Frederick IX of Denmark

Frederik IX
King of Denmark (more...)
Reign	20 April 1947 – 14 January 1972
Predecessor	Christian X
Successor	Margrethe II
Prime Ministers	Denmark Hans Hedtoft Erik Eriksen Hans Christian Hansen Viggo Kampmann Jens Otto Krag Hilmar Baunsgaard Faroe Islands Andrass Samuelsen Kristian Djurhuus Peter Mohr Dam Hákun Djurhuus Atli Dam
Born	11 March 1899 Sorgenfri Palace
Died	14 January 1972 (aged 72) Amalienborg Palace[1]
Burial	Roskilde Cathedral
Spouse	Ingrid of Sweden (m. 1935)
Issue	Margrethe II Princess Benedikte Anne-Marie, Queen of Greece
House	Glücksburg
Father	Christian X of Denmark
Mother	Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Religion	Lutheranism

Frederik IX Monument in Copenhagen

Frederick IX (Christian Frederik Franz Michael Carl Valdemar Georg; 11 March 1899 – 14 January 1972) was King of Denmark from 1947 to 1972.

Born into the House of Glücksburg, Frederick was the eldest son of King Christian X and Queen Alexandrine of Denmark. He became Crown Prince when his father succeeded as king in 1912. As a young man, he was educated at the Royal Danish Naval Academy. In 1935, he was married to Princess Ingrid of Sweden and they had three daughters, Margrethe, Benedikte and Anne-Marie. During Nazi Germany's occupation of Denmark, Frederick acted as regent on behalf of his father from 1942 until 1943.

Frederick became king on his father's death in early 1947. During Frederick IX's reign, Danish society shook off the restrictions of an agrarian society, developed a welfare state and, as a consequence of the booming economy of the 1960s, women entered the labour market. Denmark modernized, bringing new demands on the monarchy and Frederick's role as a constitutional monarch. Frederick IX died in 1972, and was succeeded by his elder daughter, Margrethe.

Birth and family

Four generations — four kings: King Christian IX, Crown Prince Frederick (VIII), Prince Christian (X) and the little Prince Frederick (IX) in 1903.

Prince Frederick was born on 11 March 1899 at Sorgenfri Palace in Kongens Lyngby on Zealand during the reign of his great-grandfather King Christian IX. His father was Prince Christian of Denmark (later King Christian X), the eldest son of Crown Prince Frederick and Princess Louise of Sweden (later King Frederick VIII and Queen Louise). His mother was Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, a daughter of Frederick Francis III, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna of Russia.

He was baptised at Sorgenfri Palace on 9 April 1899. The young prince had 21 godparents, among them his great-grandfather Christian IX of Denmark, Nicholas II of Russia, George I of Greece, Oscar II of Sweden and Norway, his grandfather Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark, the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII of the United Kingdom) and his uncle Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.^[2]

Frederick's only sibling, Knud, was born one year after Frederick. The family lived in apartments in Christian VIII's Palace at Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen, in Sorgenfri Palace near the capital and in a summer residence, Marselisborg Palace in Aarhus in Jutland, which Frederick's parents had received as a wedding present from the people of Denmark in 1898. In 1914, the King also built the villa Klitgården in Skagen in Northern Jutland.

Early life

Crown Prince Frederick in 1914.

Christian IX died on 29 January 1906, and Frederick's grandfather Crown Prince Frederick succeeded him as King Frederick VIII. Frederick's father became crown prince, and Frederick moved up to second in line to the throne.

Just six years later, on 14 May 1912, King Frederick VIII died, and Frederick's father ascended the throne as King Christian X. Frederick himself now became crown prince. On 1 December 1918, as the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union recognized Iceland as a fully sovereign state in personal union with Denmark through a common monarch, Frederick also became crown prince of Iceland (where his name was officially spelled Friðrik). However, as a national referendum established the Republic of Iceland on 17 June 1944, he never succeeded as king of Iceland.

Frederick was educated at the Royal Danish Naval Academy (breaking with Danish royal tradition by choosing a naval instead of an army career) and the University of Copenhagen. Before he became king, he had acquired the rank of Rear Admiral and he had had several senior commands on active service. He acquired several tattoos during his naval service.

In addition, with his great love of music, the king was an able piano player and conductor.

Marriage and issue

The newly engaged Princess Ingrid of Sweden and Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark in 1935.

In 1922, Frederick was engaged to Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark, his second cousin. They never wed.

Instead, on 15 March 1935, a few days after his 36th birthday, he was engaged to Princess Ingrid of Sweden (1910–2000), a daughter of Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf (later King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden) and his first wife, Princess Margaret of Connaught. They were related in several ways. In descent from Oscar I of Sweden and Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden, they were double third cousins. In descent from Paul I of Russia, Frederick was a fourth cousin of Ingrid's mother. They married in Stockholm Cathedral on 24 May 1935. Their wedding was one of the greatest media events of the day in Sweden in 1935, and among the wedding guests were the King and Queen of Denmark, the King and Queen of Belgium and the Crown Prince and Crown Princess of Norway.

Upon their return to Denmark, the couple were given Frederick VIII's Palace at Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen as their primary residence and Gråsten Palace in Northern Schleswig as a summer residence.

Their daughters are:

• Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, born 16 April 1940, married to Henri de Laborde de Monpezat and has two sons
• Princess Benedikte of Denmark, born 29 April 1944, married to Prince Richard of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg and has three children
• Queen Anne-Marie of Greece, born 30 August 1946, married to King Constantine II of Greece and has five children

Reign

King Frederick IX and Queen Ingrid, circa 1950's.

From 1942 until 1943, Frederick acted as regent on behalf of his father who was temporarily incapacitated after a fall from his horse in October 1942.

On 20 April 1947, Christian X died, and Frederick succeeded to the throne. He was proclaimed king from the balcony of Christiansborg Palace by Prime Minister Knud Kristensen.

Frederick IX's reign saw great change. During these years, Danish society shook off the restrictions of an agricultural society, developed a welfare state, and, as a consequence of the booming economy of the 1960s, women entered the labour market. In other words, Denmark became a modern country, which meant new demands on the monarchy.

In 1948, one year into the king's reign, the Faroe Islands obtained home rule and became a self-governing country within the Danish Realm.^[3]

Changes to the Act of Succession

As King Frederick IX and Queen Ingrid had no sons, it was expected that the king's younger brother, Prince Knud, would inherit the throne, in accordance with Denmark's succession law (Royal Ordinance of 1853).

However, in 1953, an Act of Succession was passed, changing the method of succession to cognatic primogeniture. This meant that his daughters could succeed him if he had no sons. As a consequence, his eldest daughter, Margrethe, became heir presumptive. By order of 27 March 1953 the succession to the throne was limited to the issue of King Christian X.

Death and funeral

Mausoleum of Frederik IX of Denmark, next to Roskilde Cathedral.

Shortly after the King had delivered his New Year's Address to the Nation at the 1971/72 turn of the year, he became ill with flu-like symptoms. After a few days rest, he suffered cardiac arrest and was rushed to the municipal hospital on 3 January. After a brief period of apparent improvement, the King's condition took a negative turn on 11 January, and he died 3 days later, on 14 January, at 7:50 pm surrounded by his immediate family and closest friends, having been unconscious since the previous day.^[4][5]

Following his death, the King's coffin was transported to his home at Amalienborg Palace, where it stood until 18 January, when it was moved to the chapel at Christiansborg Palace.^[6] There the King was placed on castrum doloris, a ceremony largely unchanged since introduced at the burial of Frederick III in 1670, and the last remaining Royal ceremony where the Danish Crown Regalia is used. The King then lay in state for six days until his funeral, during which period the public could pay their last respects.^[7]

The funeral took place on 24 January 1972, and was split in two parts. First a brief ceremony was held in the chapel where the king had lain in state, where the Bishop of Copenhagen, Willy Westergaard Madsen said a brief prayer, followed by a hymn, before the coffin was carried out of the chapel by members of the Royal Life Guards and placed on a gun carriage for the journey through Copenhagen to Copenhagen Central Station. The gun carriage was pulled by 48 seamen and was escorted by honor guards from the Danish Army, Air Force, and Navy, as well as honor guards from France, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States.

At the Copenhagen Central Station, the coffin was placed in a special railway carriage for the rail journey to Roskilde. The funeral train was pulled by two DSB class E) steam engines. Once in Roskilde, the coffin was pulled through the city by a group of seamen to Roskilde Cathedral where the final ceremony took place. Previous rulers had been interred in the cathedral, but it was the King's wish to be buried outside.^[8]

Succession

He was succeeded by his eldest daughter, Queen Margrethe II.^[9] Queen Ingrid survived her husband by 28 years. She died on 7 November 2000. Her remains were interred alongside him at the burial site outside Roskilde Cathedral.

Legacy

On 20 April 1982, a statue of King Frederick IX dressed in the uniform of an admiral was unveiled by the Copenhagen harbour on the 35th anniversary of his accession to the throne in 1947 and in the tenth year after his death.^[10]

The Crown Prince Frederick Bridge which spans the Roskilde Fjord between the town of Frederikssund and the peninsula of Hornsherred, as well as the Frederick IX Bridge which spans the Guldborgsund strait between the islands of Falster and Lolland, are both named after Frederick IX.

The Crown Prince Frederick Range in Greenland was named after him when it was first mapped by Sir Martin Lindsay in 1934 during the British Trans-Greenland Expedition.^[11]

Titles, styles and honours

Royal monogram

Titles and styles

• 11 March 1899 – 14 May 1912: His Royal Highness Prince Frederick of Denmark
• 14 May 1912 – 1 December 1918: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Denmark
• 1 December 1918 – 17 June 1944: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Denmark and Iceland^[12]
• 17 June 1944 – 20 April 1947: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Denmark
• 20 April 1947 – 14 January 1972: His Majesty The King of Denmark

Foreign honours

•  Austria: Grand Cross of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria^[13]
•  Belgium: Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold^[14][15]
•  Ethiopia: Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Seal of Solomon^[16][17]
•  France: Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honour^{[18][19][20][21]}
• Greek Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer^[22]
• Greek Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of George I^[23]
•  Iceland: Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon^[24]
•  Iran: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Pahlavi^[25]
•  Iran: Medal of the 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire^[25]
• Italian Royal Family: Knight of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation
• Italian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
• Italian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy
•  Italy: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
•  Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion^[26]
•  Norway: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav^[27]
•  Sweden: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Seraphim^[28]
•  United Kingdom: 912th Extra Knight of the Order of the Garter (KG)^[29]
•  United Kingdom: Recipient of the Royal Victorian Chain
•  United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO)^[30]
•  United Kingdom: Bailiff Grand Cross of the Venerable Order of Saint John
•  Thailand : Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of Chula Chom Klao

Ancestors

Ancestors of Frederick IX of Denmark

16. Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg               8. Christian IX of Denmark                       17. Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Cassel               4. Frederick VIII of Denmark                             18. Landgrave William of Hesse-Kassel               9. Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel                       19. Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark               2. Christian X of Denmark                                   20. Oscar I of Sweden               10. Charles XV of Sweden                       21. Princess Josephine of Leuchtenberg               5. Princess Louise of Sweden                             22. Prince Frederick of the Netherlands               11. Princess Louise of the Netherlands                       23. Princess Louise of Prussia               1. Frederick IX of Denmark                                         24. Paul Frederick, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin               12. Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin                       25. Princess Alexandrine of Prussia               6. Frederick Francis III, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin                             26. Prince Heinrich LXIII Reuss of Köstritz               13. Princess Augusta Reuss of Köstritz                       27. Countess Eleonore zu Stolberg-Wernigerode               3. Duchess Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin                                   28. Nicholas I of Russia               14. Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia                       29. Princess Charlotte of Prussia               7. Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna of Russia                             30. Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden               15. Princess Cecilie of Baden                       31. Princess Sophie of Sweden

References

1. "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10126". thePeerage.com. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
2. "Prinser og Prinsesser kommer også i kirkebogen". The Danish State Archives. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
3. "Faeroe Islands". World Statesmen. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
4. Jon Bloch Skipper. Sømandskongen. Pp 300—309. Aschehoug (2005). ISBN 978-87-1111-789-7.
5. "Frederik of Denmark Dies. Margrethe to Be Queen". New York Times. January 15, 1972.
6. "Royalty and Danish Commoners Honor King Frederik at Burial". New York Times. Associated Press. January 25, 1972.
7. Jon Bloch Skipper. Sømandskongen. Pp 315. Aschehoug (2005). ISBN 978-87-1111-789-7.
8. Roger Lundgren. Ingrid. Pp 147. People'sPress (2010). ISBN 978-87-7055-826-6.
9. "Margrethe Proclaimed Queen of Denmark in Brief Ceremony at Palace". New York Times. Reuters.
10. "King Frederick IX (1899-1972)". The City of Copenhagen. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
11. "French Honour For British Explorer", The Times, 12 April 1935.
12. e.g. Franklin D. Roosevelt (1 May 1939). Gerhard Peters; John T. Woolley, eds. "Address at the Dedication of the New Post Office in Rhinebeck, New York.". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
13. "Reply to a parliamentary question" (pdf) (in German). p. 134. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
14. http://www.granger.com/popuppreview.asp?image=0150222
15. "Royal Jewels of the World Message Board: Re: Did Queen Fabiola and Queen Paola wear the Nine Province tiara abroad ?". boardhost.com.
16. "Image: 2497586485_cec76a2615.jpg, (500 × 396 px)". c1.staticflickr.com. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
17. "Image: 6305387067_35cb7ef232_z.jpg, (508 × 512 px)". c1.staticflickr.com. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
18. http://www.granger.com/popuppreview.asp?image=0149185
19. http://www.granger.com/popuppreview.asp?image=0150837
20. http://www.granger.com/popuppreview.asp?image=0145267
21. http://www.granger.com/popuppreview.asp?image=0142501
22. "Image: Constantine-II_wedding.jpg, (466 × 480 px) – 18 Aug 1964, Athens, Attica, Greece --- Original caption: Athens, Greece. Royalty gathered after the marriage September 18th of King Constantine of Greece and Pricess Anne Marie of Denmark, include, from left to right, King Frederik of Denmark, Queen Ingrid of Denmark, Queen Anne Marie and king Constantine of Greece, ex-Queen Frederika of Greece and king Gustav of Sweden. In foreground, left, are Princess Anne of Great Britain and Princess Christina of Denmark. --- Image by © Bettmann/CORBIS". unofficialroyalty.com. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
23. "Image: annemarie65bday4.jpg, (482 × 480 px) – 20 Sep 1965, Athens, Greece --- Athens, Greece....Posed in the Royal Palace in Athens, September 20, during the christening ceremonies of Crown Princess Alexia Area, from left: King Constantine of the Hellenes; Queen Ingrid of Denmark; Queen Anne-Marie (holding her 42-day-old daughter); Queen Frederika, the Queen Mother, and King Frederick of Denmark. --- Image by © Bettmann/CORBIS". juliapgelardi.files.wordpress.com. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
24. "bryllupsbillede". kongehuset.dk. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
25. "empire/imperialiran/persepolis4". angelfire.com. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
26. "Image: tumblr_mkai3f9fHY1qcfftgo1_500.jpg, (500 × 312 px)". 41.media.tumblr.com. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
27. "Image: 960x.jpg, (960 × 540 px)". gfx.dagbladet.no. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
28. "Image: 505953022_2_Big.jpg, (449 × 600 px)". 3.bp.blogspot.com. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
29. "Image: 3359360-21st-may-1957-queen-elizabeth-ii-and-king-gettyimages.jpg, (594 × 474 px) – 21st May 1957: Queen Elizabeth II and King Frederick of Denmark riding through the streets of Copenhagen in an open carriage, during her three-day visit to Denmark. (Photo by Derek Berwin/Fox Photos/Getty Images)". cache4.asset-cache.net. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
30. "The Scandinavian Royals Message Board: Re: King Frederik IX and Queen Ingrid's State visit to King George VI & Queen Elizabeth". boardhost.com.

External links

• The Royal Lineage at the website of the Danish Monarchy
• Frederik IX at the website of the Royal Danish Collection at Amalienborg Palace