Peter Muhlenberg

Peter Muhlenberg
United States Senator from Pennsylvania
In office March 4, 1801 – June 30, 1801
Preceded by	William Bingham
Succeeded by	George Logan
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 4th district
In office March 4, 1799 – March 4, 1801
Preceded by	John Chapman
Succeeded by	Isaac Van Horne
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's at-large district
In office March 4, 1793 – March 4, 1795
In office March 4, 1789 – March 4, 1791
8th Vice-President of Pennsylvania
In office October 31, 1787 – October 14, 1788
Preceded by	Charles Biddle
Succeeded by	David Redick
Personal details
Born	John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg October 1, 1746 Trappe, Pennsylvania
Died	October 1, 1807 (aged 61) Gray's Ferry, Pennsylvania
Profession	minister, politician, soldier
Religion	Lutheran
Signature

John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg (October 1, 1746 – October 1, 1807) was an American clergyman, Continental Army soldier during the American Revolutionary War, and political figure in the newly independent United States. A Lutheran minister, he served in the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate from Pennsylvania.

Early life and education

Muhlenberg was born to Pennsylvania German parents Anna Maria and Henry Muhlenberg in Trappe, Pennsylvania. He was sent, together with his brothers, Frederick Augustus and Gotthilf Henry Ernst in 1763 to Halle. They were educated in Latin at the Francke Foundations.^[1] He left school in 1767 to start as a sales assistant in Lübeck, but returned that same year to Pennsylvania.

He served briefly in the British 60th Regiment of Foot,^[2] and also served briefly in the German dragoons, earning the nickname "Teufel Piet" (Devil Pete) before returning to Philadelphia in 1767, where he was given a classical education from the Academy of Philadelphia (the modern University of Pennsylvania). He was ordained in 1768 and headed a Lutheran congregation in Bedminster, New Jersey, before moving to Woodstock, Virginia. In 1770 he married Anna Barbara "Hannah" Meyer, the daughter of a successful potter. Together they had six children.

Muhlenberg visited England in 1772 and was ordained into the priesthood of the Anglican Church, although he served a Lutheran congregation. Since the Anglican Church was the state church of Virginia, he was required to be ordained in an Anglican church in order to serve a congregation in Virginia. Besides his new congregation, he led the Committee of Safety and Correspondence for Dunmore County, Virginia. He was elected to the House of Burgesses in 1774, and was a delegate to the First Virginia Convention.

Military career

Toward the end of 1775, Muhlenberg was authorized to raise and command as its colonel the 8th Virginia Regiment of the Continental Army. After George Washington personally asked him to accept this task, he agreed. However, his brother Fredrick Augustus Muhlenberg, who was also a minister, did not approve of him going into the army until the British burned down his own church in front of him. Then he joined the military himself.

According to a biography written by his great nephew in the mid-19th century,.^[3] on January 21, 1776 in the Lutheran church in Woodstock, Virginia, Reverend Muhlenberg took his sermon text from the third chapter Ecclesiastes, which starts with "To every thing there is a season..."; after reading the eighth verse, "a time of war, and a time of peace," he declared, "And this is the time of war," removing his clerical robe to reveal his Colonel's uniform. Outside the church door the drums began to roll as men turned to kiss their wives and then walked down the aisle to enlist, and within half an hour, 162 men were enrolled.^[4] The next day he led out 300 men from the county to form the nucleus of the 8th Virginia Regiment. Though it is accepted that Muhlenberg helped form and lead the 8th, historians doubt the account of the sermon, as there are no reports prior to Muhlenberg's great-nephew's biography.^[3][5]

Muhlenberg's unit was first posted to the South, to defend the coast of South Carolina and Georgia. In early 1777, the Eighth Regiment was sent north to join Washington's main army. Muhlenberg was made a brigadier general of the Virginia Line and commanded that Brigade in Nathanael Greene's division at Valley Forge. Muhlenberg saw service in the Battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. After Monmouth, most of the Virginia Line was sent to the far south, while General Muhlenberg was assigned to head up the defense of Virginia using mainly militia units.

At the Battle of Yorktown, he commanded the first brigade in Lafayette's Light Division.^[6] His brigade was part of the Corps of Light Infantry, consisting of the light infantry companies of the line regiments of Massachusetts (ten companies), Connecticut (five companies), New Hampshire (five companies), and Rhode Island and New Jersey (one each). They held the right flank and manned the two trenches built to move American cannons closer to Cornwallis' defenses. The battalion commanded by French Lieutenant Colonel Jean-Joseph Sourbader de Gimat led the night bayonet attack that stormed Redoubt No. 10 on October 14, 1781.

At the end of the war (1783), he was brevetted to major general and settled in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania.

Muhlenberg was also an original member of the Pennsylvania Society of the Society of the Cincinnati.

Political career

After the war, Muhlenberg was elected to the Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1784. He was elected Vice-President of the Council, a position comparable to that of Lieutenant Governor, on October 31, 1787. His term as Vice-President ended on a mysterious note. On October 14, 1788 the minutes of the Executive Council report that Muhlenberg had left Philadelphia without tendering his resignation—why his resignation was needed or expected is not noted—so a messenger was sent after him. That night, after the messenger returned with the resignation, the Council met at President Benjamin Franklin's home to choose Muhlenberg's successor, electing David Redick to the position.

Muhlenberg was elected to the 1st Congress (1789–1791) as one of the at-large representatives from Pennsylvania. His brother Frederick was the Speaker of the House for that same Congress. He was the first founder of the Democratic-Republican Societies in 1793. Muhlenberg served in Congress as a Republican during the 3rd Congress 1793–1795 and 5th Congress 1799–1801 for the 1st district. Muhlenberg was elected by the legislature to the U.S. Senate on a second ballot in February 1801 over George Logan, but resigned on June 30 of that same year.

President Thomas Jefferson appointed him the supervisor of revenue for Pennsylvania in 1801 and customs collector for Philadelphia in 1802. He served in the latter post until his death.

On his 61st birthday, Muhlenberg died in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania on October 1, 1807 and is buried at the Augustus Lutheran Church in Trappe, Pennsylvania.

Legacy

Peter Muhlenberg Memorial in Washington, DC on Connecticut Avenue. The inscription reads John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg 1746 – 1807 Serving His Church, His Country, His State.

• Muhlenberg is the namesake of Muhlenberg County, Kentucky.^[7]
• A memorial to Peter Muhlenberg is located in Washington, DC on Connecticut Avenue (see image).
• Another memorial to him is found behind the Philadelphia Museum of Art.
• Two statues of Peter Muhlenberg are located in front of the Shenandoah County Courthouse in Woodstock, Virginia.

A statue of John P. G. Muhlenberg is located at Muhlenberg College, 2300 Chew St. In Allentown, PA. In front of the Haas College Center.

References

1. Archiv der Franckeschen Stiftungen, AF St/S B I 94 I, 575–577
2. Horn, Joshua (9 November 2015). "Peter Muhlenberg: The Pastor Turned Soldier". Journal of the American Revolution. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
3. "History Detectives Season 5, Episode 5 – Transcript" (PDF). Oregon Public Broadcasting. 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
4. http://www.horseshoe.cc/pennadutch/history/american/revwar.htm
5. "Muhlenberg a recruiter for the Revolutionary War?". The Lutheran. 2007.
6. Hamner, Christopher. Black-Robed Regiment. Teachinghistory.org. Accessed 2 June 2011.
7. The Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society, Volume 1. Kentucky State Historical Society. 1903. p. 36.

External links

• His Congressional Biography
• National Statuary Hall Collection Biography
• Biography and statue at the University of Pennsylvania
• History Detectives: Muhlenberg Robe PDF
•  "Muhlenberg, John Peter Gabriel". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
•  "Muhlenberg, John Peter Gabriel". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
•  "Muhlenberg, Henry Melchior". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.