye Pertevpiyale Nevifidan Kadınefendi					1808
Mislinayab Kadınefendi
Ebrireftar Kadınefendi
Zernigar Kadınefendi					1825
Bezmiâlem Valide Sultan			Abkhazian	Georgia	1822
Aşubican Kadınefendi	Tariel Dadiani	Kethevan (Ekaterina) Dadiani	Georgian	Zugdidi, Georgia	1808
Vuzlat Kadınefendi
Nuritab Kadınefendi
Haciye Hoşyar Kadınefendi					1811
Pervizifelek Kadınefendi					1823
Lebrizifelek Hanımefendi
Hüsnimelek Hanımefendi
Zeynifelek Hanımefendi
Tiryal Hanımefendi					1826
Pertevniyal Valide Sultan		Hasna	Circassian	Caucasus	1829
Hüsnicenan Hanımefendi			Shapsug	Circassia	1835	Abdülmecid I
Servetsezâ Kadınefendi	Prince Mansur Temruko Princess Fülane Dadeşkeliani	Temruko	Circassian	Maykop, Russia	1837
Hoşyar Kadınefendi	Zurab Tuskia	Tuskia	Georgian	Zugdidi, Georgia	1839
Şevkefza Valide Sultan	Mehmed Zaurum Cemile Hanım	Zaurum	Abkhazian	Poti, Georgia	1 August 1839
Tirimüjgan Kadınefendi	Bekhan Bey Almaş Hanım		Shapsug	North Caucasus	1840
Gülcemal Kadınefendi		Hatice	Bosnian	Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina	1840
Verdicenan Kadınefendi	Prince Kaytuk Giorgi Açba Princess Yelizaveta Hanım	Saliha Açba	Abkhazian	Sukhumi, Abkhazia	17 December 1840
Zerrin Melek Hanımefendi	Prince Aslan Klıç Princess Şaşa Loo	Klıç	Abkhazian	North Caucasus	1841
Nükhetsezâ Hanımefendi	Hatuğ Baras Ferhunde Hanım	Hatice Baras	Abkhazian	Abkhazia	21 October 1841
Nesrin Hanımefendi	Manuçar Asemiani Mahra Hanım	Adile Asemiani	Georgian	Poti, Georgia	1842
Düzdidil Hanımefendi	Şıhım Dişan Princess Fülane Çaçba	Ayşe Dişan	Ubykh	North Caucasus	2 October 1842
Şayan Kadınefendi	Ahmed Vozden Nurhan Kucha	Vozden	Ubykh	Sochi, Russia	1843
Mehtab Kadınefendi	Hişam Bey Malika Hanım	Nuriye	Chechen	Makhachkala, Russia	1845
Ceylanyar Hanımefendi	Mustafa Berzeg Princess Daruhan Dudaruk	Nafiye Berzeg	Ubykh	Sochi, Russia	1847
Nergizu Hanımefendi	Albora Bey Dadüse Hanım		Natukhai	Anapa, Russia	1847
Nâvek-i Misâl Hanım Efendi	Prince Rustem Bey Biberd Princess Fatma Kızılbek	Biberd	Abkhazian	North Caucasus	1848
Bezmara Kadınefendi			Circassian	Circassia	1849 - 1852
Nalanıdil Hanımefendi	Prince Natıkhu Çıpakue	Çıpakue	Natukhai	Anapa, Russia	1850
Şayeste Hanımefendi	Prince Tataş İnalipa Sarey Hanım	İnalipa	Abkhazian	Sukhumi, Abkhazia	1851
Serfiraz Hanımefendi	Prince Osman Liah Zeliha Tapsın	Ayşe Liah	Abkhazian	Abkhazia	1852
Gülüstü Kadınefendi	Prince Tahir Çaçba Afişe Lakerba	Fatma Çaçba	Abkhazian	Sukhumi, Abkhazia	August 1854
Perestu Valide Sultan	Gök Gogen Şah Hanım	Rahime Gogen	Ubykh	Sochi, Russia	20 January 1856
Ne'veser Hanımefendi	Mısost Eşba Tulu Svamba	Esma Eşba	Abkhazian	Abkhazia	1858
Yıldız Hanımefendi	Selim Şermat Princess Rebiye Hanım	Zijan Şermat	Circassian	North Caucasus	1858
Safderun Hanımefendi	Battal Bey Princess İmrethan Jantemir		Besleney	North Caucasus	1859
Dürrünev Kadınefendi	Prince Mahmud Dziapş-lpa Princess Halime Çikotua	Melek Dziapş-İpa	Abkhazian	Batumi, Georgia	20 May 1856	Abdülaziz
Edadil Kadınefendi	Prince Tandal Aredba Aublaa Hanım	Aredba	Abkhazian	Adlersky, Sochi, Russia	1861
Hayranidil Kadınefendi			Georgian	Kars, Ottoman Empire	21 September 1865
Neşerek Kadınefendi	Prince Ismail Zevş-Barakay	Nesrin Zevş-Barakay	Ubykh	North Caucasus	1868
Gevheri Kadınefendi	Salih Svatnba Princess Şaziye Tsanba	Emine Svatnba	Abkhazian	Gudauta, Abkhazia	1872
Eleru Kadınefendi	Ahmed Tarkanişvili	Mevhibe Tarkanişvili	Georgian	Tbilisi, Georgia	21 January 1857	Murad V
Reftarıdil Kadınefendi	Hatkoyuko Hatko	Hatko	Abkhazian	North Caucasus	4 February 1859
Şayan Kadınefendi	Batır Zan	Safiye Zan	Natukhai	Anapa, Russia	5 February 1869
Meyliservet Kadınefendi			Circassian	Batumi, Georgia	8 June 1874
Resan Hanımefendi	Ömer Bey Fatma Hanım	Ayşe	Georgian	Artvin, Ottoman Empire	2 November 1877
Cevherriz Hanımefendi	Halil Bey		Ubykh	Sochi, Russia	1879
Nevdür Hanımefendi	Rüstem Nakaşvili Fevziye Hanım	Şadiye Nakaşvili	Georgian	Batumi, Georgia	1880
Remişnaz Hanımefendi	Hasan Topçu	Fehitne Topçu	Bzhedug	North Caucasus	1884
Filizten Hanımefendi	Prince Şahin Çaabalurhva Princess Adilhan Loo	Naime Filiz Çaabalurhva	Abkhazian	Pitsunda, Georgia	1887
Nazikedâ Kadınefendi	Prince Arzakan Tsanba Princess Esma Klıç	Tsanba	Abkhazian	Abkhazia	1863	Abdul Hamid II
Safinaz Nurefzun Kadınefendi	Selim Şermat Princess Rebiye Hanım	Ayşe Şermat	Circassian	North Caucasus	October 1868 - 26 June 1879
Bedrifelek Kadınefendi	Prince Mehmed Karzeg Princess Faruhan İnal-lpa	Karzeg	Natukhai	Anapa, Russia	15 November 1868
Biydâr Kadınefendi	Prince Ibrahim Talustan Princess Şahika İffet Lortkipanidze	Talustan	Kabarday	Kobuleti, Adjara, Georgia	2 September 1875
Dilpesend Kadınefendi			Georgian	Tbilisi, Georgia	10 April 1884
Mezide Mestan Kadınefendi	Kaymat Mikanba Princess Feryal Marşan	Kadriye Mikanba	Abkhazian	Gagra, Abkhazia	2 February 1885
Emsalinur Kadınefendi		Kaya	Abkhazian	Abkhazia	20 November 1885
Destizer Müşfikâ Kadınefendi	Mahmud Ağır Emine Hanım	Ayşe Ağırba	Abkhazian	Hopa, Caucasus	12 February 1886
Sazkâr Hanımefendi	Bata Maan	Atiye Maan	Abkhazian	Ayvacık, Çanakkale, Ottoman Empire	31 August 1890
Peyveste Hanımefendi	Prince Osman Emuhvari Princess Hesna Çaabalurhva	Rabia Emuhvari	Abkhazian	Pitsunda, Georgia	24 January 1893
Fatma Pesend Hanımefendi	Prince Sami Açba Princess Fatıma Ismailevna Mamleeva	Fatma Kadriye Açba	Abkhazian	Istanbul, Ottoman Empire	20 July 1896
Behice Hanımefendi	Albus Maan Nazli Kucba	Behiye Maan	Abkhazian	Beynevi, Adapazarı, Ottoman Empire	10 May 1900
Saliha Naciye Kadınefendi	Arslan Ankuap Canhız Hanım	Zeliha Ankuap	Abkhazian	Yukarı Ihsaniye, Bartın, Ottoman Empire	4 November 1904
Kamures Kadınefendi			Ubykh		30 September 1872	Mehmed V
Dürriand Kadınefendi	Mustafa Voçibe	Hatice Voçibe	Circassian	Caucasus	10 October 1876
Mihrengiz Kadınefendi		Fatma	Ubykh	Sochi, Russia	4 April 1887
Nazperver Kadınefendi	Prince Ismail Çikotua Princess Aliye Dziapş-lpa	Emine Çikotua	Abkhazian	Istanbul, Ottoman Empire	1888
Dilfirib Kadınefendi			Circassian	Istanbul, Ottoman Empire	1907
Nazikedâ Kadınefendi	Prince Hasan Ali Marşania Princess Fatma Horecan Aredba	Emine Marşan	Abkhazian	Tsebelda, Abkhazia	8 June 1885	Mehmed VI
Inşirah Hanımefendi	Aziz Voçibe	Seniye Voçibe	Ubykh	Maşukiye, Ottoman Empire	8 July 1905 - 7 November 1909
Müveddet Kadınefendi	Kato Davut Çıhcı Ayşe Hanım	Şadiye Çıhcı	Abkhazian	Derbent, Russia	24 April 1911
Nevvare Hanımefendi	Mustafa Çıhcı Hafize Kap	Ayşe Çıhcı	Abkhazian	Derbent, Russia	20 June 1918 - 20 May 1924
Nevzad Hanımefendi	Bargu Şaban Efendi Hatice Hanım	Nimet Bargu	Turkish	Istanbul, Ottoman Empire	1 September 1921

See also

• Ottoman dynasty
• Ottoman Empire
• Ottoman Sultans' concubines
• List of the mothers of the Ottoman Sultans
• List of Valide Sultans
• List of Ottoman Sultans

Notes

1. Peirce, Leslie P (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. ISBN 0-19-507673-7.
2. Павлов, Пламен. Търновските царици. В.Т.:ДАР-РХ, 2006.
   Queens of Tarnovo, Plamen Pavlov, 2006
3. https://books.google.es/books?id=HGQR7GKP-SIC&pg=PP5&hl=ca&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false
4. https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=sQUVAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PR3
5. Babinger 1992, p. 11.
6. Li Tang; Dietmar W. Winkler (2013). From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 308. ISBN 978-3-643-90329-7.
7. Fine 1994, p. 530.
8. Babinger 1992, p. 51.
9. Heath W. Lowry (1 February 2012). The Nature of the Early Ottoman State. SUNY Press. pp. 153–. ISBN 978-0-7914-8726-6. Mother of Bayezid II was Gülbahar Hatun (a Pontic Greek from the village of Douvera in Trabzon)
10. The Imperial House of Osman - 4
11. Leslie P., Peirce (1993). "Wives and Concubines: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries". The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016-4314: Oxford University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-19-508677-5.
12. Bernard Lewis, The Muslim discovery of Europe, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2001, p. 192.
13. Yavuz Bahadıroğlu, Resimli Osmanlı Tarihi, Nesil Yayınları (Ottoman History with Illustrations, Nesil Publications), 15th Ed., 2009, page 395, ISBN 978-975-269-299-2
14. The Imperial House of Osman - 8

References

• Açba-Ançabadze, Leyla, Fürstin: Harem Hatıraları, Timaş Yayınları, Istanbul 2010.
• Afife Rezzemaza: Saray'dan Sürgüne, Istanbul 2013
• Aredba, Rumeysa, Fürstin: Sultan Vahdeddin'in San Remo Günleri, Istanbul 2009
• Bardakçı, Murat: Şahbaba. Pan Yayıncılık, Istanbul 1998.
• Mislimelek, Prinzessin: Saray'dan Sürgüne Bir Osmanlı Prensesi, Istanbul 2012 (Memoiren der Nichte von Emine Nazikeda und Schwiegertochter von Sultan Abdulhamit II.)
• Öztuna, Yılmaz: İslam Devletleri. Istanbul 1989 (Devletler ve Hanedanlar, Band 2).
• Uluçay, Çağatay: Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları, Ankara 1992
• Ünüvar, Safiye: Saray Hatıraları, Istanbul 1965