Urban culture

Urban culture is the culture of towns and cities. The defining theme is the presence of a great number of very different people in a very limited space - most of them are strangers to each other.^[1] This makes it possible to build up a vast array of subcultures close to each other, exposed to each other's influence, but without necessarily intruding into people's private lives.^[2]

United States

In the United States, Urban culture is often used as a euphemistic reference to contemporary African American culture.^[3]

Background

Main articles: Great Migration (African American) and Second Great Migration (African American)

The Hub is the retail heart of the South Bronx, New York City. Between 1900 and 1930, the number of Bronx residents increased from 201,000 to 1,265,000.^[4]

Prior to the 20th century, the African American population was primarily rural. The Great Migration of African-Americans created the first large, urban black communities in the American North. It is conservatively estimated that 400,000 left the South during the two-year period of 1916-1918 to take advantage of a labor shortage created in the wake of the First World War.^[5] The 20th century cultures of many of the United States' modern cities were forged in this period.

In 1910, the African American population of Detroit was 6,000. By the start of the Great Depression in 1929, this figure had risen to 120,000.

In 1900 Chicago had a total population of 1,698,575.^[6] By 1920 the population had increased by more than 1 million residents. During the second wave of the Great Migration (from 1940–1960), the African American population in the city grew from 278,000 to 813,000. The South Side of Chicago was considered the black capital of America.^[7]

The massive number of African Americans to Ohio, in particularly to Cleveland, greatly changed the demographics of the state and Cleveland. Prior to the Great Migration, an estimated 1.1 - 1.6% of Cleveland’s population was African American.^[8] In 1920, 4.3% of Cleveland’s population was African American.^[8] The number of African Americans in Cleveland continued to rise over the next twenty years of the Great Migration. Other cities, such as St. Louis, Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York City, also experienced surges in their African-American populations.

In the South, the departure of hundreds of thousands of African Americans caused the black percentage of the population in most Southern states to decrease. For example, in Mississippi, blacks decreased from about 56% of the population in 1910 to about 37% by 1970^[9] and in South Carolina, blacks decreased from about 55% of the population in 1910 to about 30% by 1970.^[9]

By the end of the Second Great Migration, African Americans had become an urbanized population. More than 80 percent lived in cities. Fifty-three percent remained in the Southern United States, while 40 percent lived in the Northeast and North Central states and 7 percent in the West.^[10]

Canada

Toronto's Chinatown. The everyday use of, and availability of services in, many languages is promoted by municipal government.

In Canada, urban culture is also sometimes used as a euphemism for the culture of visible minorities (non-Whites). Sometimes this means Black Canadian culture, though since Blacks are a much smaller part of Canada's population than in the United States, the connection is less obvious. More generally, the phrase may be used to connote the multicultural, immigrant-friendly mosaic atmosphere cultivated by cities such as Toronto, Ontario and Vancouver, British Columbia, in contrast to the usually Whiter rural regions of those provinces.

Urban cities

Globally, urban areas tend to also be home to concentrations of power, such as government capitals and corporate headquarters, and the wealthy and powerful people that are employed in them. Cities also organize people, create norms, beliefs, and values.^[11] As outlined by Max Weber in his book, The City, "there are five things that make a city: fortification, market, a law code, an association of urban citizenry creating a sense of municipal corporateness, and sufficient political autonomy for urban citizens to choose the city’s governors."^[12] In some countries, elites have built themselves enclaves outside of the central city (e.g. white flight in the United States).

Politics and social trends

In most of the Western World, urban areas tend to be politically to the left of suburban and rural areas, even if deindustrialization has reduced the influence of labour unions and the working class, the new urban left is supported by upper middle class white-collar workers, students and academics, and creative types (artists). Urbanites also tend to be much less religious, more environmentalist, and more open to immigration than rural people.

References

↑ Jacobs, Jane: The death and life of great America cities, 1961.
↑ Tönnies, Ferdinand: Community and society, 1957.
↑ Gray, Steven (August 4, 2010). "Letter from Detroit: Where's the Urban President?". Time.
↑ A Brief Look at The Bronx, Bronx Historical Society. Accessed September 23, 2007.
↑ James Gilbert Cassedy, "African Americans and the American Labor Movement", Prologue', Summer 1997, Vol.29, No.2, accessed 14 Apr 2008
↑ Gibson, Campbell (June 1998). Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990. U.S. Bureau of the Census - Population Division.
↑ "African Americans", Encyclopedia of Chicago, accessed 1 Mar 2008
1 2 Gibson, Campbell, and Kay Jung. "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, for Large Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States." U.S. Census Bureau. Feb. 2005.
1 2 Gibson, Campbell and Kay Jung (September 2002). Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States. U.S. Bureau of the Census - Population Division.
↑ AAME
↑ http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199764358.001.0001/acref-9780199764358-e-714?rskey=HNkP5M&result=1
↑ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619432/urban-culture

Ocampo, Andrea. (March 2009). Ciertos Ruidos, Nuevas Tribus Urbanas Chilenas. Chile: Editorial Planeta. ISBN 978-956-247-466-5.

Culture

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