V. V. Giri

V. V. Giri
వి. వి. గిరి and ଭି.ଭି ଗିରି
4th President of India
In office
24 August 1969 – 24 August 1974
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
Vice President Gopal Swarup Pathak
Preceded by Mohammad Hidayatullah (Acting)
Succeeded by Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
Acting President of India
In office
3 May 1969 – 20 July 1969
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
Preceded by Zakir Hussain
Succeeded by Mohammad Hidayatullah (Acting)
Vice President of India
In office
13 May 1967 – 3 May 1969
President Zakir Hussain
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
Preceded by Zakir Hussain
Succeeded by Gopal Swarup Pathak
Governor of Karnataka
In office
2 April 1965 – 13 May 1967
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
Chief Minister Siddavanahalli Nijalingappa
Preceded by Satyawant Mallannah Shrinagesh
Succeeded by Gopal Swarup Pathak
Governor of Kerala
In office
1 July 1960 – 2 April 1965
Chief Minister Pattom Thanu Pillai
R. Sankar
Preceded by Burgula Ramakrishna Rao
Succeeded by Ajit Prasad Jain
Governor of Uttar Pradesh
In office
10 June 1956 – 30 June 1960
Chief Minister Sampurnanand
Preceded by Kanhaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
Succeeded by Burgula Ramakrishna Rao
Ethnicity Telugu
Personal details
Born Varahagiri Venkata Giri
(1894-08-10)10 August 1894
Berhampur, British India
(now in Odisha, India)
Died 23 June 1980(1980-06-23) (aged 85)
Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
(now Chennai)
Nationality Indian
Political party Independent
Spouse(s) Saraswati Bai (1904-1978)
Alma mater University College Dublin
Religion Hinduism
Signature Varahagiri Venkatagiri Signature in English

Varahagiri Venkata Giri  pronunciation ; 10 August 1894 – 23 June 1980), commonly known as V. V. Giri, was the fourth President of the Republic of India from 24 August 1969 to 24 August 1974.

As President, Giri subordinated the office of the President to the Prime Minister and came to be known as a "Rubber Stamp President". Giri was succeeded by Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed as President in 1974. After the end of his term, Giri was honoured with the Bharat Ratna. Giri died in 1980.

Early life

Giri was born in Berhampur in the Ganjam district of Odisha, into a Telugu Brahmin family. His father, V. V. Jogayya Pantulu, was a successful lawyer and political activist of the Indian National Congress. Giri's mother Subhadramma was active in the national movement in Berhampur during the Non Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements and was arrested for leading a strike for prohibition during the Civil Disobedience Movement.[1]

Giri was married to Saraswati Bai and the couple had 14 children.[2]

Giri completed his initial education at the Khallikote College in Berhampur.[3] In 1913 he went to Ireland to study law which he did at University College Dublin between 1913-1916.[4] His association with the Sinn Féin movement and its leaders including his Arts lecturer Thomas MacDonagh, James Connolly, PH Pearse and the young Éamon de Valera, and his suspected role in the Easter Uprising led to his expulsion from Ireland in 1916.[5][6][7]

Career

Upon returning to India in 1916 Giri enrolled at the Madras High Court.[8] He also became a member of the Congress party, attended its Lucknow session and joined the Home Rule Movement of Annie Beasant.[9] Giri abandoned a flourishing legal career in response to Mahatma Gandhi's call for a Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920.[10] In 1922, he was arrested for the first time for demonstrating against the sale of liquor shops.[8]

Role in the labour movement

Giri was closely associated with the labour and trade union movement in India throughout his career.[11] Giri was a founding member of the All India Railwaymen’s Federation which was formed in 1923 and served as its General Secretary for over a decade.[12][13][14] He was elected president of the All India Trade Union Congress for the first time in 1926.[15] Giri also founded the Bengal Nagpur Railway Association and in 1928 led the workers of the Bengal Nagpur Railway in a non violent strike for the rights of retrenched workers. The strike succeeded in forcing the British Indian government and the management of the railway company to concede the workers' demands and is regarded as a milestone in the labour movement in India.[8][11][14] In 1929, the Indian Trade Union Federation (ITUF) was formed by Giri, N. M. Joshi and others with Giri as the president. The split with the AITUC came about over the issue of cooperating with the Royal Commission on Labour. Giri and the ITUF leadership of liberals decided to cooperate with the Commission while the AITUC decided to boycott it.[16] The ITUF merged with the AITUC in 1939 and Giri became president of the AITUC for a second time in 1942.[17][18]

Giri was the Workers' Delegate of the Indian delegation at the International Labour Conference of the ILO in 1927.[19] At the Second Round Table Conference, Giri was present as a representative of the industrial workers of India.[11] Giri worked towards getting the trade unions to support the freedom movement in India and was twice president of the AITUC which was closely allied with the Indian National Congress.[20]

Electoral career in British India

Giri became a member of the Imperial Legislative Assembly in 1934.[21] He remained its member until 1937 and emerged a spokesman for matters of labour and trade unions in the Assembly.[20]

In the General Elections of 1936, Giri defeated the Raja of Bobbili to become a member of the Madras Legislative Assembly. Between 1937-1939, he was Minister for Labour and Industry in the Congress government headed by C Rajagopalachari.[22][23] Giri was appointed Governor of the National Planning Committee of the Indian National Congress in 1938. In 1939, the Congress ministries resigned in protest against the British decision to make India a party in the Second World War. Having returned to the labour movement, Giri was arrested and spent 15 months in prison till March 1941.[20]

Following the launch of the Quit India Movement, Giri was imprisoned again by the colonial government in 1942.[24] He remained in prison when the AITUC met in Nagpur in 1943 where he was the president elect.[25][26] Giri served his sentence in the Vellore and Amaravathi prisons.[27] Giri remained in prison for three years, his longest sentence, until his release in 1945.[20]

In the General Elections of 1946, Giri was reelected to the Madras Legislative Assembly and became a minister again in charge of the labour portfolio under T. Prakasam.[20]

Career in independent India

Between 1947 - 1951, Giri served as India's first High Commissioner to Ceylon.[28] In the General Elections of 1951, he was elected to the 1st Lok Sabha from Pathapatnam Lok Sabha Constituency in the Madras State.[29]

Union Minister for Labour (1952 - 1954)

On being elected to Parliament, Giri was appointed Minister of Labour in 1952.[30] His policy initiatives as minister gave rise to the Giri Approach in industrial dispute resolution.[31] The Giri approach emphasizes negotiations between the management and workers as the means for resolving industrial disputes. It holds that the failure of such negotiations should lead not to compulsory adjudication but to further negotiations through conciliation officers.[32][33] However, differences with the government over patronage to trade unions, trade union and government opposition to the Giri Approach and the government's decision to reduce the wages of bank employees led him to resign from government in August 1954.[34][35][36]

In the General Elections of 1957, Giri lost from the Parvatipuram double-member constituency.[lower-alpha 1][38][39] Giri played an important role in founding the Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE).[40] In June 1957, he was appointed Governor of Uttar Pradesh.[41]

Gubernatorial tenures (1957 - 1967)

Between 1957-1967, Giri served as governor of Uttar Pradesh (1957–1960), Kerala (1960–1965) and Karnataka (1965–1967).[42]

Governor of Kerala (1960 - 1965)

Giri was sworn in as the second Governor of Kerala on 1 July 1960.[43] As Governor, Giri's active voicing of Kerala's fiscal needs with the Planning Commission led to the state being allocated significantly more funds in the Third Five Year Plan.[44] When defections from the ruling Congress Party reduced the government to a minority, Giri recommended the imposition of President's Rule in Kerala after determining that an alternative government could not be formed.[45] A hung assembly resulted from the elections to the Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1965. Since no party had a majority and no alliances commanding a majority could be formed, Giri again recommended the dissolution of the assembly and the imposition of President's Rule in the state.[46]

Vice President (1967 - 1969) and Acting President of India (1969)

Giri was elected the third Vice President of India on 13 May 1967, a post he held for nearly two years till 3 May 1969.[47] Giri was the first Vice President to not complete his full term in office on account of being elevated to the office of the President and was the third Vice President to be elected to the Presidency.[48]

Following the death in office of President Zakir Hussain on 3 May 1969, Giri was sworn in as acting President the same day.[49] Giri resigned from his post on 20 July 1969 to contest the Presidential elections as an independent candidate.[50] Immediately before resigning, Giri, in his capacity as Acting President, promulgated an ordinance that nationalised 14 banks and insurance companies.[51] He was succeeded as Acting President by Mohammad Hidayatullah, the Chief Justice of India.[lower-alpha 2][53]

Presidential election of 1969

The election of a new President became a contest between the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and the old guard of the Congress Party known as the Syndicate.[54] The All India Congress Committee decided to support Neelam Sanjiva Reddy as the presidential candidate, disregarding the Prime Minister's opposition.[55] Giri, who was Vice President, resigned and decided to contest as an independent candidate.[55] Prime Minister Gandhi then decided to support him, endorsing a "vote of conscience" that allowed Congress legislators to vote for Giri.[56] The election, held on 16 August 1969, witnessed a contest between Reddy, Giri and the opposition candidate C D Deshmukh.[57] In the closely fought election V V Giri emerged victorious, winning 48.01 per cent of the first preference votes and subsequently getting a majority on counting the second preference votes. In the final tally, Giri had 420,077 votes against the quota of 418,169 votes required to be elected President.[58][59]

Following Giri's election, an election petition was filed in the Supreme Court of India contesting its validity on the grounds of having used corrupt practices to influence voters. Giri, unusually for an incumbent President of India, chose to appear in person before the Court where he was examined as a witness. The Court ultimately dismissed the petition and upheld Giri's election as President.[60]

President of India

As President of India Giri led 14 state visits to countries in South and South East Asia, the Soviet bloc and Africa.

Giri was sworn in as President of India on 24 August 1969 and held office till 24 August 1974 when he was succeeded by Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.[61] On his election, Giri became the only President to have also been an Acting President and the only person to be elected President as an independent candidate.[52]

As President, Giri unquestioningly accepted Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's decision to sack the Charan Singh ministry in Uttar Pradesh and advised her to go in for early elections in 1971.[62] The ordinance abolishing privy purses and privileges of the erstwhile rulers of India's princely states was promulgated by Giri after the government's original amendment was defeated in the Rajya Sabha.[63] His advice to Prime Minister Gandhi against the appointement of A.N. Ray as the Chief Justice of India superseding three judges senior to him was ignored by her as was his warning that a crackdown on striking railwaymen would only exacerbate the situation.[64][65] As President, Giri made 14 state visits to 22 countries in South and South East Asia, Europe and Africa.[66][67]

Giri is regarded as a President who completely subordinated himself to the Prime Minister and has been described as a "Prime Minister’s President",[68] a loyalist President and a rubber stamp President under whom the independence of the office eroded.[69][70][71] When Giri's term ended in 1974, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose not to renominate him to the Presidency and instead chose Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed who was elected in the Presidential election of 1974.[72]

Bharat Ratna

Giri was honoured with India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna, in 1975 for his contributions in the area of public affairs.[73][74] As President, Giri had suo motu conferred the Bharat Ratna on Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1972.[75] Giri was in turn conferred the Bharat Ratna in 1975 on the recommendation of Prime Minister Gandhi, in an act seen as a quid pro quo measure.[76][77][78] Giri was the fourth of five of Presidents of India to have been conferred the Bharat Ratna.[79]

Death

Giri died of a heart attack in Madras on 24 June 1980. He was given a state funeral the next day and a week-long mourning period was declared by the Government of India.[80] Rajya Sabha, of which Giri had been ex-officio chairman as Vice President of India, adjourned for two days as a mark of respect to him.[81]

Commemoration

A commemorative postage stamp on V.V Giri was released by the Indian Posts and Telegraphs Department in 1974.[82][83] The National Labour Institute was renamed in honour of V.V Giri in 1995.[84] Giri's hometown of Berhampur has a major road, a secondary training school and a market that are named after him.[85]

Giri authored Industrial Relations and Labour Problems in Indian Industry, two popular books on issues of labour in India.[86] His memoirs, published in 1976, are titled My Life and Times.[87]

Honours

Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ In the General Elections of 1952 and 1957, 83 dual member constituencies electing a member each from the general population and the Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribes was established. The general candidates including Giri received fewer votes than the Scheduled Caste candidates in Parvatipuram resulting in both the Scheduled Caste candidates being declared elected. Giri unsuccessfully challenged the verdict in court. By the Two Member Constituency (Abolition) Act, 1961 this system of double member constituencies was abolished.[37][38]
  2. ↑ Following Giri's resignation, the offices of President and Vice President became vacant, with the Constitution of India requiring the Chief Justice of India to act as President. Justice Hidayatullah served as acting President during July - August 1969. Elected Vice President in 1979, he again served as acting President in October 1982. He is the only person in India to have served twice as Acting President.[52]

References

  1. ↑ Sarma, Bina Kumari (August 2010). "Women's Role in the Freedom Movement in South Orissa" (PDF). Orissa Review: 34–35. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  2. ↑ P. Rajeswar Rao (1991). The Great Indian Patriots. Mittal Publications. p. 282. ISBN 978-81-7099-280-6.
  3. ↑ "Varahagiri Venkata Giri". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  4. ↑ "University College Dublin announces special scholarships for Indian students". India Today. 6 November 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  5. ↑ Cockburn, Alexander (25 March 2005). "Why Indian Farmers Kill Themselves; Why Lange's Photographs are Phony". Counter Punch. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  6. ↑ Brigadier Samir Bhattacharya (December 2013). NOTHING BUT!. Author Solutions. pp. 636–. ISBN 978-1-4828-1626-6.
  7. ↑ Harris M. Lentz (4 February 2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1538–. ISBN 978-1-134-26497-1.
  8. 1 2 3 "Worker's leader who turned President". The Deccan Herald. 8 August 2004. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  9. ↑ Janak Raj Jai (1 January 2003). Presidents of India, 1950-2003. Regency Publications. p. 76. ISBN 978-81-87498-65-0.
  10. ↑ "Shekhawat need not compare himself to Giri: Shashi Bhushan". The Hindu. 12 July 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  11. 1 2 3 Shukla, Chandrashanker (March 1951). Reminiscences of Gandhiji (PDF). Bombay: Vora & Co. p. 108. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  12. ↑ "President of India speaking!". taxindiaonline.com. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  13. ↑ S. Chandrasekhar (1985). Dimensions of Socio-political Change in Mysore, 1918-40. Ashish Publishing House. pp. 113–. ISBN 978-0-8364-1471-4.
  14. 1 2 "A principled politician". The Hindu. 23 September 2002. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  15. ↑ Surjit Mansingh (9 May 2006). Historical Dictionary of India. Scarecrow Press. pp. 240–. ISBN 978-0-8108-6502-0.
  16. ↑ Mohammad Tarique. Modern Indian History. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 7–. ISBN 978-0-07-066030-4.
  17. ↑ Bhowmik, Sharit (2013). "The Labour Movement in India: Fractured Trade Unions and Vulnerable Workers". Rethinking Development and Inequality. 2 (Special Issue): 86.
  18. ↑ "AITUC - Our Leaders". AITUC. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  19. ↑ List of Indian Delegates and Advisers to International Labour Conferences (1919 - 2011) (PDF). NOIDA: V.V.Giri National Labour Institute, Ministry of Labour & Employment. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 Janak Raj Jai (1 January 2003). Presidents of India, 1950-2003. Regency Publications. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-81-87498-65-0.
  21. ↑ Narasingha P. Sil, Giri, Varahagiri Venkata (1894–1980), trade unionist and president of India in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004)
  22. ↑ Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (1 January 2002). History of Modern India, 1707 A. D. to 2000 A. D. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 300–. ISBN 978-81-269-0085-5.
  23. ↑ Rajmohan Gandhi (1997). Rajaji: A Life. Penguin Books India. pp. 171–. ISBN 978-0-14-026967-3.
  24. ↑ Verinder Grover; Ranjana Arora (1 January 1994). Constitutional Schemes and Political Development in India: Towards Transfer of Power. Deep & Deep Publications. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-81-7100-539-0.
  25. ↑ Viv Bahadour Singh (1981). Economic History of India: 1857-1956. Allied Publishers. pp. 590–. GGKEY:24F385A0Y8G.
  26. ↑ Economic History of India: 1857-1956. Allied Publishers. pp. 590–. GGKEY:24F385A0Y8G.
  27. ↑ A. Ranga Reddy (2003). The State of Rayalaseema. Mittal Publications. pp. 373–. ISBN 978-81-7099-814-3.
  28. ↑ "Nirupama Rao presents credentials to Chandrika". The Hindu. 18 September 2004. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  29. ↑ Key Highlights of General Elections, 1951 to the First Lok Sabha (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. p. 15. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  30. ↑ Rohini Hensman (20 August 2013). Workers, Unions, and Global Capitalism: Lessons from India. Columbia University Press. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-0-231-51956-4.
  31. ↑ "Labour Problems — The "Giri Approach "" (PDF). The Economic Weekly: 951. 13 September 1952. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  32. ↑ Pravin Durai. Human Resource Management. Pearson Education India. pp. 392–. ISBN 978-81-317-6783-2.
  33. ↑ N. B. Ghodke (1985). Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Economics. Mittal Publications. pp. 522–. GGKEY:6QZ9XL35Q32.
  34. ↑ Singh (1 January 2009). Industrial Relations. Excel Books India. pp. 94–. ISBN 978-81-7446-619-8.
  35. ↑ Manoranjan Mohanty (6 May 2004). Class, Caste, Gender. SAGE Publications. pp. 117–. ISBN 978-81-321-0369-1.
  36. ↑ Shree Govind Mishra (2000). Democracy in India. Sanbun Publishers. pp. 301–. ISBN 978-3-473-47305-2.
  37. ↑ "Between Red And Blue". Outlook. 16 April 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  38. 1 2 "Have you heard of 2 being elected from one seat? flashback". The Hindu. 18 March 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  39. ↑ "dated March 20, 1957: V.V. Giri defeated". The Hindu. 20 March 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  40. ↑ "THE INDIAN SOCIETY OF LABOUR ECONOMICS". The Indian Society of Labour Economics. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  41. ↑ "dated June 11, 1957: Governor of UP". The Hindu. 11 June 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  42. 1 2 President of India
  43. ↑ "R.S. Gavai is new Kerala Governor". The Hindu. 27 June 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  44. ↑ Sibranjan Chatterjee (1 January 1992). Governor's Role in the Indian Constitution. Mittal Publications. pp. 148–. ISBN 978-81-7099-325-4.
  45. ↑ Meera Srivastava (1980). Constitutional Crisis in the States in India. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 53–. GGKEY:0BS5QYU7XF2.
  46. ↑ Kishor Gandhi (2006). India's Date with Destiny: Ranbir Singh Chowdhary : Felicitation Volume. Allied Publishers. pp. 65–. ISBN 978-81-7764-932-1.
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  49. ↑ K. Natwar Singh. Walking With Lions: Tales From A Diplomatic Past. HarperCollins Publishers India. pp. 13–. ISBN 978-93-5029-899-2.
  50. ↑ Sudarshan Bhatia (4 March 2014). His Excellency President of India Pranab Mukherjee. Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd. pp. 59–. ISBN 978-93-5083-645-3.
  51. ↑ Senior Lecturer in Politics Vernon Hewitt; Vernon Hewitt (5 November 2007). Political Mobilisation and Democracy in India: States of Emergency. Routledge. pp. 85–. ISBN 978-1-134-09762-3.
  52. 1 2 A. P. Bhardwaj. Legal Awareness and Legal Reasoning for the CLAT and LLb Entrance Examinations, 4/e. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-93-325-3732-3.
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  54. ↑ McLeod, John (2002). The History of India. Greenwood Press. p. 149. Retrieved 8 January 2015 – via Questia. (subscription required (help)).
  55. 1 2 Malhotra, Inder (23 December 2013). "A populist move,a party chasm". The Indian Express. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  56. ↑ Ramachandra Guha (10 February 2011). India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy. Pan Macmillan. pp. 438–. ISBN 978-0-330-54020-9.
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  58. ↑ "Sanjiva Reddy only President elected unopposed". The Hindu. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  59. ↑ M V Pylee (1 November 2009). An Introduction To The Constitution Of India, 5E. Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd. pp. 158–. ISBN 978-81-259-1832-5.
  60. ↑ "How VV Giri defended himself". DNA. 29 June 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  61. ↑ "Former Presidents". The President of India. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  62. ↑ "Past Presidents: Waning power". India Today. 18 October 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  63. ↑ Blema Steinberg (1 January 2008). Women in Power: The Personalities and Leadership Styles of Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 33–. ISBN 978-0-7735-7502-8.
  64. ↑ "Emerging evidence". The Hindu. 5 January 2003. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  65. ↑ Carras, Mary (1979). Indira Gandhi: In the Crucible of Leadership. Boston: Beacon Press. p. 172. Retrieved 15 January 2015 – via Questia. (subscription required (help)).
  66. ↑ "DETAILS OF MEDIA PERSONS ACCOMPANYING THE PRESIDENT IN HIS/HER VISITS ABROAD SINCE 1947 TO 2012" (PDF). The President's Secretariat. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
  67. ↑ "President's visits undertaken after careful appraisal". The Hindu. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  68. ↑ "Changing Roles of the Presidents of India". Mainstream Weekly. L. 17 August 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  69. ↑ Abdo I. Baaklini; Helen Desfosses (1 January 1997). Designs for Democratic Stability: Studies in Viable Constitutionalism. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 162–. ISBN 978-0-7656-0052-3.
  70. ↑ "Pranab won't be a 'rubber stamp'". The Asian Age. 23 July 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  71. ↑ Noorani, A G (4 October 2013). "The Parliamentary System in South Asia". Criterion Quarterly. 2 (3). Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  72. ↑ Ananth. India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics. pp. 84–. ISBN 978-81-317-4282-2.
  73. ↑ "List of recipients of the Bharat Ratna" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  74. ↑ "List of all Bharat Ratna award winners". NDTV. 24 January 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  75. ↑ "Awards earned, awards fixed?". The Hindu. 19 January 2003. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  76. ↑ "Flashback to time of Nehru Ratna". The Telegraph. 25 December 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  77. ↑ "Bose or Vajpayee: India politicises, then downgrades Bharat Ratna". Firstpost. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  78. ↑ "Bharat Ratna: It's not for 'useful citizens', it's for politicians and entertainers". The Hindustan Times. 4 January 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  79. ↑ "Awards and acrimony". The Hindu Businessline. 21 November 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  80. ↑ M.V. Kamath (1 November 2009). Journalist's Handbook. Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd. pp. 222–. ISBN 978-0-7069-9026-3.
  81. ↑ Rajya Sabha at Work - Chapter 16: Obituary and Other References (PDF). p. 386. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  82. ↑ "Postal Stamp Name : V V Giri". IndianPost. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  83. ↑ "Stamps 1974". Philately World. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  84. ↑ "V. V. Giri National Labour Institute: History". VV Giri National Labour Institute. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  85. ↑ "156-year-old school renamed after V. V. Giri". The Hindu. 4 May 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  86. ↑ Pravin Durai. Human Resource Management: For VTU. pp. 387–. ISBN 978-81-317-9873-7.
  87. ↑ Giri, V V (1976). My Life and Times, Volume 1. Macmillan Company of India. ISBN 9780333901335. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  88. ↑ Badraie
  89. ↑ Final Programmes for The Coronation and The Silver Jubilee Celebration
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