Cultural racism

Cultural racism is a term used in scientific research to describe a specific type of racism which developed from the generally known form of racism, which is "biological racism". "Cultural racism" is used by the UN, the swedish Equality Ombudsman and in the scientific world to describe some racist ideologies, ideas, reasoning, arguments, and notions.^[1] Citations are made in terms of ideology "culture shock" and that cultural differences legitimize exclusion and discrimination based on racial notions and ranking of culture as higher and lower in relation to each other. Examples of such notions and arguments that are included in these citations could be "many immigrants don't go to work, and engage in tax evasion", "many Gypsies have a cultural predisposition to steal", and "Muslims have a lot of children, take over our country, and evade our culture".

Racism and culture racism

The Swedish Equality Ombudsman says that racism "originally is a word that describes the division of people in a "race system"( like Apartheid) where certain races are biologically subordinated others. Today we talk more about culture racism - the notion that cultures are absolute, unchangeable and define the individual's characteristics."^[2]

Culture racism

The term "culture racism" was first used in the beginning of the 1980s. In England and the US the terms new racism (coined by the sociologist Martin Barker) and ethnicization are also used to describe the same phenomenon. During the 1980s and the 1990s, culture racism came to replace the previously generally accepted forms of biological racism.^[3]

Culture racism entails an essentialistic view on cultures. Culture racism seeks to ascribe a culture certain (negative) attributes. These are sometimes set against one's own culture, which is said to be lacking these negative attributes. Those who are accused of culture racism are also often accused of being a closet racist. According to Marcello Vittorio Ferrada de Noli, psychiatrist and professor emeritus in Public health, cultural racism is an expression of "intentional political fraud or of a subconscious xenophobic affective state" and that "the culture racist seldom wants, or rarely can, admit his/her actual biological/ethnical racist attitude".

Culture racism is related to Xenophobia, Islamophobia, Antisemitism and Orientalism.^[4] The cultural racism that is specifically directed against Jews is called antisemitism. If it is directed against the roma it is called Antiziganism, against Christians christophobia, and if it is directed against muslims it is called islamophobia.

There have been numerous scientific studies that show that racism takes different shapes and expressions, for example: biological, religious, scientific and cultural racism. In the scientific world these terms are separated and are treated like separate entities for racist expressions and guises.^[5]

Ideology

Cultural racism is built upon the idea of a Nation as a cultural entity and it expresses racist principals and thoughts about essences and racial "beings", hereditary proficiencies and abilities through cultural practices and cultural affiliation, through which differences between people (cultural and others) are explained. Cultural racism refers to cultures instead of the ancestry of different peoples and thus differs from biological racism. Culturally contingent racism includes a belief that one's own ethnical group's cultural heritage is above that of other ethnical groups.

"Cultural racism is rooted in the teaching, or rather belief, that a culture is a phenomenon with its' own soul and is "given once forever" (never changes). One's culture is often portrayed as an innate proficiency/attribute one naturally possesses if one belongs to a certain ethnical group or religion and that one carries one's "culture" as baggage throughout one's life. It is seen as a characteristic that stems from a sort of obvious, common identity and origin."^[6]

The excluding of the other thus becomes important because the culturally different then become unavoidably problematic for the "national identity".

Equality Ombudsman describes the cultural racism ideology as follows:

" After WWII, as the idea of different biological races became controversial, the term culture received increased significance in racist reasoning. Scientists usually talk about so called "Culture racism". Instead of starting from biology, culture is used to explain how people are and what they do. Culture is seen as something solid and unchangeable. The rhetoric and the purpose of the division is the same as when talking about biological races though. Stereotypical notions about the cultures of ethnical groups as essentially different and incompatible with the (for example) Swedish culture lies as a foundation of cultural racism. Cultures are seen as unchangeable and very "deciding" for a person's characteristics."^[7]

Sources

The Swedish page sv:Kulturell rasism

References

↑ ”Slavery and racism”. Unesco press. Läst 17 december 2013.
↑ Diskrimineringsombudsmannen (DO): "Rasism". Quote: ”Idag pratar man mer om kulturrasism –föreställningen om att kulturer är absoluta, oföränderliga och definierar individens egenskaper.” Retrieved December 17, 2013.
↑ Centrum mot rasism: "Kulturrasism". December 17, 2013.
↑ Otterback, Jonas; Bevelander, Pieter (2006). Islamofobi: en studie av begreppet, ungdomars attityder och unga muslimers utsatthet. Stockholm: Forum för levande historia. Libris 10308742. ISBN 91-976073-6-3
↑ Centrum mot rasism: "Kulturrasism". December 17, 2013.
↑ SOU 1989:13 (1989). Statens offentliga utredningar, 0375-250X ; 1989:13. Stockholm: Allmänna förlaget. Libris 806678. ISBN 91-38-10289-7
↑ Diskrimineringsombudsmannen (DO): "Vardagsrasism". December 17, 2013.

Culture

Outline

Sciences	Cultural anthropology Cultural astronomy Cultural ecology Cultural geography Cultural neuroscience Cultural studies Culturology Culture theory Neuroculture

Subfields	Bioculture Cross-cultural studies Cross-cultural communication Cross-cultural leadership Cross-cultural psychiatry Cross-cultural psychology Cultural analytics Cultural economics Cultural entomology Cultural health Cultural history Cultural mapping Cultural mediation Cultural psychology Culturomics Intercultural learning Intercultural relations Philosophy of culture Popular culture studies Semiotics of culture Sociology of culture Sound culture Theology of culture Transcultural nursing

Types	Constructed culture Dominant culture Folk culture High culture Individualistic culture Legal culture Low culture Microculture Official culture Political culture Civic Popular culture Urban Primitive culture Subculture Alternative culture list Super culture Vernacular culture Culture by location

Aspects	Acculturation Cultural appropriation Cultural area Cultural artifact Cultural baggage Cultural behavior Cultural bias Cultural capital Cross-cultural Cultural communication Cultural conflict Cultural cringe Cultural dissonance Cultural emphasis Cultural framework Cultural heritage Cultural icon Cultural identity Cultural industry Cultural invention Cultural landscape Cultural learning Cultural leveling Cultural memory Cultural pluralism Cultural practice Cultural property Cultural reproduction Cultural system Cultural technology Cultural universal Cultureme Enculturation High- and low-context cultures Interculturality Manuscript culture Material culture Non-material culture Organizational culture Print culture Protoculture Safety culture Technoculture Trans-cultural diffusion Transculturation Visual culture

Politics	Colonial mentality Consumer capitalism Cross cultural sensitivity Cultural assimilation Cultural attaché Cultural backwardness Cultural Bolshevism Cultural conservatism Cultural contracts Cultural deprivation Cultural diplomacy Cultural environmentalism Cultural exception Cultural feminism Cultural genocide Cultural globalization Cultural hegemony Cultural imperialism Cultural intelligence Cultural liberalism Cultural nationalism Cultural pessimism Cultural policy Cultural racism Cultural radicalism Cultural retention Cultural Revolution Cultural rights Cultural safety Cultural silence Cultural subsidy Cultural Zionism Culture change Culture minister Culture of fear Culture war Deculturalization Dominator culture Interculturalism Intraculturalism Monoculturalism Multiculturalism Biculturalism Pluriculturalism Security culture Transculturism

Related	Animal culture Archaeological culture Bennett scale Bullying culture Cannabis culture Circuit of culture Coffee culture Cross-cultural Cultural center Cultural Christian Cultural Mormon Cultural competence Cultural critic Cultural Detective Cultural determinism Cultural diversity Cultural encoding Cultural evolutionism Cultural homogenization Cultural institution Cultural jet lag Cultural Judaism Cultural lag Cultural literacy Cultural mosaic Cultural movement Cultural mulatto Cultural Muslim Cultural probe Cultural relativism Culture speculation Cultural tourism Pop-culture Cultural translation Cultural turn Cultural sensibility Culture and positive psychology Culture and social cognition Culture gap Culture hero Culture industry Culture shock Culturgen Children's culture Culturalism Cyberculture Death and culture Disability culture Deaf culture Emotions and culture Intercultural communication Intercultural competence Languaculture Living things in culture Media culture Oppositional culture Participatory culture Permission culture Rape culture Remix culture Tea culture Transformation of culture Urban culture Welfare culture

Category Portal Commons WikiProject changes

Racism

Types of racism	Against Jews Aversive Among Black people Among White people Among LGBT people Among US minorities Colorism Among Hipsters Consumer Covert Cultural Environmental in Europe Gendered Institutional Internalized Laissez-faire Nationalist New racism Neo-racism Reverse Romantic Love Sexual Scientific Societal Symbolic

Manifestations of racism	Anti-miscegenation laws Expression in the media in Charles Dickens' works in music in early US films Censored Eleven in horror films in porn online on Wikipedia in sport baseball martial arts soccer in school curricula in US politics Jokes Slurs Racial antagonism Racial determinism Racial hatred Racial hierarchy Casta Racial polarization Racial quota Racial vilification Racial violence Race war

Racism by region	Africa Arab world Asia Australia Europe Middle East North America South America

Related topics	Anti-racism Psychological impact Psychoanalysis Racial transformation Passing Racial democracy Racial fetishism Race traitor List of racism-related articles List of anti-ethnic terms

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