Navarro-Aragonese

Navarro-Aragonese
Native to Kingdom of Navarre
Kingdom of Aragon
Region Northeast Iberia
Extinct 16th century
Language codes
ISO 639-3 –
Glottolog None

Navarro-Aragonese was a Romance language spoken south of the middle Pyrenees and in part of the Ebro River basin in the Middle Ages. The language extended over the County of Aragón, Sobrarbe, Ribagorza, the southern plains of Navarre on both banks of the Ebro including La Rioja and the eastern fringes of Navarre (Leire and around). The language was also spoken in major towns of Navarre (in Estella and Pamplona too) in a multilingual environment where Basque was the natural language, used by most of the people, Occitan was spoken by the Franks in their ethnic boroughs, while Hebrew was used for written purposes in the aljamas[1] along with Basque[2] and Navarro-Aragonese as vernaculars in their respective linguistic regions. The last remnants of this language are the dialects of Aragonese language still spoken in northern Aragon.

Origins and distribution

The language was not defined by clear-cut boundaries, but rather it was a continuum of the Romance language spoken on the stretch extending north of the Muslim realms of the Ebro, under the influence of Mozarabic and Basque, towards the Pyrenees.[3] The Muladies Banu Qasi, lords of Tudela in the 9th century, may have mostly spoken a variant of Navarro-Aragonese.[4] Early evidence of the language can be found in place-names like Murillo el Fruto attested as Murello Freito and Muriel Freito (stemming from Latin "Murellus Fractus") and Cascante, Olite or Urzante with a typical restored -e ending after "t" in this area.[5]

The Monastery of San Millan de la Cogolla in La Rioja is home to the oldest records in Navarro-Aragonese
Jaca in the Corridor of Berdún

At the westernmost tip of this middle Ebro stretch a Romance variant was developed in La Rioja, recorded in the Glosas Emilianenses dating from roughly 1000 AD. They have been diversely classified from "cradle of Spanish" to Navarro-Aragonese variant, while it's widely accepted the glosses show more similarities with the latter.[6] However, political events were going to tip the scale in favour of an increasing assimilation to Castilian in the following centuries, especially after the disputed region was annexed to Castile in 1177 at the expense of Navarre. Another focal point for the emergence and expansion of Romance in High Aragon and eastern border of Navarre was the ancient Roman road and Way of St. James crossing the Pyrenees to the south from Gascony and extending west via Jaca through the Corridor of Berdún, while the territory was largely Basque-Romance bilingual back in 1349.[7]

However, early Navarro-Aragonese speaking communities may have ebbed and become assimilated in some spots on the strength of a predominant Basque-speaking population (overwhelmingly so in Navarre) north away from the Ebro plains, due to demographic, economic and political shifts, e.g. the eastern borders of Navarre in Leire, Sangüesa, Liédena, Romanzado altogether, were densely Basque-speaking in mid and late 16th century.[8] Navarro-Aragonese had a strong Basque substratum and adstratum, the former being in close contact with Basque, which in turn was rapidly losing ground to the Romance language in the Kingdom of Aragon during the High and Late Middle Ages.

Status and written language

Navarro-Aragonese was chosen in the High Middle Ages by the Navarrese aristocracy and royal institutions for official records and documents in the 14th century[9] when Occitan variants fell much in decay after the last devastating war among boroughs in Pamplona, dubbing it ydiomate navarre terrae or lengoage de Navarra (as opposed to the lingua navarrorum, the Basque language).[10][11] Navarro-Aragonese is a modern term coined for linguistic classification purposes, while its speakers may have referred to it as "Romanz(e) (Aragonés/Navarro)" in the Middle Ages.

San Juan de la Peña, a landmark in the expansion of Romance in Aragón

The language's features at this last stage in the 14th and 15th century grew closer to those of Castilian, showing a clear trend towards convergence, as attested in the telling opening sentence of Charles II of Navarre at his coronation ceremony (1350): "Nos Karlos, por la gracia de Dios, rey de Navarra et conté d'Evreux, juramos a nuestro pueblo de Navarra, es assaber, prelados, ricoshombres, cavailleros, hombres de buenas villas et a todo el pueblo de Navarra, todos lures fueros, usos, costumbres, franquezas, libertades."[12]

Eventual development

The language merged with Castilian during the 15th and early 16th century in Navarre, while it further survived in Aragon, eventually developing into Aragonese, expanding south along with the Kingdom of Aragon's lands conquered to the kingdoms in Al-Andalus, and reaching at one point as far south as Murcia,[13] while the Mediterranean coastal strip came to be settled by Catalan speakers. These geo-linguistic gains could not prevent Navarro-Aragonese from gradually losing ground to Castilian both territorially and socially after the Trastámara dynasty's access to the Aragonese crown[14] and the 1469 wedding between Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, who favoured Castilian (Spanish) in the royal court. However, the language has lasted, while keeping a low profile and increasingly confined to the Pyrenees, up to modern days.

Vocabulary

The vocabulary below illustrates the language's Romance roots, its relationship to neighbouring languages (adstratum, and possibly also as substratum in the case of Basque), as well as meanings in English.[15]

Navarro-Aragonese Bearnese (Occitan) Castilian Spanish Catalan Basque English
ome òmi hombre home gizon man
muyller/muger hemna, dauna mujer dona emazte, emakume woman
casa ostau/casa/maison casa casa etxe house
arb/arbor arbe/arbo arbol arbre zuhaitz, arbola tree
aquest(i) aqueste este aquest hau this
areyto dret derecho, de pie dret, dempeus zuzen, tente, zutik straight, standing
car/quar per' mor, pr'amor porque perquè -lako, -gatik, (...) bait, zeren because
canba camba pierna cama hanka, zango leg
cayll carrera calle carrer kale, karrika street
cuylir préner, gahar coger prendre hartu take (collect)
dreytos drets derechos drets eskubideak rights
exir/ixir sortir, eishir, gessir, salhir salir sortir irten/jalgi/elk(h)i exit, get out
faya destrau hacha destral aizkora axe
feyto hèit hecho fet egina done/made
ferme hidança fianza fiança berme deposit
huey uei hoy avui gaur today
lueyn luenh lejos lluny urrun, urruti far
lur/lures lor,lors / ; lo/eth son, los/eths sons sus les seves haien, beren their
miyor/migor miélher/melhor mejor millor hobe better
Nadal Nadau Navidad Nadal Eguberri Christmas
noch/nueyt nueit noche nit gau night
pluvia ploja lluvia pluja euri rain
poçon/pozon bevuda/beguda bebida beguda edari drink
remanir demorar permanecer romandre gelditu remain
seteno setau séptimo setè zazpigarren seventh
soz/soç devath, jus bajo sota -ren pean/azpian under/below
veyendo vedent viendo mirant ikusten seeing

References

  1. ↑ Jurio, Jimeno (1995). Historia de Pamplona y de sus Lenguas. Tafalla: Txalaparta. pp. 82, 138, 175–177. ISBN 84-8136-017-1.
  2. ↑ Sainz Pezonaga, Jabier (May–August 2003). "Antroponimia Medieval Euskérica en la Navarra Tudelana". Fontes Linguae Vasconum: Studia et Documenta. Gobierno de Navarra; Institución Príncipe de Viana. 1 (93): 371. ISSN 0343-6993.
  3. ↑ Elvira (coord.), Javier (2008). Lenguas, Reinos y Dialectos en la Edad Media Ibérica: La Construcción de la Identidad; Homenaje a Juan Ramón Lodares. Iberoamericana Ed. Vervuert. p. 523. ISBN 978-84-8489-305-9.
  4. ↑ Caro Baroja, Julio (1985). Los vascones y sus vecinos. San Sebastian: Editorial Txertoa. p. 115. ISBN 84-7148-136-7.
  5. ↑ Caro Baroja, Julio (1985). Los vascones y sus vecinos. San Sebastian: Editorial Txertoa. p. 115. ISBN 84-7148-136-7.
  6. ↑ Wolf, Hanz Jürgen (1997). "Las Glosas Emilianenses, Otra Vez". Revista de Filología Románica. Madrid: Servicio de Publicaciones. Universidad Complutense. 1 (14): 597–604. ISSN 0212-999X.
  7. ↑ Jurio, Jimeno (1997). Navarra: Historia del Euskera. Tafalla: Txalaparta. pp. 59–60. ISBN 978-84-8136-062-2.
  8. ↑ "Romanzado; Lengua". EuskoMedia Fundazioa. Retrieved 2010-01-29. Site in Spanish
  9. ↑ González Olle, Fernando (1987). "Reconocimiento del Romance Navarro bajo Carlos II (1350)". Príncipe de Viana. Gobierno de Navarra; Institución Príncipe de Viana. 1 (182): 705. ISSN 0032-8472.
  10. ↑ "Lingua Navarrorum" (PDF). Basque Govt. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
  11. ↑ Ciervide, Ricardo (1998). "El euskera en la Navarra Medieval en su Contexto Románico". Fontes Linguae Vasconum. Gobierno de Navarra; Institución Príncipe de Viana. 1 (79): 508. ISSN 0046-435X.
  12. ↑ González Olle, Fernando (1987). "Reconocimiento del Romance Navarro bajo Carlos II (1350)". Príncipe de Viana. Gobierno de Navarra; Institución Príncipe de Viana. 1 (182): 706. ISSN 0032-8472.
  13. ↑ Elvira (coord.), Javier (2008). Lenguas, Reinos y Dialectos en la Edad Media Ibérica: La Construcción de la Identidad; Homenaje a Juan Ramón Lodares. Iberoamericana Ed. Vervuert. p. 57. ISBN 978-84-8489-305-9.
  14. ↑ Elvira (coord.), Javier (2008). Lenguas, Reinos y Dialectos en la Edad Media Ibérica: La Construcción de la Identidad; Homenaje a Juan Ramón Lodares. Iberoamericana Ed. Vervuert. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-84-8489-305-9.
  15. ↑ Spanish, Basque, and English meaning refer to present-day forms. Bearnese refers to modern attested forms (19-20th century), while Navarro-Aragonese refers to the Late Middle Ages, so no synchrony can be established. Orthography delivered according to traditional usage, not actual phonetics.
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