List of Antarctic expeditions

Terra Australis
Terra Australis is the large continent on the bottom of this 1570 map.

This list of Antarctic expeditions is a chronological list of expeditions involving Antarctica. Although the existence of a southern continent had been hypothesized as early as the writings of Ptolemy in the 1st century AD, the South Pole was not reached until 1911.

Pre-exploration theories

600 BC – 300 BC Greek Philosophers theorize Spherical Earth with North and South Polar regions.
150 AD Ptolemy published Geographia, which notes Terra Australis Incognita

Pre-19th century

7th century — Ui-te-Rangiora claimed to have sighted southern ice fields.
13th century — Polynesians settle Auckland Islands (50° S)^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]
1501–1502 — Gonçalo Coelho and Amerigo Vespucci potentially sail to (52° S)
1522 — Ferdinand Magellan – first circumnavigation discovers Strait of Magellan (54° S)
1578 — Francis Drake discovers Drake Passage
1599 — Dirk Gerritsz – potentially sails to (64° S)
1603 — Gabriel de Castilla – potentially sails to (64° S)
1615 — Jacob le Maire and Willem Schouten first to sail around Cape Horn cross (56° S)
1619 — Garcia de Nodal expedition – circumnavigate Tierra del Fuego and discover Diego Ramirez Islands (56°30′S 68°43′W / 56.500°S 68.717°W / -56.500; -68.717)
1675 — Anthony de la Roché discovers South Georgia (54°15′00″S 36°45′00″W / 54.25000°S 36.75000°W / -54.25000; -36.75000), the first ever land discovered south of the Antarctic Convergence
1698–1699 — Edmond Halley sails to (52° S)
1720 — Captain George Shelvocke – sails to (61° 30′ S)
1739 — Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier – discovers Bouvet Island (54°26′S 3°24′E / 54.433°S 3.400°E / -54.433; 3.400)
1771 — James Cook – HM Bark Endeavour expedition
1771–1772 — First French Antarctic Expedition – led by Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec discovers Kerguelen Islands (49°15′S 69°35′E / 49.250°S 69.583°E / -49.250; 69.583)
1772–1775 — James Cook – sails HMS Resolution crossing Antarctic Circle in January 1773 and December 1773. On 30 January 1774 he reaches 71° 10′ S, his Farthest South, coming within about 75 miles of the Antarctic mainland without seeing it.

19th century

1780s to 1839 — American and British whalers and sealers make incidental discoveries
1819 — William Smith discovers South Shetland Islands (62°00′S 058°00′W / 62.000°S 58.000°W / -62.000; -58.000), the first land discovered south of 60° south latitude.
1819 — San Telmo wrecks in the Drake Passage off Livingston Island
1819–1821 — Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen – on 27 January 1820, discovers an ice shelf at Princess Martha Coast that later became known as the Fimbul Ice Shelf (69°21′28″S 2°14′50″W / 69.35778°S 2.24722°W / -69.35778; -2.24722).
1820 — Edward Bransfield with William Smith as his pilot – on 30 January 1820, sight Trinity Peninsula (63°37′S 058°20′W / 63.617°S 58.333°W / -63.617; -58.333).
1820 — Nathaniel Palmer sights Antarctica on 17 November 1820
1821 — George Powell, a British sealer, and Nathaniel B. Palmer, an American sealer, discover the South Orkney Islands. Powell annexes them for the British.
1821 — John Davis – on 7 February 1821 disputed claim of setting foot on Antarctica at Hughes Bay (64°13′S 61°20′W / 64.217°S 61.333°W / -64.217; -61.333)
1823–1824 — James Weddell discovers the Weddell Sea; – on 20 February 1823 his ship Jane (160 tons) reached a new Farthest South of 74° 15′ S (74°15′S 30°12′W / 74.250°S 30.200°W / -74.250; -30.200)
1830–1833 — Southern Ocean Expedition led by John Biscoe, an English sealer; circumnavigates the continent, sets foot on Anvers Island, names and annexes Graham Land, discovers Biscoe Islands, Queen Adelaide Island (67°15′S 68°30′W / 67.25°S 68.5°W / -67.25; -68.5) and sights Enderby Land (67°30′S 53°0′E / 67.500°S 53.000°E / -67.500; 53.000)
1837–1840 — Second French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jules Dumont d'Urville; discovers Adelie Land and sets foot on an islet of Geologie Archipelago (66°36′19″S 140°4′0″E / 66.60528°S 140.06667°E / -66.60528; 140.06667) 4 km from the mainland to take mineral and animal samples (66° S)
1838–1839 — John Balleny discovers Balleny Islands (66°55′S 163°45′E / 66.917°S 163.750°E / -66.917; 163.750)
1838–1842 — United States Exploring Expedition – led by Charles Wilkes to Antarctic Peninsula (69°30′S 065°00′W / 69.500°S 65.000°W / -69.500; -65.000) and eastern Antarctica; discovers "Termination Barrier" ("Shackleton Ice Shelf")
1839–1843 — James Clark Ross's expedition of 1839 to 1843 discovered the Ross Ice Shelf, Ross Sea, Mount Erebus, Mount Terror and Victoria Land; extended his Farthest South to 78° 10′ S on 23 January 1842
1851–1853 — Mercator Cooper landed on what is now known as Oates Coast in what is probably the first adequately-documented landing on the mainland of Antarctica.
1872–1876 — HMS Challenger under Capt. George S. Nares, becomes the first steamship to cross the Antarctic Circle; reopens the study of oceanography in the region after a 30-year gap.^[5]
1892–1893 — Carl Anton Larsen led the first Norwegian expedition to Antarctica aboard the ship Jason. Larsen became the first person to ski in Antarctica where the Larsen Ice Shelf was named after him.
1892–1893 — Dundee Whaling Expedition discover Dundee Island (63°30′S 055°55′W / 63.500°S 55.917°W / -63.500; -55.917)
1893–1894 — Carl Anton Larsen led the second Norwegian expedition to Antarctica
1893–1895 — Henryk Bull, Carstens Borchgrevink and Alexander von Tunzelmann – set foot on Antarctica at Cape Adare
1897–1899 — Belgian Antarctic Expedition – led by Adrien de Gerlache; first to winter in Antarctica
1898–1900 — Southern Cross Expedition, Carsten Borchgrevink – sails to Cape Adare, winters on Antarctica and takes Farthest South on 16 February 1900 at 78° 50′ S

20th century

1901–1904 — Discovery Expedition – led by Robert Falcon Scott, on 30 December 1903, reached (82° 17′S)
1901–1903 — Gauss expedition (or First German Antarctic Expedition) – led by Erich von Drygalski
1901–1903 — Swedish Antarctic Expedition – led by Otto Nordenskjöld with captain Carl Anton Larsen
1902–1904 — Scottish National Antarctic Expedition – led by William Speirs Bruce
1903–1905 — Third French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jean-Baptiste Charcot
1907–1909 — Nimrod Expedition – On 9 January 1909, Ernest Shackleton reached 88° 23 ′S (Farthest South), and on 16 January 1909, Professor Edgeworth David reached the South Magnetic Pole at (72°25′S 155°16′E / 72.417°S 155.267°E / -72.417; 155.267) (mean position)
1908–1910 — Fourth French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jean-Baptiste Charcot
1910–1912 — Japanese Antarctic Expedition – led by Nobu Shirase
1910–1912 — Roald Amundsen's South Pole expedition – On 14 December 1911, reached the South Pole (90° S)
1910–1913 — Terra Nova Expedition – On 17 January 1912, Robert Falcon Scott, reached the South Pole (90° S)
1911–1913 — Second German Antarctic Expedition – led by Wilhelm Filchner
1911–1914 — Australasian Antarctic Expedition – led by Douglas Mawson
1914–1916 — Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition – led by Ernest Shackleton
1914–1917 — Ross Sea Party – led by Aeneas Mackintosh
1920–1922 — British Graham Land Expedition - a British expedition to Graham Land led by John Lachlan Cope
1921–1922 — Shackleton-Rowett Expedition – led by Ernest Shackleton – the last expedition of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
1929–1931 — British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) – led by Douglas Mawson
1928–1930 — Richard Evelyn Byrd – First expedition
1931 — H. Halvorsen – discovered Princess Astrid Coast
1931 — Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen – flew over Antarctica, discovered Kronprins Olav Kyst
1933–1935 — Richard Evelyn Byrd – Second expedition
1933–1939 — Lincoln Ellsworth – Aircraft expedition
1934–1937 — British Graham Land Expedition (BGLE) – led by John Riddoch Rymill
1936 — Lars Christensen – dropped Norwegian flag over Prince Harald Coast
1938 — Third German Antarctic Expedition (New Swabia, or Neuschwabenland, claimed for Nazi Germany) – led by Capt. Alfred Ritscher
1939–1941 — United States Antarctic Service Expedition – led by Richard Evelyn Byrd (Byrd's third expedition)
1943–1945 — Operation Tabarin – led by Lieutenant James Marr
1946–1946 — Operation Highjump – led by Richard Evelyn Byrd (Byrd's fourth expedition)
1947–First Chilean Antarctic Expedition
1947–1948 — Operation Windmill – led by Commander Gerald Ketchum
1947–1946 — Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition – led by Finn Ronne
1949–1950 — Adelie-Land, Ship Commandant Charcot – led by Michel Barre
1949–1952 — Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition – led by John Giaever
1954 — Mawson Station established
1955–1956 — Operation Deep Freeze – led by Richard Evelyn Byrd (Byrd's fifth expedition)
1955-1957 — Falkland Island Dependency Aerial Survey led by P G Mott
1955–1957 — 1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Mikhail Somov
1956 Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station established
1956–1958 — Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition – led by Vivian Fuchs
1956–1958 — 2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Aleksei Treshnikov
1957–1958 — International Geophysical Year
1957–1958 — New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition
1957 — Scott Base established
1957–1958 — Luncke Expedition
1957–1959 — 3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Yevgeny Tolstikov
1958–1959 — New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition
1958–1960 — 4th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Aleksandr Dralkin
1959–1961 — 5th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Yevgeny Korotkevich
1960 — South African National Antarctic Expedition
1960–1962 — 6th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Driatsky
1961–1963 — 7th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Aleksandr Dralkin
1962–1962 — Vostok traverse – led by Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE)
1962–1964 — 8th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Mikhail Somov
1963–1965 — 9th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Mikhail Somov
1964-1965 — South Pole—Queen Maud Land Traverse I
1964–1966 — 10th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by M.Ostrekin, I.Petrov
1965-1966 — South Pole—Queen Maud Land Traverse II
1965–1967 — 11th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by D.Maksutov, Leonid Dubrovin
1965–1965 — Operación 90 - Terrestrial Argentine Expedition to the South Pole Led by Coronel D. Jorge Leal.
1966–1968 — 12th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Pavel Senko and Vladislav Gerbovich
1966–1967 — New Zealand Antarctic Research Programme Mariner Glacier Northern Party Expedition — led by John E S Lawrence
1967-1968 — South Pole—Queen Maud Land Traverse III
1967–1969 — 13th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Aleksei Treshnikov
1968–1970 — 14th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by D.Maksutov, Ernst Krenkel
1969–1970 — New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition
1969–1971 — 15th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Pavel Senko and Vladislav Gerbovich
1970–1972 — 16th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by I.Petrov and Yury Tarbeyev
1971–1973 — 17th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Yevgeny Korotkevich, V. Averyanov
1972–1974 — 18th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Pavel Senko
1973–1975 — 19th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by D.Maksutov, V. Ignatov
1974–1976 — 20th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Serdyukov, N. Kornilov
1975–1977 — 21st Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by O.Sedov, G. Bardin
1976–1978 — 22nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.Tyabin, Leonid Dubrovin
1977–1979 — 23rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Serdyukov, O. Sedov
1978–1980 — 24th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by A.Artemyev, O. Sedov
1979 — Air New Zealand Flight 901 – airplane crash
1979–1980 — 25th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.Kornilov, N. Tyabin
1980–1981 — Transglobe Expedition – led by Ranulph Fiennes
1980–1982 — 26th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Serdyukov, V. Shamontyev
1981–1983 — 27th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by D.Maksutov, R. Galkin
1981-1982 — First Indian Expedition to Antarctica - led by Dr. Sayed Zahoor Qasim
1982 — Falkland Islands War
1982-1983 — First Brazilian Expedition to Antarctica -
1982-1983 — Second Indian Expedition to Antarctica - led by V. K. Raina
1982–1984 — 28th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.Kornilov, A. Artemyev
1983–1985 — 29th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N.Tyabin, L. Bulatov
1983–1985 — Third Indian Expedition to Antarctica
1984–1987 — In the Footsteps of Scott – led by Robert Swan
1984–1985 — 1st Uruguayan Antarctic Expedition - Antarkos I Led by Lt. Col. Omar Porciúncula
1984–1986 — 30th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by D.Maksutov, R. Galkin
1985–1987 — 31st Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N. Tyabin, V. Dubovtsev
1986–1988 — 32nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Klokov, V.Vovk
1987 — Iceberg B-9 calves and carries away Little Americas I – III
1987–1989 — 33rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.A.Kornilov, Yu.A.Khabarov
1987–1988 — First Bulgarian Antarctic Expedition — St. Kliment Ohridski Base established
1988–1990 — 34th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by S.M.Pryamikov, L.V.Bulatov
1989–1990 — Antarctic crossing on foot by Reinhold Messner and Arved Fuchs.
1989-1990 — 1990 International Trans-Antarctica Expedition — led by American Will Steger and Frenchman Jean-Louis_Étienne, first un-mechanized crossing
1989–1991 — 35th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.M.Piguzov
1991–1992 — 36th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Lev Savatyugin
1992-1993 — British Polar Plod — led by Ranulph Fiennes with Mike Stroud (physician), first unassisted expedition crossing the continent by ski, (2,173 km in 95 days)
1992-1993 — Erling Kagge, first unassisted, and first solo expedition to the South Pole by ski, (1,310 km in 53 days)
1992–1993 — Antarctic Environmental Research Expedition — led by Kenji Yoshikawa
1994 — Liv Arnesen, first unassisted woman to the South Pole by ski, (1,200 km in 50 days)
1995 — “A Pole at the Poles” – Marek Kamiński solo expedition to the South Pole from Berkner Island (1,400 km in 53 days);
1995-1996 - Bernard Voyer and Thierry Pétry unassisted expedition to the South Pole by ski
1996 — Lake Vostok discovered
1996/97 — “Solo TransAntarctica” – Marek Kamiński attempted solo crossing of Antarctica (1,450 km);

21st century

2004 — Scot100 First ever Scottish Expedition to South Pole ^[6] began in October 2004 - a century after a historic expedition led by William Speirs Bruce, Edinburgh's "unknown" explorer, who Craig Mathieson views as "truly the greatest polar explorer of all time".
2004 — Together to the Pole - a Polish four-man expedition led by Marek Kamiński, with Jan Mela (a teenage double amputee, who in the same year reached also the North Pole)
2004–2005 — Chilean South Pole Expedition.
2004–2005 — Tangra 2004/05 created Camp Academia.
2005 — Ice Challenger Expedition travelled to the South Pole in a six-wheeled vehicle.^[7]
2005–2006 — Spanish Trans-Antarctic Expedition, led by Ramon Larramendi, reached the Southern Pole of Inaccessibility using kite-sleds.^[8]
2006 Hannah McKeand sets coast-to-pole solo/unsupported record of 39 days, 9 hours and 33 minutes^[9]
2007- Pat Falvey leads an Irish team to reach the South Pole, skiing 1140 km only weeks after completing an unsupported Ski traverse of the Greenland Ice Cap in August 2007 in honour of Irish Polar Explorers such as Shakelton and Tom Crean. Clare O'Leary becomes the first Irish female to reach the South Pole.
2007–2008 — Norwegian-U.S. Scientific Traverse of East Antarctica.^[10]
2007–2008 — British Army Antarctic Expedition 2007–2008 ^[11]
2008 — Todd Carmichael sets coast-to-pole solo/unsupported record of 39 days, 7 hours and 49 minutes^[12]
2008 — First Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
2008–2009 — Impossible 2 Possible (i2P) unsupported South Pole quest by Ray Zahab, Kevin Vallely and Richard Weber.^[13]
2009 — Azerbaijan Scientific Expedition
2009 — Kaspersky Commonwealth Antarctic Expedition, largest and most international group of women to ski to South Pole.
2009 — Second Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
2009−2010 — Unsupported/Unassisted Antarctica Ski Traverse from Berkner Island to South Pole to Ross Sea by Cecilie Skog and Ryan Waters.
2010 — Moon Regan Transantarctic Crossing, first wheeled transantarctic crossing and first bio-fuelled vehicle to travel to the South Pole.^[14]
2010 — Third Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
2011 — Fourth Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
2011−2012 — From Novolazarevskaya to Pole of Inaccessibility to South Pole to Hercules inlet by Sebastian Copeland and Eric McNair Landry by kites and skis.^[15]
2011−2012 — British Services Antarctic Expedition 2012^[16]
2012 — Felicity Aston becomes the first person to ski alone across Antarctica using only personal muscle power, as well as the first woman to cross Antarctica alone.^[17]^[18] Her journey began on 25 November 2011, at the Leverett Glacier, and continued for 59 days and a distance of 1,084 miles (1,744 kilometers).^[19]
2012 — Fifth Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
2012-2013 - Aaron Linsdau becomes the second only American to ski solo from the Hercules Inlet to the South Pole. His original plan was to make a round trip but through a series of problems, like all other expeditions this year, was unable to make the return journey.^[20]
2012 — Eric Larsen attempts a bicycle ride from coast to South Pole. Completes a quarter of the distance.
2012−2013 — Shackleton's centenary re-enactment expedition of the journey of the James Caird aboard the replica Alexandra Shackleton. Six British and Australian Explorers completed the "double journey" on 10 February 2013 after the 800-mile journey from Elephant Island to South Georgia and the mountain crossing.^[21]
2013 — Sixth Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
2013 — Ben Saunders and Tarka L'Herpiniere attempts to complete in October 2013, the Terra Nova Expedition first taken by Robert Falcon Scott in January 1912.^[22]
2013 — Parker Liautaud and Douglas Stoup attempt in December 2013 the Willis Resilience Expedition ^[23] to set a "coast to Pole" speed record ^[24] by reaching the geographical South Pole on skis in the fastest miles per hour ever recorded from an interior of continent start while being followed by a support vehicle.
2013 — Antony Jinman will walk to the South Pole solo for the 2013 ETE Teachers South Pole Mission, during which he will be in daily contact with schoolchildren from across the United Kingdom and will make films using the world's first drone flights at the South Pole.
2013 — Maria Leijerstam completes the first tricycle ride from coast to South Pole.
2013-14 - Lewis Clarke (aged 16) guided by Carl Alvey (aged 30) became the youngest person to trek from the Antarctic coast at Hercules Inlet to the South Pole. His expedition was in support of the Prince's Trust and his achievement is recognised by Guinness World Records.
2013−14 — Daniel P. Burton completes the first bicycle ride from coast to the South Pole.
2013−14 — Chris Turney led an expedition, entitled "Spirit of Mawson", aimed at highlighting the decline in sea ice due to climate change. The expedition was abandoned when its Russian ship became stuck in unusually large amounts of sea ice.
2013 — In December 2013 the Expeditions 7 Team led by Scott Brady made a successful east-to-west crossing in four-wheel drive vehicles from Novolazarevskaya to the Ross Ice Shelf via the Scott-Amundsen South Pole Station. Expeditions 7’s logistic plan included providing assistance to the Walking With The Wounded expedition, which was required at latitude 88°S. From the Ross Ice Shelf the Expeditions 7 team returned to Novolazarevskaya via the same route.
2015-16 - Henry Worsley died while attempting to complete the first solo and unaided crossing of the Antarctic.^[25]

Agreements

1959 — Antarctic Treaty System
1964 — Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora
1978 — Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals
1982 — Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
1988 — Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities
1998 — Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

Notes

↑ O'Connor, Tom Polynesians in the Southern Ocean: Occupation of the Auckland Islands in Prehistory in New Zealand Geographic 69 (September–October 2004): 6–8)
↑ Anderson, Atholl J., & Gerard R. O'Regan To the Final Shore: Prehistoric Colonisation of the Subantarctic Islands in South Polynesia in Australian Archaeologist: Collected Papers in Honour of Jim Allen Canberra: Australian National University, 2000. 440–454.
↑ Anderson, Atholl J., & Gerard R. O'Regan The Polynesian Archaeology of the Subantarctic Islands: An Initial Report on Enderby Island Southern Margins Project Report. Dunedin: Ngai Tahu Development Report, 1999
↑ Anderson, Atholl J. Subpolar Settlement in South Polynesia Antiquity 79.306 (2005): 791–800
↑ David McGonigalm Antarctica: Secrets of the Southern Continent Frances Lincoln Ltd., 2009 ISBN 0-7112-2980-5 page 288-289
↑ http://v1.explorapoles.org/UK/Whos/PT_M-N/Mathieson_Craig.htm
↑ IceChallenger.co.uk, 2005. Retrieved on 2008-10-14
↑ Tierraspolared.es, Transantarctica 2005–06 at Tierras Polares Archived 7 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
↑ Aislinn Simpson (29 December 2006), "Woman treks alone to South Pole in 39 days", The Guardian, retrieved 2013-03-12
↑ Traverse.npolar.no
↑ Conor J. Ryan Joys and Hardships of Antarctic Fieldwork, retrieved 2011 Aug 24
↑ Martin, Peter (Dec 2011), "Todd Carmichael, American", Esquire: 202, retrieved 2013-03-13
↑ Southpolequest.com
↑ Moon Regan transantarctic crossing
↑ http://www.explorersweb.com/polar/news.php?id=20632
↑ BSAE 2012 - Spirit of Scott
↑ "Long Day's Journey into White | Adventure". Reader's Digest Asia. Retrieved 2012-01-28.
↑ Michael Warren. "First woman to cross Antarctica solo sets two records". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2012-01-28.
↑ "British adventurer Felicity Aston caps first ski crossing of Antarctica by woman". ESPN. 2012-01-23. Retrieved 2012-01-28.
↑ Antarctic Tears, Sastrugi Press, 2014
↑ Shackleton Epic
↑ "The Scott Expedition".
↑ "Willis Resilience Expedition".
↑ Explorersweb (2011-01-13). "Breaking news: Christian Eide bags the South Pole solo speed ski world record". explorersweb.com. Retrieved 2011-01-13.
↑ http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35398552

References

Savatyugin, L. M.; Preobrazhenskaya, M. A. (1999). Российские исследования в Антарктике [Russian Exploration of Antarctica] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Gidrometeoizdat, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI), Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of Russian Federation (Roshydromet). ISBN 5-286-01265-5.
"Soviet Antarctic Expedition". Information Bulletin. Amsterdam: Elsevier Pub. Co. 1958–1974. ISSN 0038-5271.

External links

Fram.museum.no, map of Antarctic Expeditions 1772 – 1931 at The Fram Museum (Frammuseet)
SPRI.cam.ac.uk, index to Antarctic Expeditions at the Scott Polar Research Institute's website
Antarctic Expeditions, information about some of them from the British Antarctic Survey
Antarctic-circle.org, Chronologies and Timelines of Antarctic Exploration
Antarctic Exploration Timeline, animated map of Antarctic exploration and settlement
Listen to Ernest Shackleton describing his 1908 South Pole Expedition, and read more about the recording on [australianscreen online].
The recording describing Shackleton's 1908 South Pole Expedition was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia Registry in 2007
Before she’s lost to decay on the West Coast, former Antarctica researchers in Maine want to save their storied 'Hero'. Portland Magazine. 8 November 2012

Antarctica

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Polar exploration

Arctic

Ocean History Expeditions

Farthest North North Pole	Barentsz Hudson Marmaduke Carolus Parry North Magnetic Pole J. Ross J. C. Ross Kane Hayes Polaris Polaris C. F. Hall British Arctic Expedition HMS Alert Nares HMS Discovery Stephenson Markham Lady Franklin Bay Expedition Greely Lockwood Brainard 1st Fram expedition Fram Nansen Johansen Sverdrup Jason Amedeo F. Cook Peary Sedov Byrd Airship Norge Amundsen Nobile Wisting Riiser-Larsen Ellsworth Airship Italia Nautilus Wilkins ANT-25 Chkalov Baydukov Belyakov "North Pole" manned drifting ice stations NP-1 Papanin Shirshov E. Fyodorov Krenkel NP-36 NP-37 Sedov Badygin Wiese USS Nautilus USS Skate Plaisted Herbert NS Arktika Barneo Arktika 2007 Mir submersibles Sagalevich Chilingarov

Iceland Greenland	Pytheas Brendan Papar Vikings Naddodd Svavarsson Arnarson Norse colonization of the Americas Ulfsson Galti Erik the Red Christian IV's expeditions J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Richardson Danish colonization Egede Scoresby Jason Nansen Sverdrup Peary Rasmussen

Northwest Passage Northern Canada	Cabot G. Corte-Real M. Corte-Real Frobisher Gilbert Davis Hudson Discovery Bylot Baffin Munk I. Fyodorov Gvozdev HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Discovery Clerke Mackenzie Kotzebue J. Ross HMS Griper Parry HMS Hecla Lyon HMS Fury Hoppner Crozier J. C. Ross Coppermine Expedition Franklin Back Dease Simpson HMS Blossom Beechey Franklin's lost expedition HMS Erebus HMS Terror Collinson Rae–Richardson Expedition Rae J. Richardson Austin McClure Expedition HMS Investigator McClure HMS Resolute Kellett Belcher Kennedy Bellot Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell Expedition USS Advance Kane Fox McClintock HMS Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa Amundsen Rasmussen Karluk Stefansson Bartlett St. Roch H. Larsen Cowper

North East Passage Russian Arctic	Pomors Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor Barentsz Mangazeya Hudson Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin Dezhnev Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition Bering Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh. Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov Billings Sannikov Gedenschtrom Wrangel Matyushkin Anjou Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro-Hungarian Expedition Weyprecht Payer Vega Expedition A. E. Nordenskiöld Palander USS Jeannette De Long Yermak Makarov Zarya Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen Kolchak Sedov Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov Expedition Sv. Anna Brusilov Albanov Konrad Wiese Nagórski Taymyr / Vaygach Vilkitsky Maud Amundsen AARI Samoylovich Begichev Urvantsev Sadko Ushakov Glavsevmorput Schmidt Aviaarktika Shevelev Sibiryakov Voronin Chelyuskin Krassin Gakkel Nuclear-powered icebreakers NS Lenin Arktika class

Antarctic

Continent History Expeditions

Southern Ocean	Roché Bouvet Kerguelen HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Smith San Telmo Vostok Bellingshausen Mirny Lazarev Bransfield Palmer Davis Weddell Morrell Astrolabe Dumont d'Urville United States Exploring Expedition USS Vincennes Wilkes USS Porpoise Ringgold Ross expedition HMS Erebus (J. C. Ross) HMS Terror (Crozier) Cooper Challenger expedition HMS Challenger Nares Murray Jason C. A. Larsen

"Heroic Age"	Belgian Antarctic Expedition Belgica de Gerlache Lecointe Amundsen Cook Arctowski Racoviță Dobrowolski Southern Cross Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Discovery Discovery Hut Gauss Gauss Drygalski Swedish Antarctic Expedition Antarctic O. Nordenskjöld C. A. Larsen Scottish Antarctic Expedition Bruce Scotia Orcadas Base Nimrod Expedition Nimrod French Antarctic Expeditions Pourquoi-Pas Charcot Japanese Antarctic Expedition Shirase Amundsen's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Framheim Polheim Terra Nova Terra Nova Scott Wilson E. R. Evans Crean Lashly Filchner Australasian Antarctic Expedition SY Aurora Mawson Far Eastern Party Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition Endurance Ernest Shackleton Wild *James Caird* Ross Sea party Mackintosh Shackleton–Rowett Expedition Quest

IPY · IGY Modern research	Christensen Byrd BANZARE BGLE Rymill New Swabia Ritscher Operation Tabarin Marr Operation Highjump Captain Arturo Prat Base British Antarctic Survey Operation Windmill Ketchum Ronne Expedition F. Ronne E. Ronne Schlossbach Operation Deep Freeze McMurdo Station Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition Hillary V. Fuchs Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 1st Somov Klenova Mirny 2nd Tryoshnikov 3rd Tolstikov Antarctic Treaty System Transglobe Expedition Fiennes Burton Lake Vostok Kapitsa

Farthest South South Pole	HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Weddell HMS Erebus J. C. Ross HMS Terror Crozier Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Barne Nimrod Shackleton Wild Marshall Adams South Magnetic Pole Mawson David Mackay Amundsen's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Bjaaland Helmer Hassel Wisting Polheim Terra Nova Scott E. Evans Oates Wilson Bowers Byrd Balchen McKinley Dufek Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station Hillary V. Fuchs Pole of Cold Vostok Station Pole of inaccessibility Pole of Inaccessibility Station Tolstikov Crary A. Fuchs Messner

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