Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa

Qing invasion of Vietnam

Fuk'anggan and Sun Shiyi defeated the Vietnamese at Thọ Xương's river in 1788

Date	1788 – 1789
Location	Vietnam
Result	Qing Dynasty defeat; Qing forces retreated from Vietnam; the Lê dynasty was superseded by the Tây Sơn dynasty, independent Vietnam was reserved

Belligerents

Qing Empire
Lê dynasty

Tây Sơn dynasty

Commanders and leaders

Sun Shiyi

Xu Shiheng †

Shang Weisheng †

Zhang Chaolong †

Li Hualong †

Wu Dajing

Cen Yidong †
Lê Chiêu Thống
Hoàng Phùng Nghĩa

Nguyễn Huệ

Phan Văn Lân

Ngô Văn Sở

Nguyễn Tăng Long

Đặng Xuân Bảo

Nguyễn Văn Lộc

Nguyễn Văn Tuyết

Đặng Tiến Đông

Phan Khải Đức

Nguyễn Văn Diễm

Nguyễn Văn Hòa

Strength

20,000 Lê dynasty supporters
Qing records mentioned 15,000 Qing troops (including porters)
The Chronicle of Greater Vietnam mentioned 200,000 - 290,000 Qing troops.

100,000 (50,000 regulars, 20,000 newly recruited militia)

Casualties and losses

At least 30,000 were killed
3,400 were captured

8,000+

Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa (Vietnamese: Trận Ngọc Hồi - Đống Đa; Chinese: 清軍入越戰爭) was fought between the Tây Sơn dynasty of Vietnam and the Qing dynasty of China in Ngọc Hồi and Đống Đa in northern Vietnam from 1788 to 1789. It is considered one of the greatest victories in Vietnamese military history.^[1]

Background

For most of the history, Vietnamese kings sometimes recognized the Chinese Emperor as their feudal lord, while ruling independently in their own land. This had been the case throughout the reign of the Later Lê dynasty.

However, the Tây Sơn uprising broke out in 1771, and the Lê dynasty was overthrown by the Tây Sơn army in 1787. The last emperor, Lê Chiêu Thống, fled to China and appealed to the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing Empire for help. In 1788, a large Qing army was sent to Vietnam, in order to restore Lê Chiêu Thống to the throne.

Battle

Sun Shiyi, the Qing Viceroy of Liangguang, was appointed as commander in chief. According to Draft History of Qing, the total number of Qing troops was about 200,000-290,000 (Qing records mentioned 15,000 troops, including soldiers and porters) which were recruited from Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces.

In October, the Qing armies began their invasion. On November 19, Thăng Long (modern Hanoi) was captured by Qing forces. The Vietnamese retreated to Tam Điệp mountains; from there they sent a messenger to Phú Xuân (modern Huế), appealing to Nguyễn Huệ for help.

Nguyễn Huệ was proclaimed the Quang Trung Emperor, and recruited 100,000 volunteers in Nghệ An Province. Then he gathered his forces in the countryside around Thăng Long which had been taken by the Qing forces. He launched a surprise attack against the Qing forces while they were celebrating the Chinese New Year festival of the year 1789. Most of Chinese soldiers were unprepared, so were disastrously defeated by the Tây Sơn army in Ngọc Hồi and Đống Đa (part of modern Hanoi). Qing generals Xu Shiheng, Shang Weisheng, Zhang Chaolong and Cen Yidong were killed in action. Xu Shiheng was a Hui Muslim. Nguyễn Huệ recaptured Thăng Long, and Sun Shiyi and Lê Chiêu Tông fled back to China. Many Qing soldiers and porters drowned while crossing the Red River.

Aftermath

Although the Tây Sơn under Nguyễn Huệ won this battle, he eventually submitted himself as vassal of the Qing Empire and agreed to pay tribute annually. Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa was considered one of the greatest military victories by Vietnamese people, but was also considered one of "Ten Great Campaigns" during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor by the Chinese.

The pro Chinese Nguyễn lords eventually defeated the Tây Sơn dynasty and took complete control of Vietnam when they established the Nguyễn dynasty.

Due to a Tay Son massacre against ethnic Chinese, the Nguyen were supported by ethnic Chinese against the Tay Son.^[2] The Tay Son's downfall and defeat at the hands of Nguyễn Phúc Ánh was due to ethnic Chinese support to the Nguyen.^[3]

References

↑ Spencer TuckerVietnam Page 20 1999 "Quang Trung promised to treat humanely all Chinese who surrendered and many did so.53 The Vietnamese know this series of victories as the Victory of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa, the Emperor Quang Trung's Victory over the Manchu, or the Victory of Spring 1789. It is still celebrated as the greatest military achievement in modern Vietnamese ..."
↑ Choi Byung Wook (2004). Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820-1841): Central Policies and Local Response. SEAP Publications. pp. 35–37. ISBN 978-0-87727-138-3.
↑ Choi Byung Wook (2004). Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820-1841): Central Policies and Local Response. SEAP Publications. pp. 74–. ISBN 978-0-87727-138-3.

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Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa

Background

Battle

Aftermath

See also

References