Second Manchu invasion of Korea

Second Manchu invasion of Korea
Part of Korean–Jurchen conflicts, Qing conquest of the Ming
DateDecember 9, 1636 – January 30, 1637
LocationNorthern Korean Peninsula
Result Qing victory
Belligerents
Joseon Qing dynasty Qing
Commanders and leaders
Im Gyeong-eop
Shin Gyeong-won
Hong Myeong-gu †
Kim Jun-yong
Min Yeong †		 Huang Taiji
Dorgon
Tatara Inggūldai
Strength
80,000~90,000 140,000
Casualties and losses
Unknown Unknown
Second Manchu invasion of Korea
Hangul 병자호란
Hanja 丙子胡亂
Revised Romanization Byeongja horan
McCune–Reischauer Pyŏngcha horan

The second Manchu invasion of Korea occurred in 1636, when the Manchu Qing Empire defeated Korea's Joseon dynasty, forcing it to recognize the Qing Empire as the rightful dynasty of China, instead of the previous Ming Dynasty. It followed the first Manchu invasion of Korea of 1627.

Background

After the first invasion of 1627, the Joseon Dynasty continued to defy the Manchurians. Trade was in bad condition and Korea did not return fugitives from Later Jin. In addition, Korea took a defiant attitude when Hong Taiji declared the new dynasty of Qing. The Manchu delegates Inggūldai and Mafuta got a cold reception in Hanseong (Seoul) where Korean soldiers stood in the shadow. The delegates were shocked and fled back to Qing.

The Korean court was dominated by the pro-war party. However, they did not enhance military power. In addition, a warlike message to Pyongan-do was carelessly allowed to be seized by Inggūldai.

War

In the winter, Hong Taiji himself led Manchu, Mongol, and Chinese Banners and Mongol army of 120,000 to Korea. Instead of battling the forces of Im Gyeong Eop at the Baegma fortress in Uiju, Dodo, leading the vanguard, instead rushed straight to Hanseong to prevent King Injo from evacuating to Ganghwa Island as Korean kings traditionally did.

Failing to escape to the island, the king took refuge at the Namhan Mountain Fortress, which was immediately besieged by the Manchu army. The Korean army in the fortress suffered from scarcity of food and ammunition. While Korean officials had unrealistic debates, Dorgon occupied Ganghwa Island in a day and captured the second son and consorts of King Injo.

As the siege continued, the scarcity of food worsened. Also, the strategic situation worsened, as several attempts by Korean forces from other regions to break the siege were foiled and sorties from the fortress yielded no success. Ming China attempted to send a minuscule force in support of Joseon in what was merely a token effort, but the force was wiped out in the sea during a storm. This desperate situation forced Injo to make his submission. King Injo yielded up three pro-war officers to Qing, as well as agreeing to the terms of peace:[1][2]

  1. Korea submits to the Qing Dynasty.
  2. Korea has to break her traditional relationship with Ming.
  3. Korea offers the first and second sons of King Injo, and sons or brothers of ministers as hostages.
  4. Korea pays tribute to Qing as she has done to Ming.
  5. Korea will serve for Qing in the war against Ming.
  6. Korea offers warships to return of Manchu soldiers.
  7. The ministers of both Korea and Manchu became become related in marriages.
  8. Korea is not allowed to build castles.
  9. Korea pays tribute amount of quantity after 1639.

Huang Taiji set up a platform in Samjeondo[3]—the upper reach of the Han River. At the top of the platform he accepted King Injo's submission. King Injo kowtowed to Huang Taiji,[4] who allegedly forced Injo to repeat the humiliating ritual many times.

Aftermath

Joseon General Im Gyeong Eop, who was in charge of defending the Baegma fortress in Qing-Joseon border, made his way down to Hanseong with his army and ambushed one of the Qing army Divisions making its return home, beheading its general (要槌, nephew of Hong Taiji) in the process. As he was not aware of the surrender at the time, he was let go without any punishment by Hong Taiji who was also greatly impressed by Im's courageous efforts on behalf of his kingdom. Im had actually requested military support from Hanseong in the beginning of the war (which never came) and had planned to invade Mukden himself.

Northern and middle regions of Korea were devastated by war. Although the Manchurian army was strict in discipline, the Mongolian soldiers plundered cities.

Many Korean women were kidnapped and raped at the hand of the Qing forces, and as a result were unwelcomed by their families even if they were released by the Qing after being ransomed.[5]

In accordance with the terms of surrender, Korea sent troops to attack Pi Island at the mouth of the Yalu River.

Huang Taiji ordered Korea to put up a monument in honor of the so-called excellent virtues of the Manchu Emperor. In 1639 the monument was erected at Samjeondo, where the ceremony of submission had been conducted.

After the Second Manchu invasion of Korea, Joseon Korea was forced to give several of their royal princesses as concubines to the Qing Manchu regent Prince Dorgon.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] In 1650 Dorgon married the Korean Princess I-shun (義/願).[14] The Princess' name in Korean was Uisun and she was Prince Yi Kaeyoon's (Kumrimgoon) daughter.[15] Dorgon married two Korean princesses at Lianshan.[16]

Koreans continued to harbor a defiant attitude, although in private, to the Qing Dynasty while they officially yielded obedience as they considered Manchurians uncivilized barbarians. Korean scholars secretly used Ming era names even after that dynasty's collapse. Many thought that Korea should be the legitimate successor of Ming civilization instead of "barbaric" Qing. Koreans also rebuilt their castles around Seoul and northern region.

King Hyojong, who lived as a hostage for seven years in Mukden and who succeeded Injo, planned an expedition to Qing called Bukbeol (북벌, 北伐, Northern expedition) during his ten years on the Korean throne, though the plan died with his death on the eve of the expedition.

Beginning in 1639 and until 1894, the Korean court trained a corps of professional Korean-Manchu translators. These replaced earlier interpreters of Jurchen, who had been trained using the Jurchen script. The official designation was changed from "Jurchen" to "Manchu" in 1667. The first textbooks for this purpose were drawn up by Shin Gye-am, who had also been an interpreter of Jurchen and transliterated old Jurchen textbooks for the purpose.

Until 1894, Korea remained a tributary state of Qing China, even though the influence of Manchus decreased from the late 18th century as the Joseon Dynasty began to prosper once again. Japan forced Qing China after the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) to acknowledge the end of the traditional relationship with Korea, in an attempt to implement their plan to exploit and eventually invade Korea in the early 20th century.

In literature

See also

References

  1. ↑ Korean language http://sillok.history.go.kr/inspection/insp_king.jsp?id=kpa_11501028_004&tabid=k&mTree=0&inResult=0&indextype=1
  2. ↑ Chinese language http://sillok.history.go.kr/inspection/insp_king.jsp?id=wpa_11501028_004&tabid=w&mTree=0&inResult=0&indextype=1
  3. ↑ Hong-s?k O (2009). Traditional Korean Villages. Ewha Womans University Press. pp. 109–. ISBN 978-89-7300-784-4.
  4. ↑ Jae-eun Kang (2006). The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism. Homa & Sekey Books. pp. 328–. ISBN 978-1-931907-30-9.
  5. ↑ Pae-yong Yi (2008). Women in Korean History 한국 역사 속의 여성들. Ewha Womans University Press. pp. 114–. ISBN 978-89-7300-772-1.
  6. ↑ Thackeray, Frank W.; editors, John E. Findling, (2012). Events that formed the modern world : from the European Renaissance through the War on Terror. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 200. ISBN 1598849018.
  7. ↑ Hummel, edited by Arthur W. (1991). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing period : (1644 - 1912) (Repr. ed.). Taipei: SMC Publ. p. 217. ISBN 9789576380662.
  8. ↑ Hummel, edited by Arthur W. (1991). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing period : (1644 - 1912) (Repr. ed.). Taipei: SMC Publ. p. 217. ISBN 9789576380662.
  9. ↑ Library of Congress. Orientalia Division (1943). Hummel, Arthur William, ed. 清代名人傳略: 1644-1912 (reprint ed.). 經文書局. p. 217.
  10. ↑ Jr, Frederic Wakeman, (1985). The great enterprise : the Manchu reconstruction of imperial order in seventeenth-century China (Book on demand. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 892. ISBN 9780520048041.
  11. ↑ Dawson, Raymond Stanley (1972). Imperial China (illustrated ed.). Hutchinson. p. 275.
  12. ↑ Dawson, Raymond Stanley (1976). Imperial China (illustrated ed.). Penguin. p. 306.
  13. ↑ DORGON
  14. ↑ 梨大史學會 (Korea) (1968). 梨大史苑, Volume 7. 梨大史學會. p. 105.
  15. ↑ The annals of the Joseon princesses.
  16. ↑ Kwan, Ling Li. Transl. by David (1995). Son of Heaven (1. ed.). Beijing: Chinese Literature Press. p. 217. ISBN 9787507102888.
  17. ↑ Koh Young-aah "Musicals hope for seasonal bounce" Korea Herald. 30 March 2010. Retrieved 2012-03-30
  18. ↑ "2 Super Junior members cast for musical" Asiae. 15 September 2009. Retrieved 2012-04-17
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