Majority minority

A majority–minority or minority–majority area is a term used in the United States to refer to a jurisdiction in which one or more racial and/or ethnic minorities (relative to the whole country's population) make up a majority of the local population. The term is often used in Voting Rights to designate voting districts which are altered under the Voting Rights Act to enable ethnic or language minorities "the opportunity to elect their candidate of choice."[1] In that context, the term is first used by the Supreme Court in 1977.[2] The Court had previously used the term in employment discrimination and labor relations cases.[3]

United States

U.S. states and districts in which non-Hispanic whites:
  Currently are a minority or plurality
  Currently are less than 60% of the population
  Were formerly a minority or plurality

In the United States of America majority–minority or minority–majority area is a United States state or jurisdiction whose population is composed of less than 50% non-Hispanic whites. Racial data is derived from self-identification questions on the U.S. Census and on U.S. Census Bureau estimates. (See Race and ethnicity in the United States Census).

States

From colonial times to the early 20th century, much of the Lower South had a black majority. Three Southern states had populations that were majority black: Louisiana (until about 1890[13]), South Carolina (until the 1920s[14]) and Mississippi (from the 1830s to the 1930s[15]). In the same period, Georgia,[16] Alabama,[17] and Florida,[18] had populations that were nearly 50% black, while Maryland,[19] North Carolina,[20] and Virginia[21] had black populations approaching or exceeding 40%. Texas' black population reached to 30%.[22]

The demographics of these states changed markedly from the 1890s through the 1950s, as two waves of the Great Migration led more than 6.5 million African Americans to abandon the economically depressed, legally segregated Deep South in search of better job opportunities and living conditions, first in Northern and Midwestern industrial cities, and later west to California. One-fifth of Florida's black population had left the state by 1940, for instance.[23] During the last 30 years of the 20th century into the 21st century, scholars have documented a reverse New Great Migration of blacks back to southern states, but typically to destinations in the New South, which have the best jobs and developing economies.[24]

The District of Columbia, one of the magnets for Great Migration blacks, was long the sole majority–minority federal jurisdiction in the continental U.S. The black proportion has declined since the 1990s due to gentrification and expanding opportunities, with many blacks moving to suburban Maryland and others migrating to jobs in states of the New South in a reverse of the Great Migration.[24] In 2015 the black population represented only 48.3% of the population—a considerable decline from 75% which in the late 1970s. At the same time, Asians and Hispanics have increased in the District, keeping it majority–minority.

Since 1965, foreign immigration has spurred increases in the number of majority–minority areas, most notably in California.[25] Its legal resident population was 89.5% 'non-Hispanic white' in the 1940s, but in 2015 was estimated at 38.0% 'non-Hispanic white.[26]

Cities

Many cities in the United States became majority–minority by 2010.[27] Out of the cities that had a peak population of 500,000 or more before 1990, the cities now classified as majority–minority include Phoenix,[28] Los Angeles, San Diego,[29] San Francisco, San Jose, Washington D.C., Chicago, Baltimore, Boston,[30] Detroit, St. Louis,[31] Buffalo,[32] New York City, Tampa, Cincinnati,[33] Cleveland, Philadelphia,[34] Milwaukee,[35] New Orleans, Charlotte, Memphis, Dallas, El Paso, Houston, and San Antonio.[27][36]

Data collection

The first data for New Mexico was a 5% sample in 1940 which estimated non-Hispanic whites at 50.9%.[37] Hispanics do not constitute a race but an ethnic and cultural group: of respondents who listed Hispanic origin, some listed White race, roughly half gave responses tabulated under "Some other race" (e.g. giving a national origin such as "Mexican" or a designation such as "Mestizo" as race), and much smaller numbers listed Black, Native American, or Asian race.

In U.S. censuses since 1990, self-identification has been the primary way to identify race. Presumption of race based on countries or regions given in the ancestry question is used only when a respondent has answered the ancestry question but not the race question. The U.S. Census currently defines "white people" very broadly as "people having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa,[38] i.e. Caucasoids. This definition has changed through the years.

Although the Census attempts to enumerate both citizens and non-citizens, the illegal immigrant population of the United States has proven hard to quantify; the census uses a 12 million base estimate nationally. However, current estimates based on national surveys, administrative data and other sources of information indicate that the current population may range as high as 20 to 30 million.[39]

Maps and graphs

Area White (all) Non-Hispanic White Asian American African American Hispanic or Latino American Native American Native Hawaiian Two or more races
California57.6%40.1%13.0%6.2%37.6%1.0%0.4%4.9%
Hawaii24.7%22.7%38.6%1.6%8.9%0.3%10.0%23.6%
New Mexico68.4%40.5%1.4%2.1%46.3%9.4%0.1%3.7%
Texas70.4%45.3%3.8%11.8%37.6%0.7%0.1%2.7%
District of Columbia38.5%34.8%3.5%50.7%9.1%0.3%0.1%2.9%
United States72.4%63.7%4.8%12.6%16.3%0.9%0.2%2.9%

SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 (for the year 2000)

Other uses

Normally, a state is considered to be majority–minority because of its ethnic/racial makeup, but other criteria is occasionally used, such as religion, disability, or age. For example, the majority of Utah residents are Mormons, a Christian denomination that is a religious minority throughout the rest of the United States. In addition to Utah, Rhode Island and Louisiana, which have Roman Catholic majorities, are the only states in the U.S. where a single denomination constitutes a majority of the population. However, no U.S. state has a majority composed of any non-Christian group, except for Hawaii, where 51.1% of the population follow religions that would be non-mainstream in the rest of the United States. Hawaii is classified as religious majority of Unaffiliated, including agnostics, atheists, humanists, the irreligious, and Secularists (non-practicing).

Criticism

In January 2016, CUNY sociologist Richard Alba wrote an article in the American Prospect arguing that the way in which majority-minority calculations are made by the Census are misleading. Anyone with any Hispanic, Asian, or Black ancestry is seen as non-white, even if they also have white ancestry. Alba argues that the incomes, marriage patterns, and identities of people of who are mixed Hispanic-white and Asian-white are closer to those of white people than monoracial Hispanics or Asians. Thus, when the Census says that non-white Hispanics are projected to be less than 50% of the population by the 2040s, people of mixed-race ancestry are improperly excluded from that category.[40]

International applications

While the concept exists in other nations, the exact term differs from place to place and language to language.

In many large, contiguous countries like China, there are many autonomous regions where a minority population is the majority. These regions are generally the result of historical population distributions, not because of recent immigration or recent differences in birth and fertility rates between various groups.

English-speaking countries

Australia

European Australians are a minority in some of Sydney's western suburbs. Fairfield and Cabramatta in Fairfield City Council, Lakemba and Bankstown in Canterbury-Bankstown Council, and Auburn in Cumberland Council, are one of the largest non-European suburbs in Australia.[41] Here is a list of the suburbs in Sydney's metropolitan area where non-European ethnic groups are the majority:

Canada

Visible Minority Majorities in different Canadian municipalities: British Columbia

Ontario

England

New Zealand

South Africa

Whites as a percentage of the population in various parts of South Africa in 2011.

Brazil

   – States with high or strong White proportion.
   – Brazilian states with high or strong Pardo proportion.
Brazilian states according to the percentage of Whites in 2009.

Brazil has officially become a majority "non-white" country as of the 2010 census,[52] together with the federative units of Goiás, Federal District, Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo.

Those identifying as white declined to 47.7 percent (about 91 million people) in 2010 census from 52.9 percent (about 93 million people) in 2000 in the entire country.[52] However, in Brazil, this is not simply a matter of origin and birthrate, but identity changes as well. The black minority, whose women have more children in average than the pardo minority, did not enlarge its representation in the population to more than 1.5% in the period, while it was mostly the growth in the number of pardo people (~38% in 2000, 42.4% in 2010) that caused the demographic plurality of Brazil.

However, a process similar to that of the United States is indeed happening in Brazil, for a longer amount of time but at a much slower pace. See White Brazilian#By state.

Bulgaria

The green areas have a Turkish majority or plurality, while the pink and light red areas have a Bulgarian plurality but not a Bulgarian majority.
Map of Arab population, 2000

Fiji

The Muslim population in various parts of India in 2011.

India

Israel

Romania

The non-purple areas have a plurality or majority of an ethnic group besides Romanians.

Slovakia

Sri Lanka

(Former) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Ethnic Russians as a percentage of the population by region in 2010.
Ethnic composition of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1991.

Abkhazia (Georgia)

Azerbaijan

Belarus

Estonia

Georgia

Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan

Latvia

Russia

The Soviet Union as a whole

Transnistria (Moldova)

Ukraine

(Former) Yugoslavia

The municipalities with a color other than light blue have a plurality or majority composed of an ethnic group other than Serbs.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Kosovo

Macedonia

Montenegro

Serbia

See also

References

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External links

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