Mayurasharma

Mayurasharma
Founder of Kadamba dynasty
Reign c. 345 – c. 365 CE
Successor Kangavarma
Dynasty Kadamba
Kadamba Kings (345–525)
(Banavasi Kings)
Mayurasharma (345–365)
Kangavarma (365–390)
Bagitarha (390–415)
Raghu (415–435)
Kakusthavarma (435–455)
Santivarma (455 -460)
Mrigeshavarma (460–480)
Shivamandhativarma (480–485)
Ravivarma (485–519)
Harivarma (519–525)
(Triparvatha Branch)
Krishna Varma I (455)
Vishnuvarma
Simhavarma
Krishna Varma II
Pulakesi I
(Chalukya)		 (543–566)

Mayurasharma (Kannada: ಮಯೂರಶರ್ಮ) (or Mayurasharman, Mayuravarma (Kannada: ಮಯೂರವರ್ಮ)) (r.345–365 C.E.), a Brahmin scholar and a native of Talagunda (in modern Shimoga district), was the founder of the Kadamba Kingdom of Banavasi, the earliest native kingdom to rule over what is today the modern state of Karnataka, India.[1][2] He took the name of Mayuravarma to emphasise his change from the Brahmin to the Kshatriya caste. Before the rise of the Kadambas, the centres of power ruling the land were outside of the Karnataka region; thus the Kadambas' ascent to power as an independent geo-political entity, with Kannada, the language of the soil as a major regional language, is a landmark event in the history of modern Karnataka with Mayurasharma as an important historical figure. The earliest Kannada language inscriptions are attributed to the Kadambas of Banavasi.[3]

Early life

The Talagunda pillar inscription of about c.455 provides insights into the life of Mayurasharma and the Kadamba lineage

There are several legends and tales that describe the progeny of the Kadamba family. One legend states the family descended from a three-eyed, four-armed being called Trilochana Kadamba who sprang to life from the drops of sweat from the forehead of Shiva falling at the roots of a Kadamba tree. Another legend states Mayurasharma was born of Rudra (a form a Shiva) and the mother earth under an auspicious Kadamba tree and that he was born with a third eye on his forehead. According to yet another tale, Mayurasharma was born to the sister of a Jain tirthankara under a Kadamba tree. It appears that all these legends evolved so as to present the founder of the kingdom as a demi-god.[4]

The Talagunda inscription of 450 is considered the most reliable source of information about the family of Mayurasharma and the origin of the Kingdom. The inscription is known to be free of legends, giving a realistic and true account of the Kadamba line of kings.[5] According to the inscription, Mayurasharma was a Vaidika Brahmin scholar and a native of Talagunda. He was the son of Bandhushena, grandson of his guru (teacher) Veerasharma and a student at the Agrahara (place of learning) in Talagunda.[1][2][6] The inscription confirms the family is named for the Kadamba tree that grew near the family home. It is further claimed that they were a Kannadiga Dravidian family inducted into the Brahminic fold as was popular in the medieval times.[7] The Gudnapur inscription further confirms Mayurasharma's parentage and that he acquired the character of a Kshatriya.[1]

Birth of a kingdom

According to the Talagunda inscription, Mayurasharma went to Kanchi the capital of the Pallavas to pursue his Vedic studies accompanied by his guru and grandfather Veerasharma. Kanchi was an important Ghatikasthana (centre of learning) at that time. There, having been humiliated by a Pallava guard (horseman), in a rage Mayurasharma gave up his Brahminic studies and took to the sword to avenge his insult.[8] The inscription vividly describes the event thus:

“ That the hand dextrous in grasping the kusha grass, fuel and stones, ladle, melted butter and the oblation vessel, unsheathed a flaming sword, eager to conquer the earth[9][10] ”

It can be said that the rise of Mayurasharma against the Pallava hold over the Talagunda region was actually a successful rebellion of Brahmins against the domination of the Kshatriya power as wielded by the Pallavas of Kanchi. Thus was born, in a moment of righteous indignation, the first Kingdom native to present day Karnataka region.[6] Other scholars however feel Mayurasharma's rebellion was well timed to coincide with the defeat of Pallava Vishnugopa by the southern invasion of Samudragupta of northern India.[11] Mayurasharma first succeeded in establishing himself in the forests of Shriparvata (possibly modern Srisailam in Andhra Pradesh) by defeating the Antharapalas (guards) of the Pallavas and subduing the Banas of Kolar. The Pallavas under Skandavarman were unable to contain Mayurasharma and recognised him as a sovereign in the regions from the Amara ocean (western ocean) to Prehara (Malaprabha river).[12] Some historians feel that Mayurasharma was initially appointed as a commander (dandanayaka) in the army of the Pallavas, as the inscription uses such terms as Senani and calls Mayurasharma Shadanana (six-faced god of war). However, after a period of time, availing himself of the confusion caused by the defeat of Pallava Vishnugopa by Samudragupta (from the Allahabad inscriptions), Mayurasharma carved out a kingdom with Banavasi (near Talagunda) as his capital.[13] It is also known that in other battles, Mayurasharma defeated the Traikutas, Abhiras, Sendrakas, Pallavas, Pariyathrakas, Shakasthana, the Maukharis and Punnatas.[14] To celebrate his successes, Mayurasharma performed many horse sacrifices and granted 144 villages (known as brahmadeyas) to Brahmins of Talagunda.[15] With an effort to rejuvenate the ancient Brahminic faith and to perform the royal rituals and the related functions of the government, Mayurasharma invited learned Vaidika Brahmins from northern India. The Havyaka Brahmins claim descent from these early Brahmin settlers of the 4th century.[16]

Mayurasharma was the protagonist in the 1975 Kannada film Mayura starring Rajkumar. The story is a depiction of the early years of conflict with the Pallava rulers and Mayurasharma's eventual ascension to the Kadamba throne.

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Kamath (2001), p30
  2. 1 2 Moraes (1931), pp9-10
  3. ↑ Ramesh (1984), p2, pp10-11
  4. ↑ Moraes (1931), pp7-8
  5. ↑ Rice in Moraes (1931), p15
  6. 1 2 Ramesh (1984), p3
  7. ↑ There is no sound historical basis or inscriptional evidence to prove a northern origin or a southern migration of the ancestors of the Kadambas (Moraes 1931, p17)
  8. ↑ Ramesh (1984), p6
  9. ↑ Kamath (2001), p31
  10. ↑ Moraes (1931), p15
  11. ↑ George Moraes and Nilakanta Sastri in Kamath (2001), p31
  12. ↑ According to Professor Kielhorn who deciphered the Talagunda inscription, the extent of his kingdom may have been up to Premara or ancient Malwa in central India (Moraes 1931, p16)
  13. ↑ Moraes (1931), p16
  14. ↑ From the Chandravalli inscription of Mayurashrama (Kamath 2001, p31)
  15. ↑ from the Halasi plates of Kakushtavarma, great-grandson of Mayurasharma (Moraes 1931, p17)
  16. ↑ Kamat, Jyotsna Dr. "Havyaka Brahmins". Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 2007-03-06.

References

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