Padua

Padua (/ˈpædju.ə/ or US /ˈpædʒu.ə/, Italian: Padova [ˈpaːdova]; Venetian: Pàoa) is a city and comune in Veneto, northern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Padua and the economic and communications hub of the area. Padua's population is 214,000 (as of 2011). The city is sometimes included, with Venice (Italian Venezia) and Treviso, in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area, having a population of c. 1,600,000.

Padua stands on the Bacchiglione River, 40 kilometres (25 miles) west of Venice and 29 km (18 miles) southeast of Vicenza. The Brenta River, which once ran through the city, still touches the northern districts. Its agricultural setting is the Venetian Plain (Pianura Veneta). To the city's south west lies the Euganaean Hills, praised by Lucan and Martial, Petrarch, Ugo Foscolo, and Shelley.

It hosts the University of Padua, founded in 1222, where Galileo Galilei was a lecturer.

The city is picturesque, with a dense network of arcaded streets opening into large communal piazze, and many bridges crossing the various branches of the Bacchiglione, which once surrounded the ancient walls like a moat.

Padua is the setting for most of the action in Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew.

Etymology

The original significance of the Roman name Patavium (Venetian: Padoa, German Padua) is uncertain. It may be connected with the ancient name of the River Po, (Padus). Additionally, the root pat-, in the Indo-European language may refer to a wide open plain as opposed to nearby hills. (In Latin this root is present in the word patera which means "plate." and the verb patere means "to open.") The suffix -av (also found in the name of the rivers such as the Timavus and Tiliaventum is likely of Venetic origin, precisely indicating the presence of a river, which in the case of Padua is the Brenta. The ending -ium, signifies the presence of villages that have united themselves together.^[1]

History

Antiquity

Padua claims to be the oldest city in northern Italy. According to a tradition dated at least to the time of Virgil's Aeneid and to Livy's Ab Urbe Condita, Padua was founded in around 1183 BC by the Trojan prince Antenor. After the Fall of Troy, Antenor led a group of Trojans and their Paphlagonian allies, the Eneti or Veneti, who lost their king Pylaemenes to settle the Euganean plain in Italy. Thus, when a large ancient stone sarcophagus was exhumed in the year 1274, officials of medieval commune declared the remains within to be those of Antenor. An inscription by the native Humanist scholar Lovato dei Lovati placed near the tomb reads:

This sepulchre excavated from marble contains the body of the noble Antenor who left his country, guided the Eneti and Trojans, banished the Euganeans and founded Padua^[2]

However, more recent tests suggest the sepulchre dates to the between the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. Nevertheless, archeological remains confirm an early date for the foundation of the center of the town to between the 11th and 10th centuries BC. By the 5th c. BC, Padua, rising on the banks of the river Brenta, which in the Roman era was called Medoacus Maior and probably until AD 589 followed the path of the present day Bacchiglione (Retrone), Padua was one of the principal centers of the Veneti.

The Roman historian Livy records an attempted invasion of the Spartan king Cleonimos around 302 BC. The Spartans came up the river but were defeated by the Veneti in a naval battle and gave up the idea of conquest. Still later, the Veneti of Padua successfully defended themselves against the aggression of Etruscans and Gauls. According to Livy and Silius Italicus, the Veneti, including those of Padua, formed an alliance with the Romans by 226 BC, against their common enemy, the Gauls and then the Carthaginians. Men from Padua fought and died besides the Romans at Cannae.

As the Romans advanced northward, Padua, was gradually assimilated into the Roman Republic. In 175 BC, Padua requested the aid of Rome in putting down a local civil war. In 91 BC, Padua, along with other cities of the Veneti, fought with Rome against the rebels in the Social War. Around 49 (or 45 or 43) BC, Padua was made a Roman municipium under the Lex Julia Municipalis and its citizens ascribed to the Roman tribe, Fabia. At that time the population of the city was perhaps 40,000.^[3] The city was reputed for its excellent breed of horses and the wool of its sheep. In fact, the poet Martial remarks on the thickness of the tunics made there.^[4] By the end of the first century BC, Padua seems to have been the wealthiest city in Italy outside of Rome.^[5] The city became so powerful that it was reportedly able to raise two hundred thousand fighting men. However, despite its wealth, the city was also renowned for its simple manners and strict morality. This concern with morality is reflected in Livy's Roman History (XLIII.13.2) wherein he portrays Rome's rise to dominance as being founded upon her moral rectitude and discipline.^[6] Still later, Pliny, referring to one of his Paduan protégés' Paduan grandmother, Sarrana Procula, lauds her as more upright and disciplined than any of her strict fellow citizens (Epist. i.xiv.6).^[5] Padua also provided the Empire with notable intellectuals. Nearby Abano was the birthplace, and after many years spent in Rome, the deathplace of Livy, whose Latin was said by the critic Asinius Pollio to betray his Patavinitas (q.v. Quintilian, Inst. Or. viii.i.3).^[7] Padua was also the birthplace of Thrasea Paetus, Asconius Pedianus, and perhaps Valerius Flaccus.

Christianity was introduced to Padua and much of the Veneto by Saint Prosdocimus. He is venerated as the first bishop of the city. His deacon, the Jewish convert Daniel, is also a saintly patron of the city.

Late Antiquity

The history of Padua during Late Antiquity follows the course of events common to most cities of north-eastern Italy. Padua suffered from the invasion of the Huns and was savagely sacked by Attila in 450. A number of years afterward, it then passed under the Gothic kings Odoacer and Theodoric the Great. During the Gothic War it was reconquered for a short time by the Byzantine Empire in 540, however, depopulation from plague and the war ensued. The city was again seized by the Goths under Totila, but was restored to the Eastern Empire by Narses only to fall under the control of the Lombards in 568. During these years, many of Paduans inhabitants sought safety in the countryside and especially in the nearby lagoons of what would become Venice. In 601, the city rose in revolt, against Agilulf, the Lombard king who put the city under siege. After enduring a 12-year-long and bloody siege, the Lombards stormed and burned the city. Many ancient artifacts and building were seriously damaged. In fact, the remains of an amphitheater (the Arena) and some bridge foundations are all that remain of Roman Padua today. The townspeople fled to the hills and later returned to eke out a living among the ruins; the ruling class abandoned the city for the Venetian Lagoon, according to a chronicle. The city did not easily recover from this blow, and Padua was still weak when the Franks succeeded the Lombards as masters of northern Italy.

Frankish and Episcopal Supremacy

At the Diet of Aix-la-Chapelle (828), the duchy and march of Friuli, in which Padua lay, was divided into four counties, one of which took its title from the city of Padua.

The end of the early Middle Ages at Padua was marked by the sack of the city by the Magyars in 899. It was many years before Padua recovered from this ravage.

During the period of episcopal supremacy over the cities of northern Italy, Padua does not appear to have been either very important or very active. The general tendency of its policy throughout the war of investitures was Imperial (Ghibelline)and not Roman (Guelph); and its bishops were, for the most part, of German extraction.

Emergence of the Commune

Under the surface, several important movements were taking place that were to prove formative for the later development of Padua.

At the beginning of the 11th century the citizens established a constitution, composed of a general council or legislative assembly and a credenza or executive body.

During the next century they were engaged in wars with Venice and Vicenza for the right of water-way on the Bacchiglione and the Brenta. The city grew in power and self-confidence and in 1138, government was entrusted to two consuls.

The great families of Camposampiero, Este and Da Romano began to emerge and to divide the Paduan district among themselves. The citizens, in order to protect their liberties, were obliged to elect a podestà in 1178. Their choice first fell on one of the Este family.

A fire devastated Padua in 1174. This required the virtual rebuilding of the city.

The unfinished façade of Padua Cathedral

The temporary success of the Lombard League helped to strengthen the towns. However their civic jealousy soon reduced them to weakness again. As a result, in 1236 Frederick II found little difficulty in establishing his vicar Ezzelino III da Romano in Padua and the neighbouring cities, where he practised frightful cruelties on the inhabitants. Ezzelino was unseated in June 1256 without civilian bloodshed, thanks to Pope Alexander IV.

Padua then enjoyed a period of calm and prosperity: the basilica of the saint was begun; and the Paduans became masters of Vicenza. The University of Padua (the second university in Italy, after Bologna) was founded in 1222, and as it flourished in the 13th century, Padua outpaced Bologna, where no effort had been made to expand the revival of classical precedents beyond the field of jurisprudence, to become a center of early humanist researches,^[8] with a first-hand knowledge of Roman poets that was unrivalled in Italy or beyond the Alps.^[9]

However the advances of Padua in the 13th century finally brought the commune into conflict with Can Grande della Scala, lord of Verona. In 1311 Padua had to yield to the Scaglieri of Verona.

Jacopo da Carrara was elected lord of Padua in 1318, at that point the city was home to 40,000 people.^[10] From then till 1405, nine members of the moderately enlightened Carraresi family, including Ubertino, Jacopo II, and Francesco il Vecchio, succeeded one another as lords of the city, with the exception of a brief period of Scaligeri overlordship between 1328 and 1337 and two years (1388–1390) when Giangaleazzo Visconti held the town. The Carraresi period was a long period of restlessness, for the Carraresi were constantly at war. Under Carrarese rule the early humanist circles in the university were effectively disbanded: Albertino Mussato, the first modern poet laureate, died in exile at Chiogga in 1329, and the eventual heir of the Paduan tradition was the Tuscan Petrarch.^[11]

In 1387 John Hawkwood won the Battle of Castagnaro for Padua, against Giovanni Ordelaffi, for Verona. The Carraresi period finally came to an end as the power of the Visconti and of Venice grew in importance.

Venetian rule

Padua passed under Venetian rule in 1405, and so mostly remained until the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797.

There was just a brief period when the city changed hands (in 1509) during the wars of the League of Cambrai. On 10 December 1508, representatives of the Papacy, France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Ferdinand I of Spain concluded the League of Cambrai against the Republic. The agreement provided for the complete dismemberment of Venice's territory in Italy and for its partition among the signatories: Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I of the Habsburg, was to receive Padua in addition to Verona and other territories. In 1509 Padua was taken for just a few weeks by Imperial supporters. Venetian troops quickly recovered it and successfully defended Padua during siege by Imperial troops. (Siege of Padua). The city was governed by two Venetian nobles, a podestà for civil and a captain for military affairs. Each was elected for sixteen months. Under these governors, the great and small councils continued to discharge municipal business and to administer the Paduan law, contained in the statutes of 1276 and 1362. The treasury was managed by two chamberlains; and every five years the Paduans sent one of their nobles to reside as nuncio in Venice, and to watch the interests of his native town.

Venice fortified Padua with new walls, built between 1507 and 1544, with a series of monumental gates.

Austrian rule

In 1797 the Venetian Republic came to an end with the Treaty of Campo Formio, and Padua, like much of the Veneto, was ceded to the Habsburgs. In 1806 the city then passed to the French puppet Kingdom of Italy until the fall of Napoleon, in 1814, when the city became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, part of the Austrian Empire.

Austrian rule was unpopular with progressive circles in northern Italy, but the feelings of the population (from the lower to the upper classes) towards the empire were mixed. In Padua, the year of revolutions of 1848 saw a student revolt which on 8 February turned the University and the Caffè Pedrocchi into battlegrounds in which students and ordinary Paduans fought side by side. The revolt was however short-lived, and there were no other unrest under the Austrian Empire (nor previously had there been any), as in Venice or in other parts of Italy; while opponents of Austria were forced into exile.

Under Austrian rule, Padua began its industrial development; one of the first Italian rail tracks, Padua-Venice, was built in 1845.

In 1866 the Battle of Königgrätz gave Italy the opportunity, as an ally of Prussia, to take Veneto, and Padua was also annexed to the recently formed Kingdom of Italy.

Italian rule

Annexed to Italy during 1866, Padua was at the centre of the poorest area of Northern Italy, as Veneto was until the 1960s. Despite this, the city flourished in the following decades both economically and socially, developing its industry, being an important agricultural market and having a very important cultural and technological centre as the University. The city hosted also a major military command and many regiments.

The 20th century

When Italy entered World War I on 24 May 1915, Padua was chosen as the main command of the Italian Army. The king, Vittorio Emanuele III, and the commander in chief Cadorna went to live in Padua for the war period. After the defeat of Italy in the battle of Caporetto in autumn 1917, the front line was situated on the river Piave. This was just 50–60 km (31–37 mi) from Padua, and the city was now in range of the Austrian artillery. However the Italian military command did not withdraw. The city was bombed several times (about 100 civilian deaths). A memorable feat was Gabriele D'Annunzio's flight to Vienna from the nearby San Pelagio Castle air field.

A year later, the danger to Padua was removed. In late October 1918, the Italian Army won the decisive battle of Vittorio Veneto (exactly a year after Caporetto), and the Austrian forces collapsed. The armistice was signed in Padua, at Villa Giusti, on 3 November 1918, with Austria-Hungary surrendering to Italy.

During the war, industry progressed strongly, and this gave Padua a base for further post-war development. In the years immediately following the Great War, Padua developed outside the historical town, enlarging and growing in population. even if labor and social strife were rampant at the time.

As in many other areas in Italy and abroad, Padua experienced great social turmoil in the years immediately following the Great War. The city was swept by strikes and clashes, factories and fields were subject to occupation, and war veterans struggled to re-enter civilian life. Many supported a new political way: Fascism. As in other parts of Italy, the National Fascist Party in Padua soon came to be seen as the defender of property and order against revolution. The city was also the site of one of the largest fascist mass rallies, with some 300,000 people reportedly attending one speech by Benito Mussolini.

New buildings, in typical fascist architecture, sprang up in the city. Examples can be found today in the buildings surrounding Piazza Spalato (today Piazza Insurrezione), the railway station, the new part of City Hall, and part of the Bo Palace hosting the University.

Following Italy's defeat in the Second World War on 8 September 1943, Padua became part of the Italian Social Republic, a puppet state of the Nazi occupiers. The city hosted the Ministry of Public Instruction of the new state, as well as military and militia commands and a military airport. The Resistenza, the Italian partisans, was very active against both the new fascist rule and the Nazis. One of the main leaders of the Resistenza in the area was the University vice-chancellor Concetto Marchesi.

Padua was bombed several times by Allied planes. The worst hit areas were the railway station and the northern district of Arcella. During one of these bombings, the Church of the Eremitani, with frescoes by Andrea Mantegna, was destroyed, considered by some art historians to be Italy's biggest wartime cultural loss.

The city was finally liberated by partisans and troops of the British Eighth Army on 28 April 1945. A small Commonwealth War Cemetery is in the west part of the city, to remember the sacrifice of these troops.

After the war, the city developed rapidly, reflecting Veneto's rise from being the poorest region in northern Italy to one of the richest and most active regions of modern Italy.

Geography

Climate

Padua experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) characteristic of Northern Italy, modified by the nearby Adriatic Sea.

Climate data for Padua (1961–1990, extremes 1946–1990)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	16.0 (60.8)	22.9 (73.2)	24.8 (76.6)	29.4 (84.9)	32.5 (90.5)	35.0 (95)	38.2 (100.8)	37.2 (99)	34.0 (93.2)	29.0 (84.2)	21.9 (71.4)	16.8 (62.2)	38.2 (100.8)
Average high °C (°F)	5.7 (42.3)	8.8 (47.8)	13.1 (55.6)	17.5 (63.5)	22.4 (72.3)	26.0 (78.8)	28.4 (83.1)	27.9 (82.2)	24.5 (76.1)	18.8 (65.8)	11.5 (52.7)	6.5 (43.7)	17.6 (63.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)	2.2 (36)	4.7 (40.5)	8.3 (46.9)	12.5 (54.5)	17.0 (62.6)	20.7 (69.3)	23.0 (73.4)	22.4 (72.3)	19.2 (66.6)	13.8 (56.8)	7.6 (45.7)	3.1 (37.6)	12.9 (55.2)
Average low °C (°F)	−1.4 (29.5)	0.5 (32.9)	3.5 (38.3)	7.4 (45.3)	11.6 (52.9)	15.3 (59.5)	17.5 (63.5)	16.9 (62.4)	13.8 (56.8)	8.8 (47.8)	3.7 (38.7)	−0.4 (31.3)	8.1 (46.6)
Record low °C (°F)	−19.2 (−2.6)	−15.4 (4.3)	−8.2 (17.2)	−1.8 (28.8)	0.8 (33.4)	4.5 (40.1)	6.5 (43.7)	8.6 (47.5)	5.2 (41.4)	−1.6 (29.1)	−6.9 (19.6)	−10.0 (14)	−19.2 (−2.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	70.4 (2.772)	56.9 (2.24)	67.0 (2.638)	68.1 (2.681)	78.6 (3.094)	88.0 (3.465)	64.2 (2.528)	79.8 (3.142)	58.2 (2.291)	65.5 (2.579)	86.7 (3.413)	62.4 (2.457)	845.8 (33.299)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	6.8	6.0	7.1	7.9	9.0	8.8	6.2	6.4	5.5	6.1	7.5	6.1	83.4
Average relative humidity (%)	80	73	69	70	69	70	68	69	71	74	77	81	73
Mean monthly sunshine hours	68.2	107.4	142.6	162.0	207.7	246.0	297.6	279.0	186.0	127.1	81.0	46.5	1,951.1
Source: Servizio Meteorologico^[12]^[13]

Main sights

Last Judgment by Giotto, part of the Scrovegni Chapel.

Palazzo della Ragione.

The Scrovegni Chapel (Italian: Cappella degli Scrovegni) is Padua's most notable sight. It houses a remarkable cycle of frescoes completed in 1305 by Giotto.^[14] It was commissioned by Enrico degli Scrovegni, a wealthy banker, as a private chapel once attached to his family's palazzo. It is also called the "Arena Chapel" because it stands on the site of a Roman-era arena. The fresco cycle details the life of the Virgin Mary and has been acknowledged by many to be one of the most important fresco cycles in the world. It also includes one of the earliest representations of a kiss in the history of art (Meeting at the Golden Gate, 1305). Entrance to the chapel is an elaborate ordeal, as it involves spending 15 minutes prior to entrance in a climate-controlled, airlocked vault, used to stabilize the temperature between the outside world and the inside of the chapel. This is to improve preservation.
The Palazzo della Ragione, with its great hall on the upper floor, is reputed to have the largest roof unsupported by columns in Europe; the hall is nearly rectangular, its length 81.5 m (267.39 ft), its breadth 27 m (88.58 ft), and its height 24 m (78.74 ft); the walls are covered with allegorical frescoes; the building stands upon arches, and the upper storey is surrounded by an open loggia, not unlike that which surrounds the basilica of Vicenza. The Palazzo was begun in 1172 and finished in 1219. In 1306, Fra Giovanni, an Augustinian friar, covered the whole with one roof. Originally there were three roofs, spanning the three chambers into which the hall was at first divided; the internal partition walls remained till the fire of 1420, when the Venetian architects who undertook the restoration removed them, throwing all three spaces into one and forming the present great hall, the Salone. The new space was refrescoed by Nicolo' Miretto and Stefano da Ferrara, working from 1425 to 1440. Beneath the great hall, there is a centuries-old market.
In the Piazza dei Signori is the beautiful loggia called the Gran Guardia, (1493–1526), and close by is the Palazzo del Capitaniato, the residence of the Venetian governors, with its great door, the work of Giovanni Maria Falconetto, the Veronese architect-sculptor who introduced Renaissance architecture to Padua and who completed the door in 1532. Falconetto was the architect of Alvise Cornaro's garden loggia, (Loggia Cornaro), the first fully Renaissance building in Padua.^[15] Nearby, the Cathedral, remodelled in 1552 after a design of Michelangelo. It contains works by Nicolò Semitecolo, Francesco Bassano and Giorgio Schiavone. The nearby Baptistry, consecrated in 1281, houses the most important frescoes cycle by Giusto de' Menabuoi.

The Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua.

The Basilica of St. Giustina, facing the great piazza of Prato della Valle.

The most celebrated of the Paduan churches is the Basilica di Sant'Antonio da Padova, locally known as "Il Santo". The bones of the saint rest in a chapel richly ornamented with carved marbles, the work of various artists, among them Sansovino and Falconetto. The basilica was begun around the year 1230 and completed in the following century. Tradition says that the building was designed by Nicola Pisano. It is covered by seven cupolas, two of them pyramidal. There are also four beautiful cloisters to visit. The belltower has 8 bells in C.
Donatello's magnificent equestrian statue of the Venetian general Gattamelata (Erasmo da Narni) can be found on the piazza in front of the Basilica di Sant'Antonio da Padova. It was cast in 1453, and was the first full-size equestrian bronze cast since antiquity. It was inspired by the Marcus Aurelius equestrian sculpture at the Capitoline Hill in Rome.
Not far from the Gattamelata statue are the St. George Oratory (13th century), with frescoes by Altichiero, and the Scuola di S. Antonio (16th century), with frescoes by Tiziano (Titian).
One of the best known symbols of Padua is the Prato della Valle, a 90,000 m² (968,751.94 sq ft) elliptical square. This is one of the biggest in Europe. In the centre is a wide garden surrounded by a ditch, which is lined by 78 statues portraying illustrious citizens. It was created by Andrea Memmo in the late 18th century. Memmo once resided in the monumental 15th-century Palazzo Angeli, which now houses the Museum of Precinema.
Abbey of Santa Giustina and adjacent Basilica. In the 15th century, it became one of the most important monasteries in the area, until it was suppressed by Napoleon in 1810. In 1919 it was reopened. The tombs of several saints are housed in the interior, including those of Justine, St. Prosdocimus, St. Maximus, St. Urius, St. Felicita, St. Julianus, as well as relics of the Apostle St. Matthias and the Evangelist St. Luke. This is home to some art, including the Martyrdom of St. Justine by Paolo Veronese. The complex was founded in the 5th century on the tomb of the namesake saint, Justine of Padua. The belltower has 8 bells in B.
The Church of the Eremitani is an Augustinian church of the 13th century, containing the tombs of Jacopo (1324) and Ubertinello (1345) da Carrara, lords of Padua, and the chapel of SS James and Christopher, formerly illustrated by Mantegna's frescoes. This was largely destroyed by the Allies in World War II, because it was next to the Nazi headquarters. The old monastery of the church now houses the municipal art gallery.
Santa Sofia is probably Padova's most ancient church. The crypt was begun in the late 10th century by Venetian craftsmen. It has a basilica plan with Romanesque-Gothic interior and Byzantine elements. The apse was built in the 12th century. The edifice appears to be tilting slightly due to the soft terrain.
The church of San Gaetano (1574–1586) was designed by Vincenzo Scamozzi, on an unusual octagonal plan. The interior, decorated with polychrome marbles, houses a precious Madonna and Child by Andrea Briosco, in Nanto stone.
The 16th-century, baroque Padua Synagogue
At the centre of the historical city, the buildings of Palazzo del Bò, the centre of the University
The City Hall, called Palazzo Moroni, the wall of which is covered by the names of the Paduan dead in the different wars of Italy and which is attached to Palazzo della Ragione;
The Caffé Pedrocchi, built in 1831 by architect Giuseppe Jappelli in neoclassical style with Egyptian influence. This is a little jewel of history and art for a café open for almost two centuries. It hosts the Risorgimento museum, and the near building of the Pedrocchino ("little Pedrocchi") in neogothic style.
The city centre is surrounded by the 11 km-long (7 mi) city walls, built during the early 16th century, by architects that included Michele Sanmicheli. There are only a few ruins left, together with two gates, of the smaller and inner 13th-century walls. There is also a castle, the Castello. Its main tower was transformed between 1767 and 1777 into an astronomical observatory known as Specola. However the other buildings were used as prisons during the 19th and 20th centuries. They are now being restored.
The Ponte San Lorenzo, a Roman bridge largely underground, along with the ancient Ponte Molino, Ponte Altinate, Ponte Corvo and Ponte S. Matteo

Villas

In the neighbourhood of Padua are numerous noble villas. These include:

Villa Molin, in the Mandria fraction, designed by Vincenzo Scamozzi in 1597.
Villa Mandriola, (17th century), at Albignasego
Villa Pacchierotti-Trieste (17th century), at Limena
Villa Cittadella-Vigodarzere (19th century), at Saonara
Villa Selvatico da Porto (15th-18th century), at Vigonza
Villa Loredan, at Sant'Urbano
Villa Contarini, at Piazzola sul Brenta, built in 1546 by Palladio and enlarged in the following centuries, is the most important.

Churches

Padua's historic core, includes numerous churches of significant architecture and arts. These include:

Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua. Built in 1235.
San Clemente. Built in 1190.
Santa Croce, Padua. Built in 1737.
Church of St. Daniel of Padua. Completed in the 1076.
Church of the Eremitani. Built in 1276.
Church of St. Francis. Consecrated in 1430.
San Gaetano Church. Built in 1574-6.
Abbey Church of Santa Giustina. The first church was built in 520, expanded in 1050.
Basilica Cathedral of the Assumption of St. Mary, Padua Cathedral is the 4th structure on this site, built in 1551.
Santa Maria dei Servi, dedicated in 1511
Scrovegni Chapel. Consecrated, 1305.
Church of Saint Sofia, 10th Century.

Gallery

This tempera, Two Christians before the Judges, hangs in the city's Cathedral.
Façade of the church of San Gaetano Thiene, (1574–86) by Vincenzo Scamozzi
The apse area of Santa Sofia.
The "Gran Guardia" loggia
Prato della Valle (detail)
Loggia Amulea, as seen from Prato della Valle
Palazzo della Ragione as seen from Piazza della Frutta
The Astronomical clock as seen from Piazza dei Signori

Culture

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Botanical Garden (Orto Botanico), Padua
Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List

Type	Cultural
Criteria	ii, iii
Reference	824
UNESCO region	Europe
Inscription history
Inscription	1997 (21st Session)

Padua has long been acclaimed for its university, founded in 1222. Under the rule of Venice the university was governed by a board of three patricians, called the Riformatori dello Studio di Padova. The list of professors and alumni is long and illustrious, containing, among others, the names of Bembo, Sperone Speroni, the anatomist Vesalius, Copernicus, Fallopius, Fabrizio d'Acquapendente, Galileo Galilei, William Harvey, Pietro Pomponazzi, Reginald, later Cardinal Pole, Scaliger, Tasso and Jan Zamoyski. It is also where, in 1678, Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia became the first woman in the world to graduate. The university hosts the oldest anatomy theatre, built in 1594.

The university also hosts the oldest botanical garden (1545) in the world. The botanical garden Orto Botanico di Padova was founded as the garden of curative herbs attached to the University's faculty of medicine. It still contains an important collection of rare plants.

The place of Padua in the history of art is nearly as important as its place in the history of learning. The presence of the university attracted many distinguished artists, such as Giotto, Fra Filippo Lippi and Donatello; and for native art there was the school of Francesco Squarcione, whence issued the great Mantegna.

Padua is also the birthplace of the celebrated architect Andrea Palladio, whose 16th-century "ville" (country-houses) in the area of Padua, Venice, Vicenza and Treviso are among the most beautiful of Italy and they were often copied during the 18th and 19th centuries; and of Giovanni Battista Belzoni, adventure-man, engineer and egyptologist.

The illustrious sculptor Antonio Canova produced his first work in Padua, one of which is among the statues of Prato della Valle (presently a copy is displayed in the open air, while the original is in the Musei Civici, Civic Museums).

One of the most relevant places in the life of the city has certainly been The Antonianum. Settled among Prato della Valle, the Saint Anthony church and the Botanic Garden it was built in 1897 by the Jesuit fathers and kept alive until 2002. During World War II, under the leadership of P. Messori Roncaglia SJ, it became the center of the resistance movement against the Nazis. Indeed, it briefly survived P. Messori's death and was sold by the Jesuits in 2004. Some sites are trying to collect what can still be found of the college: (1) a non-profit pixel site is collecting links to whatever is available on the web; (2) a student association created in the college is still operating and connecting Alumni. It also plays host to the majority of Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare and in Much Ado About Nothing Benedick is named as "Signior Benedick of Padua."

In Padua was born in 1905 and lived Paolo De Poli painter and enamellist, author of decorative panels and design objects, 15 times invited to the Venice Biennale. The electronic musician Tying Tiffany was also born in Padua.

Demographics

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1871	64,862	—
1881	70,753	+9.1%
1901	81,242	+14.8%
1911	96,118	+18.3%
1921	108,912	+13.3%
1931	126,843	+16.5%
1936	138,709	+9.4%
1951	167,672	+20.9%
1961	197,680	+17.9%
1971	231,599	+17.2%
1981	234,678	+1.3%
1991	215,137	−8.3%
2001	204,870	−4.8%
2011	206,192	+0.6%
2014 (Est.)	210,941	+2.3%
Source: ISTAT 2011

In 2007, there were 210,301 people residing in Padua, located in the province of Padua, Veneto, of whom 47.1% were male and 52.9% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 14.87% of the population compared to pensioners who number 23.72%. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06% (minors) and 19.94% (pensioners). The average age of Padua residents is 45 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Padua grew by 2.21%, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.85%.^[16] The current birth rate of Padua is 8.49 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.

As of 2006, 90.66% of the population was Italian. The largest immigrant group comes from other European nations (the largest being Romanians, Moldovans, and Albanians): 5.14%, sub-saharan Africa 1.08%, and East Asia: 1.04%. The city is predominantly Roman Catholic, but due to immigration now has some Orthodox Christian, Muslim and Hindu followers.^[17]^[18]

Consulates

Padua hosts consulates for several nations, including those of Canada, Croatia, Ivory Coast, Peru, Poland, Switzerland and Uruguay. A consulate for South Korea is opening soon and a consulate for Moldova was opened on 1 August 2014.^[19]

Economy

The industrial area of Padova was created in the eastern part of the city in 1946; it is now one of the biggest industrial zones in Europe, having an area of 11 million sqm. The main offices of 1,300 industries are based here, employing 50,000 people. Goods arrive in Padova from every part of Europe to be sent all over the world, especially to Asia. In the industrial zone, there are two railway stations, one fluvial port, three truck terminals, two highway exits and a lot of connected services, such as hotels, post offices and directional centres.

Transport

By car

By car, there are 3 motorways (autostrade in Italian): A4 Brescia-Padova, connecting it to Verona (then to Brenner Pass, Innsbruck and Bavaria) and Milan (then Switzerland, Turin and France); A4 Padova-Venezia, to Venice then Belluno (for Dolomites holiday resorts like Cortina) Trieste and Tarvisio (for Austria, Slovenia, Croatia and Eastern Europe); A13 Bologna-Padova, to Ferrara and Bologna (then Central and South Italy). A toll must be paid in order to use most of the Italian motorways. Roads connect Padua with all the large and small centers of the region. A motorway with more than 20 exits surrounds the city, connecting districts and the small towns of the surrounding region.

By rail

Padua has two railway stations open to passengers. The main station Stazione di Padova has 11 platforms and is sometimes incorrectly referred to as "Padova Centrale"; it is one of the biggest stations in Italy. More than 450 trains per day leave Padova. The station is used by over 20 million passengers per year. Other railway stations are Padova Ponte di Brenta (soon to be closed), Padova San Lazzaro (planned), Padova Campo di Marte, with no passenger service once used as a freight station which could become one of the stations of the "Servizio Ferroviario Metropolitano Regionale". From Padova, high speed trains connect to Milan, Rome, Bologna, Florence and Venice; one can reach Milan in 1h and 51 min, Rome in 3 hours an 0 min and Venice in 20 min.

The station was opened in 1842 when the service started on the first part of the Milan–Venice railway (the "Imperial Regia Ferrovia Ferdinandea") built from Padua to Marghera through Mestre. Porta Marghera is a major port of the Venetian area.

Railways enthusiasts can visit the Signal Box A (Cabina A), preserved by the "Società Veneta Ferrovie" (a society named after the former public works and railway company, based in "Piazza Eremitani" in Padua) association.

By aeroplane

Padua is relatively close to airports at Venice, Verona, Treviso and Bologna. The Padua airport, the "Gino Allegri" or Aeroporto civile di Padova "Gino Allegri", or Aeroporto di Padova, is no longer served by regularly scheduled flights. Padua is, however, the home of one of Italy's four Area Control Centres.

Venice, approximately 50 km (31 mi) away, is the nearest seaport.

Public transport

Translohr in Padua

Urban public transport includes public buses together with a new Translohr guided tramway (connecting Albignasego, in the south of Padua, with Pontevigodarzere in the north of the city, thanks to the new line built in 2009) and private taxis. There's also a CitySightseeing tour Hop on Hop Off.

The city centre is partly closed to vehicles, except for residents and permitted vehicles. There are some car parks surrounding the district. In this area, as well, there are some streets and squares restricted to pedestrian and bicycle use only.

Padua has approximately 40 bus lines, which are served by new buses, (purchased in 2008-9), with a television that displays the route line, the next stop, the most important monuments and the connection line and the expected waiting time for each line. Each tram/bus is equipped with security cameras and controlled by GPS.

The Veneto Region is building a regional rail line (S-Bahn-like system) around the city with 15 new stations. Its name will be SFMR and it will reach the province of Venice.

Sport

Padua is the home of Calcio Padova, an association football team that plays in Italy's Lega Pro, and who played 16 Serie A championships (last 2 in 1995 and 1996, but the previous 14 between 1929 and 1962); the Petrarca Padova rugby union team, winner of 12 national championships (all between 1970 and 2011) and 2 national cups, and now plays in the National Championship of Excellence league; and the Pallavolo Padova volleyball club, once called Petrarca Padova as well, which plays in the Italian second division (A2) and who won a CEV cup in 1994. Basketball, cycling (Padua has been for several years home of the famous Giro del Veneto), rowing (two teams among the best ones in Italy, Canottieri Padova and Padova Canottaggio), horseback-riding and swimming are popular sports too.

The venues of these teams are: Stadio Euganeo for football and athletics, about 32,000 seats; Stadio Plebiscito for rugby union, about 9,000 seats; Palazzetto dello Sport San Lazzaro for volleyball and basketball, about 5,000 seats, and has just been restored; Ippodromo Breda - Le Padovanelle for horse races. The old and glorious Stadio Appiani, which hosted up to 21,000 people, presently reduced to 10,000 for security reasons twenty years ago, and near to Prato della Valle in the city central area, is almost abandoned and is to be restored. A small ice stadium for skating and hockey is about to be completed, with about 1,000 seats.

Since 2012 the city also has its own Gaelic football club, Padova Gaelic Football.^[20] Later that year they had the honour of taking part in the first official GAA match in Italy when they played Ascaro Rovigo GFC in the Adige Cup.^[21] The team colours are red and white.

The F1 racing driver Riccardo Patrese (runner-up 1992, 3rd place in 1989 and 1991; held the world record for having started the most Formula One races, beaten by Rubens Barrichello during the 2008 season) was born and lives in Padova; the racing driver Alex Zanardi also lives in Padova.

The Bergamasco brothers were also born in Padova, as well as Bortolami, Marcato and Leonardo Ghiraldini, of the Italian Rugby national team. All of them started their careers in Petrarca Padova.

Well known footballers from Padua were Francesco Toldo, who was born here, and Alessandro Del Piero, who started his professional career in the Calcio Padova.

International relations

Twin towns—sister cities

Padua is twinned with:

Nancy, France, since 1964 Freiburg, Germany, since 1967 Boston, US, since 1983^[22]	Handan, China, since 1988 Iaşi, Romania, since 1995 Beira, Mozambique, since 1995	Coimbra, Portugal, since 1998^[23] Cagliari, Italy, since 2002 Zadar, Croatia, since 2003

List of notable residents

Livy (59 BC-17 AD). Historian.
Anthony of Padua (1195–1231). Franciscan priest, saint and doctor of the Church.
Francesco Zabarella (1360–1417). Cardinal and canonist.
Meir Katzenellenbogen (1482–1565). Chief Rabbi of Padua, authority on Talmudic and Rabbinical matters.
Ruzzante (1496–1542). Writer, playwright and actor.
Angelo Beolco aka Ruzante (1502 – March 17, 1542). Commedia dell'arte.
Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). Architect.
Jacopo Zabarella (1533–1589). Professor of philosophy and science.
Giovanni Antonio Magini (1555–1617). Astronomer, astrologer, cartographer, and mathematician.
Tiziano Aspetti (1557–1606). Sculptor.
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642). Physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher, father of mothern science.
Stefano Landi (1586–1639). Early music composer, known for songs such as T'amai gran tempo, Augelin and Pascagla della vita.
Giovanni Railich. Violin and lutemaker from 1672 to 1678.^[24]
Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655–1731). Inventor of the piano.
Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682–1771). Anatomist, father of modern anatomical pathology^[25]
Giuseppe Tartini (1692–1770). Italian composer, violinist and theorist.
Giovanni Benedetto Platti (possibly 1697–1763), oboist and composer.
Giovanni Battista Belzoni (1778–1823). Explorer and archaeologist
Ippolito Nievo (1831–1861). Writer.
Arrigo Boito (1842–1918). Poet, journalist, novelist, librettist and composer.
Johann von Pallavicini (1848–1941). Austro-Hungarian diplomat.
Tullio Levi-Civita (1873–1941). Mathematician.
Giuseppe Valentini (1900–1979). Priest and historian, one of the founders and secretary general of the Royal Institute of the Albanian Studies.
Blessed Elisa Angela Meneguzzi (1901-1941). A Roman Catholic professed religious of the Sisters of Saint Francis de Sales.
Paolo De Poli (1905–1996). Painter and designer.
Antonio Negri (born 1933). Political philosopher.
Claudio Scimone (born 1934). Orchestral conductor.
Lucia Valentini Terrani (1946–1998). Operatic Mezzo-Soprano. A small square close to the Teatro Verdi was named in her honour (Piazzetta Lucia Valentini Terrani).^[26]
Umberto Menin (born 1949). Painter.
Novella Calligaris (born 1954). Swimmer and Olympic medallist.
Riccardo Patrese (born 1954). Racing driver.
Massimo Carlotto (born 1956). Writer and playwright.
Carlo Mazzacurati (1956–2014). Film director and screenwriter.
Maurizio Cattelan (born 1960). Artist.
Kenny Random (born 1971). Artist and writer.
Francesco Toldo (born 1971). Footballer.
Giorgio Pantano (born 1979). Racing driver.
Mirco Bergamasco (born 1983). Rugby union player.
Andrea Marcato (born 1983). Rugby union player.
Chiara Galiazzo (born 1986). Singer.

References

↑ R. Mambella
↑ "Tomb of Antenor, Padova, Italy: Reviews, Photos plus Hotels Near Tomb of Antenor - VirtualTourist". virtualtourist.com. Retrieved 2015-08-16.
↑ Bowman, A.; Wilson, A. (2011). Settlement, Urbanization, and Population. OUP Oxford. p. 148. ISBN 9780199602353. Retrieved 2014-10-10.
↑ Epist. xiv.143
1 2 B.O. Foster, "Introduction," in Livy, Books I and II, The Loeb Classical Library (New York, 1919), x.
↑ B.O. Foster, "Introduction," in Livy, Books I and II, The Loeb Classical Library (New York, 1919), xxi.
↑ B.O. Foster, "Introduction," in Livy, Books I and II, The Loeb Classical Library (New York, 1919), xxiii.
↑ "The linear ancestor of Renaissance humanism" according to Roberto Weiss, The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity (Oxford: Blackwell) 1973:17.
↑ Guido Billanovich, "'Veterum Vestigia Vatum' nei carmi dei preumanisti padovani", Italia Medioevale e Umanistica I 1958:155-243, noted by Weiss 1973:17 note 4.
↑ de Ligt, L.; Northwood, S.J. (2008). People, Land, and Politics: Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy 300 BC-AD 14. Brill. p. 150. ISBN 9789004171183. Retrieved 2014-10-10.
↑ Weiss 1973:21.
↑ "STAZIONE 095 PADOVA: medie mensili periodo 61 - 90". Servizio Meteorologico. Retrieved 2014-12-11.
↑ "Padova Brusegana: Record mensili dal 1946 al 1990" (in Italian). Servizio Meteorologico dell’Aeronautica Militare. Retrieved 2014-12-11.
↑ Bellinati, Claudio (1999). "The Moon in the 14th Century Frescoes in Padova". Earth, Moon, and Planets. 85/86: 45–50. doi:10.1023/A:1017022722457.
↑ "Loggia Cornaro". Boglewood.com. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
↑ "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". Demo.istat.it. 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
↑ "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". Demo.istat.it. 2006. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
↑ "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". Demo.istat.it. 2006. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
↑ "Consulatul Republicii Moldova în oraşul Padova, Italia, şi-a început activitatea | Stiri Moldova, video, stiri, stiri online | IPNA "Teleradio-Moldova"". trm.md. Retrieved 2014-10-10.
↑ "Padova Gaelic Football - Europe GAA". europegaa.eu. Retrieved 2014-10-10.
↑ "AgoraSportOnline.it - Sports Magazine". agorasportonline.it. Retrieved 2014-10-10.
↑ "Boston Sister Cities". The City of Boston. Archived from the original on 2009-02-08. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
↑ "Acordos de Geminação" (in Portuguese). © 2009 Câmara Municipal de Coimbra - Praça 8 de Maio - 3000-300 Coimbra. Retrieved 2009-06-25. External link in |publisher= (help)
↑ An Encyclopedia of the Violin. Alberto Bachmann. Published 1925. p.39
↑ Morgagni GB (October 1903). "Founders of Modern Medicine: Giovanni Battista Morgagni. (1682-1771)". Med Library Hist J. 1 (4): 270–7. PMC 1698114. PMID 18340813.
↑ "Padua street map.". maps.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-08-16.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Padua.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Padua.

Veneto · Comuni of the Province of Padua

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