Soyuz 28

Soyuz 28 (Russian: Союз 28, Union 28) was a 1978 Soviet manned mission to the orbiting Salyut 6 space station.^[3] It was the fourth mission to the station, the third successful docking, and the second visit to the resident crew launched in Soyuz 26.

Cosmonaut Vladimír Remek from Czechoslovakia became the first person launched into space who was not a citizen of the United States or the Soviet Union. The other crew member was Aleksei Gubarev. The flight was the first mission in the Intercosmos program that gave Eastern Bloc and other communist states access to space through manned and unmanned launches.

Crew

Position	Cosmonaut
Commander	Aleksei Gubarev EP-2 Second spaceflight
Research Cosmonaut	Vladimír Remek, IK EP-2 First spaceflight

Backup crew

Position	Cosmonaut
Commander	Nikolai Rukavishnikov
Research Cosmonaut	Oldřich Pelčák, IK

Mission parameters

Mass: 6,800 kg (15,000 lb)
Perigee: 198.9 km (123.6 mi)
Apogee: 275.6 km (171.2 mi)
Inclination: 51.65°
Period: 88.95 minutes

Mission highlights

The Soyuz 28 capsule, on display at the Prague Aviation Museum, Kbely

The Soyuz 28 mission was the first Intercosmos flight, whereby military pilots from Soviet bloc nations were flown on flights of about eight days to a Soviet space station. Pilots from other nations would eventually also fly. The program was a reaction to American plans to fly Western Europeans on Space Shuttle missions.^[4]

Vladimir Remek, the first non-Soviet, non-American to travel to space, was launched aboard Soyuz 28 on 2 March 1978, after a three-day delay of unspecified cause. The Soyuz commander was Russian cosmonaut Aleksei Gubarev. The crew docked with the orbiting Salyut 6 space station, and greeted the occupants Georgi Grechko and Yuri Romanenko who had arrived on Soyuz 26 in December. Gubarev and Grechko had previously flown together on Soyuz 17 to the Salyut 4 space station in 1975.^[5]

The day after the docking, the Soyuz 26 crew celebrated their breaking of the space endurance record of 84 days, set by the Skylab 4 crew in 1974.^[5]

The mission's purpose was mainly political. The four crew members aboard Salyut 6 received messages from Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev and Gustáv Husák, the leader of Czechoslovakia. It was hoped that the Intercosmos flights would help drum up enthusiasm for the Soviet link among the populations of the satellite states. Husák was unpopular in Czechoslovakia after reversing the reforms of his predecessor (who had been ousted by Warsaw Pact countries). Romanenko spoke on behalf of the crew saying:

"We shall apply all our strengths and knowledge to defend the great honour of this international crew, which has started to carry our this joint program of socialist countries' research and utilization of outer space for peaceful purposes."

While the mission had a political purpose, experiments were carried out, including one which monitored the growth of chlorella algae in zero gravity, another which used the on-board Splav furnace to melt glass, lead, silver, and copper chlorides, and an experiment called Oxymeter which measured oxygen in human tissue.^[4]

On 10 March, the Soyuz 28 crew prepared for their return to Earth, packing experiments and testing systems. They undocked from the station and landed 310 kilometres (190 mi) west of Tselinograd later that day.^[4]

A joke appeared soon after the mission that Remek's hand had mysteriously turned red. He informed the doctors, the joke goes, that this was because every time he went to touch something, the Soviet crewmembers would slap his hand and yell, "Don't touch that!"^[6]

References

1 2 McDowell, Jonathan. "SATCAT". Jonathan's Space Pages. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
↑ "Baikonur LC1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
↑ The mission report is available here: http://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/soyuz-28.htm
1 2 3 Newkirk, Dennis (1990). Almanac of Soviet Manned Space Flight. Houston, Texas: Gulf Publishing Company. ISBN 0-87201-848-2.
1 2 Clark, Phillip (1988). The Soviet Manned Space Program. New York: Orion Books, a division of Crown Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-517-56954-X.
↑ National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Douglas A. Vakoch (6 July 2011). Psychology of Space Exploration: Contemporary Research in Historical Perspective. Government Printing Office. pp. 179–. ISBN 978-0-16-088358-3. Retrieved 5 August 2012.

External links

Soyuz human spaceflight programme

Main topics

Current missions

Soyuz MS-02

MS-03

Future missions

2017: Soyuz MS-04; MS-05; MS-06; MS-07
2018: Soyuz MS-08; MS-09; MS-10; MS-11

Past missions
(by spacecraft type)

Soyuz 7K-OK (1966–1970)	Kosmos 133† Soyuz 7K-OK No.1† Kosmos 140 Soyuz 1† Kosmos 186 188 212 213 238 Soyuz 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Soyuz 7K-L1 (1967–1970) (Zond lunar programme)	Kosmos 146 154† Zond 1967A† 1967B† Zond 4 1968A† 1968B† 5 6 1969A† Zond-M 1† M 2† Zond 7 8 9 10

Soyuz 7K-L1E (1969–1970)	Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1† Kosmos 382

Soyuz 7K-LOK (1971–1972)	Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1† No.2†

Soyuz 7K-OKS (1971)	Soyuz 10† 11†

Soyuz 7K-T (1972–1981)	Kosmos 496 573 Soyuz 12 Kosmos 613 Soyuz 13 Kosmos 656 Soyuz 14 15† 17 18a† 18 20 (uncrewed) 21 23† 24 25† 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 (uncrewed landing) 33† 34 (uncrewed launch) 35 36 37 38 39 40

Soyuz 7K-TM (1974–1976)	Kosmos 638 672 Soyuz 16 19 (Apollo–Soyuz Test Project) 22

Soyuz 7K-S (1974–1976)	Kosmos 670 772† 869†

Soyuz-T (1978–1986)	Kosmos 1001† 1074 Soyuz T-1 (uncrewed) T-2 T-3 T-4 T-5 T-6 T-7 T-8† T-9 T-10a† T-10 T-11 T-12 T-13 T-14 T-15

Soyuz-TM (1986–2002)	Soyuz TM-1 (uncrewed) TM-2 TM-3 TM-4 TM-5 TM-6 TM-7 TM-8 TM-9 TM-10 TM-11 TM-12 TM-13 TM-14 TM-15 TM-16 TM-17 TM-18 TM-19 TM-20 TM-21 TM-22 TM-23 TM-24 TM-25 TM-26 TM-27 TM-28 TM-29 TM-30 TM-31 TM-32 TM-33 TM-34

Soyuz-TMA (2002–2012)	Soyuz TMA-1 TMA-2 TMA-3 TMA-4 TMA-5 TMA-6 TMA-7 TMA-8 TMA-9 TMA-10 TMA-11 TMA-12 TMA-13 TMA-14 TMA-15 TMA-16 TMA-17 TMA-18 TMA-19 TMA-20 TMA-21 TMA-22

Soyuz-TMA-M (2010–2016)	Soyuz TMA-01M TMA-02M TMA-03M TMA-04M TMA-05M TMA-06M TMA-07M TMA-08M TMA-09M TMA-10M TMA-11M TMA-12M TMA-13M TMA-14M TMA-15M TMA-16M TMA-17M TMA-18M TMA-19M TMA-20M

Soyuz MS (2016–present)	Soyuz MS-01

Uncrewed missions are designated with Kosmos numbers; crewed missions get a Soyuz number.
Failed missions are denoted with a † symbol. Cancelled missions are in italics.

Interkosmos programme

Satellites	Interkosmos 1 Interkosmos 2 Interkosmos 3 Interkosmos 4 Interkosmos 5 Interkosmos 6 Interkosmos 7 Interkosmos 8 Interkosmos 9 Interkosmos 10 Interkosmos 11 Interkosmos 12 Interkosmos 13 Interkosmos 14 Interkosmos 15 Interkosmos 16 Interkosmos 17 Interkosmos 18 Interkosmos 19 Interkosmos 20 Interkosmos 21 Interkosmos 22 Interkosmos 23 Interkosmos 24 Interkosmos 25 Interkosmos 26

Manned flights	Soyuz 28 Soyuz 30 Soyuz 31 Soyuz 33 Soyuz 36 Soyuz 37 Soyuz 38 Soyuz 39 Soyuz 40 Soyuz T-6 Soyuz T-11 Soyuz TM-3 Soyuz TM-5 Soyuz TM-6 Soyuz TM-7

← 1977 · Orbital launches in 1978 · 1979 →

Kosmos 974 \| Intelsat IVA F-3 \| Soyuz 27 \| Kosmos 975 \| Kosmos 976 · Kosmos 977 · Kosmos 978 · Kosmos 979 · Kosmos 980 · Kosmos 981 · Kosmos 982 · Kosmos 983 \| Kosmos 984 \| Kosmos 985 \| Progress 1 \| Molniya-3 No.20 \| Kosmos 986 \| Fanhui Shi Weixing 4 \| IUE \| Kosmos 987 \| Kyokko \| Kosmos 988 \| OPS 6291 \| Kosmos 989 \| Ume 2 \| Kosmos 990 \| OPS 5111 \| OPS 6031 \| Kosmos 991 \| Soyuz 28 \| Molniya-1-39 \| Kosmos 992 \| Landsat 3 · OSCAR 8 · PIX-1 \| Kosmos 993 \| Kosmos 994 \| OPS 0460 · OPS 7858 \| Kosmos 995 \| OPS 9439 · OPS 9440 \| Kosmos 996 \| Kosmos 997 · Kosmos 998 \| Kosmos 999 \| Kosmos 1000 \| Intelsat IVA F-6 \| Kosmos 1001 \| Kosmos 1002 \| OPS 8790 \| Yuri 1 \| Kosmos 1003 \| HCMM \| OPS 6183 \| Kosmos 1004 \| OTS-2 \| Kosmos 1005 \| Kosmos 1006 \| OPS 5112 \| Kosmos 1007 \| Kosmos 1008 \| Kosmos 1009 \| Pioneer Venus Orbiter \| Kosmos 1010 \| Kosmos 1011 \| Kosmos 1012 \| Ekran No.13L \| Molniya-1-40 \| Kosmos 1013 · Kosmos 1014 · Kosmos 1015 · Kosmos 1016 · Kosmos 1017 · Kosmos 1018 · Kosmos 1019 · Kosmos 1020 \| Kosmos 1021 \| OPS 9454 \| Kosmos 1022 \| OPS 4515 \| Soyuz 29 \| GOES 3 \| Kosmos 1023 \| Seasat \| Soyuz 30 \| Kosmos 1024 \| Kosmos 1025 \| Comstar 1C \| Kosmos 1026 \| Progress 2 \| GEOS-2 \| Molniya-1-41 \| Gran' No.14L \| Kosmos 1027 \| OPS 7310 \| Kosmos 1028 \| Progress 3 \| Pioneer Venus Multiprobe \| ISEE-3 \| Ekran No.15L \| Molniya-1-41 \| Soyuz 31 \| Kosmos 1029 \| Kosmos 1030 \| Venera 11 \| Kosmos 1031 \| Venera 12 \| Jikiken \| Kosmos 1032 \| Kosmos 1033 \| Progress 4 \| Kosmos 1034 · Kosmos 1035 · Kosmos 1036 · Kosmos 1037 · Kosmos 1038 · Kosmos 1039 · Kosmos 1040 · Kosmos 1041 \| Kosmos 1042 \| OPS 5113 \| Kosmos 1043 \| Molniya-3 No.22 \| TIROS-N \| Kosmos 1044 \| Ekran No.14L \| Nimbus 7 · CAMEO \| Interkosmos 18 · Magion 1 \| Kosmos 1045 · RS-1 · RS-2 \| Prognoz 7 \| Kosmos 1046 \| Einstein \| Kosmos 1047 \| Kosmos 1048 \| NATO 3C \| Kosmos 1049 \| Kosmos 1050 \| Kosmos 1051 · Kosmos 1052 · Kosmos 1053 · Kosmos 1054 · Kosmos 1055 · Kosmos 1056 · Kosmos 1057 · Kosmos 1058 \| Kosmos 1059 \| Kosmos 1060 \| OPS 5114 \| OPS 9441 · OPS 9442 \| Kosmos 1061 \| Kosmos 1062 \| Anik B1 · DRIMS \| Kosmos 1063 \| Gorizont No.11L \| Kosmos 1064 \| Kosmos 1065 \| Kosmos 1066 \| Kosmos 1067 \| Kosmos 1068 \| Kosmos 1069

Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( \| ). Manned flights are indicated in bold text. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).

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