Siege of Landrecies (1794)

Siege of Landrecies (1794)
Part of War of the First Coalition
Contemporary gun crew
Date 17 April to 30 April 1794 Location Landrecies, France Result Coalition victory
Belligerents
First French Republic	Dutch Republic Holy Roman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Henri Victor Roulland	William, Hereditary Prince of Orange
Strength
7,000[1]^:257	20,000[2]
Casualties and losses
2,000[3]	500[4]

The Siege of Landrecies (17 – 30 April 1794) was a military operation conducted by the veldleger (mobile army) of the Dutch States Army, commanded by the Hereditary Prince (assisted by auxiliary forces from the army of the Austrian empire), against the fortress of Landrecies, garrisoned by troops of the First French Republic under general Henri Victor Roulland during the Spring 1794 campaign of the Flanders Campaign, as part of the War of the First Coalition. The fortress capitulated on 30 April 1794.

Background

In the amended plan de campagne that the military leaders of the Coalition agreed upon in The Hague in early April the capture of the fortress of Landrecies was a key objective. The mobile army of the States Army (which had not been active since the Battle of Menin (1793)) was charged with obtaining this objective.^[1]:251[5] Landrecies had long been a contested city between France and the Habsburg Netherlands of which it originally was a part. In 1543 the French conquered it and repulsed an attempt by Charles V to retake it, though it was returned to him at the ensuing peace. In 1655 the city was taken by the French after a brief siege, and not returned to the Spanish Netherlands at the Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659. Vauban then gave it a fortress built according to the latest military insights. This made it impregnable in the Franco-Dutch War, and the War of the Spanish Succession when it withstood an attempt by Prince Eugene in 1712 to capture it.^[1]:257

The Coalition armies, under supreme command of the Austrian emperor Francis II were facing the French armies under general Jean-Charles Pichegru. The French started the Spring campaign of 1794 in March, but in early April the Coalition forces in the Flanders theater of war were ready to start their offensive. Emperor Francis first reviewed the troops of the combined British-Austrian-Dutch army on 16 April 1794 near Cateau-Cambrésis. The next day, 17 April, the Allies attacked on a very broad front. The Dutch mobile army reached the glacis of the fortress of Cambrai that evening. The columns of the Prince of Hessen-Darmstadt and major-general Van der Duyn captured Catillon-sur-Sambre, near Landrecies that evening.^{[1]:254–256}

The siege

The Dutch mobile army (about 16,000 strong) was reinforced with Austrian infantry and auxiliaries under command of major-general Count Baillet de Latour and Austrian artillery under major-general Johann Kollowrat (about 4,000 in total). On 18 April 1794 this corps left its camp near Cambrai and marched on Landrecies. The 19th was spent on preparations and on 20 April the corps opened a three-pronged attack on the fortress. Two columns marched via Fontaine-au-Bois and the Forêt de Mormal toward the Sambre river, where they took the villages of Hapegarde and Etoguis, and the reinforced camp of Preux-au-Bois within range of the fortress's guns. The Swiss^[6] Guards of the brigade of De Gumoëns and the brigade of Hesse-Darmstadt distinguished themselves in this fight.^[7]:15[8] The middle column overran the redoubts and demi-lunes of the outer fortress. The garrison of the fortress was forced to withdraw within its walls. The Dutch losses were 23 officers and 358 other ranks.^[1]:257

The mobile army immediately started to invest the fortress. Work was begun on a line of field works that ran in front of the fortress, with its endpoints on the Sambre river, cutting the fortress off from overland access. Two batteries were placed on the main approaches to the town, and work on a second, countervailing, system of trenches was prepared. The Hereditary Prince made the chateau of Bousies his headquarters, and the Austrian auxiliaries (Hungarians, Serbs and Croats), destined to do the spadework for the entrenchments, built a camp in the forest of Mormal. After 20 April the preparations for the intended bombardment progressed slowly as the mobile army had to provide troops for the operations of the other Coalition forces that were needed to deflect French attempts at relief of the fortress (8,000 men on 22 April alone). Those attempts at relief were defeated by the Coalition in the Battles of Villers-en-Cauchies and Beaumont-en-Cambresis. Sorties by the garrison also hindered the preparations.^[1]:258

On 26 April the stadtholder, William V, the father of the Hereditary Prince, and Captain-General of the States Army, paid a visit to the camp of the besiegers. During this visit the son ordered a demonstration of the artillery, though not all guns were yet in place. The stadtholder was so impressed that he decided to stay for the rest of the bombardment, to do a bit of "siege-seeing".^[1]:258

Scene by Louis Joseph Watteau from the siege of Lille in 1792, which resembles what Landrecies must have looked like.

The gun emplacements were finished on 28 April. Eleven batteries with a total of 48 guns (varying from 3-pdrs to 24-pdrs) and 18 siege mortars (varying from 30 to 60 pounds caliber) were in place. These guns would fire about 14,000 projectiles during the three days of the bombardment, that started on 28 April. The devastation of the fortress and town was immense. Hardly a house remained undamaged. The front of the attack was leveled. Around 2,000 people (both soldiers and civilians) were killed (one mortar bomb killed a woman and her eight children at one stroke).^{[1]:258–259} But the civilians took part in the defense, organised as artilleurs-bourgeois (burgher artillerists) and stood shoulder to shoulder with the battalions of the Meuse and Moselle that formed the garrison. Their wives nursed the wounded and succoured the dying.^[9]:130 The city would later collectively receive the Légion d'Honneur for its bravery.^[10]

Despite the severe losses the garrison commander, general Roulland, at first refused repeated demands to surrender, possibly because the French launched a desperate last attempt to relieve the fortress on 27 April, but this again came to nothing.^[7]:16–18 However, the bombardment did not miss its influence on the morale of the troops. On 29 April an order for a sortie was refused and Roulland convened a council of war of the soldiers, as was sometimes done in the French revolutionary army. This council asked him to consider a surrender. The pressure of the council steadily increased and on 30 April Roulland gave in: he asked for a ceasefire.^{[11]:479–484} This was immediately granted, and followed by protracted negotiations about a capitulation on terms. The negotiations were conducted by the Dutch quarter-master-general Bentinck and the Austrian major-general Mack on the Coalition side, and general Roulland on the French side. They led to the capitulation with honor of the French garrison on 30 April. The garrison had been reduced to 5,000 men. They became prisoners-of-war in the Dutch Republic. The fortress was taken over by Swiss and Dutch Guard regiments.^{[1]:258–259}

Aftermath

The next day Emperor Francis and the stadtholder reviewed the defeated French troops filing by. The Hereditary Prince handed the keys of the city to the Emperor at this occasion.^{[1]:258–259}

After the fall of Landrecies the Austrians did nothing for eleven days, as if they had forgotten why the fortress had been taken in the first place. Only on 12 May did operations of the combined Austro-Dutch forces resume near Le Cateau-Cambrésis. A chance to cut off Pichegru was missed, however, because of hesitation by the Emperor. This did not bode well for the remainder of the campaign. Indeed the tide eventually turned in favor of the French and they retook Landrecies on 17 July 1794 after a brief siege.^{[1]:260, 308}

The Hereditary Prince apparently had made a good impression on the Emperor. When general Kaunitz disappointed him by his hesitant conduct, the Emperor replaced him by the Hereditary Prince in May 1794, giving the Prince command of all Dutch and Austrian forces near the Sambre.^[1]:270

Notes and references

1. Bas, François de (1887). Prins Frederik Der Nederlanden en Zijn Tijd, vol. 1. H. A. M. Roelants. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
2. De Bas gives the strength of the Austro-Dutch corps as 19 squadrons of cavalry (of which 9 Austrian), 31 battalions of infantry and artillery (of which 6 Austrian), and 9 detached companies of auxiliaries (all Austrian); Cf. De Bas, p. 648
3. Excluding civilian casualties, which probably were substantive; De Bas writes that the garrison of 7,000 had been reduced to 5,000 at the end of the siege; Cf. De Bas, p. 258
4. De Bas writes that the Dutch had 381 casualties in the assault of 19 April, but does not give an explicit tally for the entire siege. However, one may assume that there were casualties as a consequence of French sorties and artillery fire also; Cf. De Bas, p. 257
5. This was possibly decided, because the States Army was strong in siege artillery. De Bas writes that the Dutch offered their artillery to the British at the siege of Dunkirk (1793), but that York insisted on shipping British siege artillery overseas; Cf. Bas, p. 201.
6. Switzerland itself was not a belligerent in this war. The States Army had used Swiss mercenary regiments for more than a century by 1794. In fact, many, if not most, soldiers in the army were foreign professionals. "Dutch" should therefore be read as "in Dutch service" in this context.
7. Jomini, Antoine Henri de (1840). Histoire critique et militaire des guerres de la révolution, Tome deuxième. Bruxelles: J.B. Petit. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
8. Jomini speaks of the "brigade of Paravicini," instead of De Gumoëns, but this must be an error, as major-general Paravicini de Capelli was an artillerist and did not command the Swiss brigade.Cf. De Bas, p. 312
9. Marmottan, Paul (1891). Le général Fromentin et l'armée du Nord (1792-1794) avec portrait, carte et nombreuses pièces justificatives. E. Dubois. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
10. "Landrecies enfin française ! (1655 - 1794)". Retrieved 15 April 2013.
11. Coutanceau, M.H.M.; et al. (1907). La Campagne de 1794 à l'Armée du Nord. Paris: Chapelot et Cie. Retrieved 15 April 2013.

Coordinates: 50°07′35″N 3°41′27″E / 50.1264°N 3.6908°E