List of mass executions and massacres in Yugoslavia during World War II
The following is a list of massacres and mass executions that occurred in Yugoslavia during World War II. Areas once part of Yugoslavia that are now parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Macedonia, and Montenegro; see the lists of massacres in those countries for more details.
The Ustaše's largest genocidal massacres were carried out in Bosanska Krajina and in places in Croatia where Serbs constituted a large proportion of the population including Banija, Kordun, Lika, and northern Dalmatia. Chetnik massacres of the Bosniak population took place in eastern Bosnia which had been "relatively untouched" by the Ustaše until the spring of 1942. Anglo-Croatian historian Dr Marko Attila Hoare posits that the latter-referenced massacres were not acts of revenge, but "an expression of the genocidal policy and ideology of the Chetnik movement."[1]
According to historians Jan Kaplan and Krystyna Nosarzewska, the Chetniks wanted to forge an ethnically-pure Greater Serbia in order to ensure the survival of Serbs in Axis/Ustaše-controlled areas by violently "cleansing" these areas of Croats and Muslims.[2] The Partisans also perpetrated massacres, notably at Kulen Vakuf in September 1941, as did the Albanian Waffen-SS units, which murdered more than 400 Orthodox Christian civilians at Andrijevica.[3]
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Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Perpetrator | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pančevo executions | 21–22 April 1941 | Pančevo | 36 | Wehrmacht | Wehrmacht and Volksdeutsche executed 36 Serbs.[4] |
Gudovac massacre | 28 April 1941 | Gudovac, near Bjelovar | 184–196 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše at Gudovac.[5][6][7] |
Kosinj massacre | 30 April 1941 | Kosinj, Lika | c. 600 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše at Kosinj.[8] |
Blagaj massacre | April–May 1941 | Blagaj | c. 250 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše at Blagaj.[5] |
Veljun massacre | 9 May 1941 | Veljun, Kordun | c. 400 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše at Veljun.[9] |
Glina massacre | 11–12 May 1941 | Glina | 260–300 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše at Glina.[10][5] |
Nevesinje massacre | late May–June 1941 | Nevesinje | 173 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše at Nevesinje.[5] |
Ljubinje massacre | early June 1941 | Ljubinje, Herzegovina | 140 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše at Ljubinje.[5] |
Bileća massacre | June 1941 | Bileća, Herzegovina | c. 600 | Serb villagers | Muslim massacre by Bosnian Serbs at Bileća.[11] |
Korita massacre | 3 June 1941 | Korita | 133–180 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše at Korita; corpses thrown into the Koritska Jama pit.[6][12][5] |
Knin massacre | 15 June 1941 | Knin | c. 60 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše at Knin.[5] |
Metković massacre | 25 June 1941 | Metković | 280 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše after decree on the defense of the people and state is issued by the Independent State of Croatia on 17 April 1941.[13] |
Čelebić massacre (1941) | July 1941 | Čelebić | 104 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše at Čelebić. |
Rašića Gaj massacres | 22 June–20 July 1941 | Rašića Gaj, Vlasenica | 70–200 | Ustaše Muslim militia | Serb massacre at Rašića Gaj |
Grabovac massacre | 24–25 July 1941 | Grabovac, near Petrinja | c. 1,200 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše at Grabovac.[14] |
Ličko Petrovo Selo massacre | 27 July 1941 | Ličko Petrovo Selo | 313 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše at Ličko Petrovo Selo.[14] |
Višegrad massacre (1941) | July–August 1941 | Višegrad | c. 500 | Serb villagers | Muslim massacre by Bosnian Serb villagers at Višegrad and environs.[11] |
Prebilovci massacre | 4–6 August 1941 | Prebilovci | c. 650 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše at Prebilovci.[15] |
Glina massacre (July 1941) | 5 August 1941 | Glina | c. 1,200–2,000 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše at Glina.[16][14] |
Bosanska Dubica massacre | 20–21 August 1941 | Bosanska Dubica | c. 300 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše at Bosanska Dubica.[17] |
Čitluk and Strigova massacres | 22 August 1941 | Čitluk and Strigova | 26 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše at Čitluk and Strigova.[18] |
Novoselci massacre | Early August 1941 | Novoselci | 31 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše at Novoselci.[17] |
Zaklopača massacre | August 1941 | Srebrenica | 81 | Chetniks | Muslim massacre by Chetniks under the command of Jezdimir Dangić; a group of Muslims barricaded in a local mekteb (Muslim religious school) at Zaklopača which was then set alight.[19] |
Otočac massacre | 1941 | Otočac | 331 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše at Otočac.[20] |
Kulen Vakuf massacre | 5–8 September 1941 | Kulen Vakuf | 1,600+ | Partisan Drvar Brigade | Muslim massacre by Partisans and local peasants at Kulen Vakuf.[3] |
Jošan massacre | 1941 | Jošan | 338 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše at Jošan.[21] |
Javor massacre | 1941 | Javor | 100+ | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše at Javor, near Srebrenica and Ozren.[22] |
Kraljevo massacre | mid-October 1941 | Kraljevo | 1,755 | Wehrmacht | The Wehrmacht murdered almost 1,800 civilians in reprisal shootings[23] |
Kragujevac massacre | 20–21 October 1941 | Kragujevac | 2,778 | Wehrmacht | More than 2,000 civilians murdered by Wehrmacht in reprisal shootings |
Goražde massacre | 29 November 1941 | Goražde | 300+ | Chetniks | Muslim massacre by Chetnik forces; corpses left hanging in the town or thrown into the Drina river.[24] |
Visuć massacre | 1941 | Visuć | 85 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše.[25] |
Foča massacre (1941) | 5 December 1941 | Foča | c. 500 | Chetniks | Muslim massacre by Chetniks who received the town of Foča from the Royal Italian Army.[26] |
Žepa massacre | late 1941 | Žepa | c. 300 | Chetniks | Muslim massacre by Chetnik forces at Žepa.[27] |
Čelebić massacre (1942) | January 1942 | Čelebić | 54 | Chetniks | Muslim massacre by Chetnik forces at Čelebić; village later torched.[27] |
Žabalj massacre | Christmas at January 1942 | Žabalj | 700 | Hungarian forces | Serb massacre by Hungarian forces at Žabalj |
Gospođinci massacre | Christmas at January 1942 | Gospođinci | 100 | Hungarian forces | Serb massacre by Hungarian forces at Gospođinci |
Čurug massacre | 4-9 January 1942 | Čurug | 900 | Hungarian forces | Serb massacre by Hungarian forces at Čurug. |
Đurđevo massacre | January 1942 | Đurđevo | 300 | Hungarian forces | Serb massacre by Hungarian forces at Đurđevo |
Titel massacre | January 1942 | Titel | 60-80 | Hungarian forces | Serb massacre by Hungarian forces at Titel |
Temerin massacre | January 1942 | Temerin | 48 | Hungarian forces | Jewish massacre by Hungarian forces at Temerin |
Novi Sad raid | January 22/23 1942 | Novi Sad | 1264 | Hungarian forces | Jews and Serbs massacred and driven onto the frozen Danube River by Hungarian forces at Novi Sad. |
Bečej raid | 27 January 1942 | Bečej | 250 | Hungarian forces | Jews and Serbs massacred and driven onto the frozen Tisa River by Hungarian forces at Bečej |
Srebrenica massacre | January 1942 | Srebrenica and environs | c. 1,000 | Chetniks | Muslim massacre by Chetnik forces in Srebrenica and nearby villages.[28] |
Višegrad massacre (1942) | January, 1942 | Višegrad | 1,000+ | Chetniks | Muslim massacre by Chetniks at Višegrad.[27] |
Battle of Dražgoše | 11–12 January 1942 | Dražgoše | 41 | Wehrmacht | The Wehrmacht executed 41 civilian hostages in the village.[29] |
Draksenić massacre | 13–15 January 1942 | Draksenić | c. 360 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše and Home Guard at Draksenić.[30] |
Pljeva executions | February 1942 | Pljeva, Central Bosnia | 41 | Partisans | 41 captured Croatian Home Guards executed by Partisans.[31] |
Piskavica and Ivanjska massacre | 5, 12 February 1942 | Piskavica and Ivanjska | 520 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše at Piskavica and Ivanjska.[32] |
Drakulić massacre | 7 February 1942 | Drakulić, Šargovac, Motike | 2,315 | Ustaše | Serb massacre by Ustaše at Drakulić, Šargovac, and Motike.[33] |
Drakan massacre | 3 March 1942 | Drakan | 42 | Chetniks | Muslim masscre by Chetniks at Drakan.[28] |
Foča massacre (1942) | August 1942 | Foča | c. 2,000 | Chetniks | Muslim massacre by Chetniks in the Foča area.[34] |
Gata massacre | 1 October 1942 | Gata | 79 | Chetniks | 79 civilians killed by Chetniks for pro-Yugoslav Partisan sympathies and in retaliation for the destruction of the Split-Omiš road.[35] |
Operation Alfa | 14–15 October 1942 | Prozor | 543 | Chetniks | Croat and Bosnian Muslim massacre by Chetniks on suspicion of harboring and/or aiding the Partisans.[36] |
Andrijevica massacre | July 1944 | Andrijevica | 400+ | SS Skanderbeg | Albanian Waffen-SS units murdered more than 400 Orthodox Christian civilians.[37] |
Hrvatska Dubica massacre | 18–19 September 1944 | Hrvatska Dubica | c. 55 | Ustaše | Massacre of mostly Serb victims by Ustaše at Hrvatska Dubica. |
Daksa executions | October 1944 | Daksa | c. 53 | Partisans | Partisans executed around 53 Croat prisoners suspected of being collaborationists [38] |
Kozara massacres | 17–22 February 1945 | Hrvatska Dubica | 140+ | Ustaše | Massacre of mostly Serb victims by Ustaše at Hrvatska Dubica. |
Jakljan executions | May, 1945 | Jakljan | 214 | Partisans | German prisoners executed by Partisan forces at Jakljan. [39] |
Kočevski Rog massacre | Late May, 1945 | Kočevski Rog | Several thousand victims (between 10,000 and 12,000, according to certain sources)[40] | Partisans | Members of the Slovene Home Guard and their families executed by the Partisans. |
Barbara Pit | May–September 1945 | Huda Jama | 726[41] | Partisans | |
Bar massacre | March, 1945 | Bar Montenegro | 450-2000[42] | Yugoslav Partisans | Albanians massacred by Yugoslav Partisans |
See also
- Bloody Christmas (1945)
- List of massacres in the Bosnian War
- List of massacres in the Croatian War
- List of massacres in the Kosovo War
Notes
- ↑ Hoare 2006, p. 143.
- ↑ Kaplan, Jan, and Krystyna Nosarzewska, Prague: The Turbulent Century, Koenemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Koeln, (1997), pg. 241; ISBN 3-89508-528-6
- 1 2 Hoare 2006, pp. 106–108.
- ↑ Spasović, Ivana (2012). Страдања у Панчеву и Јабуци за време Другог светског рата [Suffering in Pančevo and Jabuka During the Second World War]. Pančevo: Istorijski arhiv. ISBN 978-86-83347-96-4.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hoare 2006, p. 22.
- 1 2 Tomasevich 2001, p. 398.
- ↑ Ramet 2006, p. 119.
- ↑ Paris 1961, p. 60.
- ↑ Goldstein 2007, p. 22.
- ↑ Tomasevich 2001, p. 536.
- 1 2 Malcolm 1994, p. 176.
- ↑ Paris 1961, p. 82.
- ↑ Ramet 2006, p. 120.
- 1 2 3 Hoare 2006, p. 23.
- ↑ Vojinovic, Novica (1991). Srpske Jame u Prebilovcima. Genocid hrvatskih kleroustaša nad Srbima u Hercegovini (in Serbo-Croatian). Titograd.
- ↑ Judah 2000, p. 127.
- 1 2 Момчило Ракић,"У усташком затвору у Босанској Дубици", Козара, I, Београд, 1971, стр. I/151-157.
- ↑ Самарџија, Душан Д. (1984). Босанскодубичко подручје у НОР-у и социјалистичкој револуцији 1941-1945. Босанска Дубица. pp. 102–103.
- ↑ Toljaga 18 November 2010.
- ↑ Paris 1961, p. 59.
- ↑ Ђуро Затезало, Радио сам свој сељачки и ковачки посао: Свједочанства о геноциду, Загреб, 2005. стр. 356.
- ↑ Paris 1961, p. 104.
- 1 2 Tomasevich 1975, p. 146.
- ↑ Hoare 2006, p. 145.
- ↑ Гојко Везмар, "Уз попис палих бораца, жртава фашистичког терора и умрлих од тифуса на подручју опћине Титова Кореница", Котар Кореница и котар Удбина у НОР-у и социјалистичкој изградњи, Карловац, 1979, стр. 965-90.
- ↑ Hoare 2006, pp. 145–146.
- 1 2 3 Hoare 2006, p. 146.
- 1 2 Hoare 2006, p. 147.
- ↑ Corsellis & Ferrar 2006, p. 33.
- ↑ Душан Тороман: Покољ у цркви у Драксенићу, књ. 1, 1981, стр. 878-884
- ↑ Hoare 2013, p. 96–97.
- ↑ Lukajić 2005.
- ↑ Lukajić 2005, p. 420.
- ↑ Malcolm 1994, p. 188.
- ↑ Gata: vijenci za žrtve četničkog pokolja, slobodnadalmacija.hr; accessed 15 September 2016.(Croatian)
- ↑ Tomasevich 2001, pp. 258–259.
- ↑ Morrison 2009, p. 65.
- ↑ Dubrovački vjesnik 19 June 2010.
- ↑ Slobodna Dalmacija 1 March 2013.
- ↑ Encyclopaedia Britannica: "Slovenia (World War Two)"
- ↑ "Stratišta: "U iskapanju Hude jame Hrvati nam moraju pomoći, tamo su oni ubijali svoje"". Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). Retrieved 24 March 2015.
- ↑ "Massive Grave of Albanian Victims of Tivari Massacre uncovered". Albanian Telegraphic Agency. 19 September 1996. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
References
Books
- Corsellis, John; Ferrar, Marcus (2006). Slovenia, 1945: Memories of Death and Survival After World War II. London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-840-3.
- Dedijer, Vladimir; Miletić, Antun (1990). Genocid nad Muslimanima, 1941–1945 (in Serbo-Croatian). Sarajevo: Svjetlost.
- Dizdar, Zdravko; Sobolevski, Mihael (1999). Prešućivani četnički zločini u Hrvatskoj i u Bosni i Hercegovini 1941–1945 (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Hrvatski institut za povijest.
- Goldstein, Ivo (2007), "The Independent State of Croatia in 1941: On the Road to Catastrophe", in Ramet, Sabrina P., The Independent State of Croatia 1941–45, New York: Routledge, pp. 19–29, ISBN 0-415-44055-6
- Judah, Tim (2000). The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08507-5.
- Morrison, Kenneth (2009). Montenegro: A Modern History. New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-710-8.
- Paris, Edmond (1961). Genocide in Satellite Croatia, 1941–1945: A Record of Racial and Religious Persecutions and Massacres. Chicago: American Institute for Balkan Affairs.
- Hoare, Marko Attila (2006). Genocide and Resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks 1941–1943. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-726380-8.
- Hoare, Marko Attila (2013). Bosnian Muslims in the Second World War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-70394-9.
- Malcolm, Noel (1994). Bosnia: A Short History. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-5520-4.
- Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34656-8.
- Tomasevich, Jozo (1975). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0857-9.
- Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3615-2.
- Lukajić, Lazar (2005). "Fratri i ustaše kolju - zločini i svjedoci" (PDF) (in Serbian). Belgrade: Fond za istraživanje genocida.
Web
- "Dostojno pokopani nakon 66. godina mučkog smaknuća". Dubrovački vjesnik (in Croatian). 19 June 2010.
- "Na dubrovačkom Domobranskom groblju pokopani posmrtni ostaci 214 njemačkih mornara". Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). 1 March 2013.
- Toljaga, Daniel (18 November 2010). "Prelude to the Srebrenica genocide". Bosnian Institute.