Holly Springs, Mississippi

Holly Springs, Mississippi
City

Business District of Holly Springs
Nickname(s): Glamis

Location of Holly Springs, Mississippi
Holly Springs, Mississippi

Location in the United States

Coordinates: 34°46′24″N 89°26′47″W / 34.77333°N 89.44639°W / 34.77333; -89.44639Coordinates: 34°46′24″N 89°26′47″W / 34.77333°N 89.44639°W / 34.77333; -89.44639
Country United States
State Mississippi
County Marshall
Government
 • Mayor Kelvin Buck (D)
Area
 • Total 12.7 sq mi (33.0 km2)
 • Land 12.7 sq mi (32.9 km2)
 • Water 0.0 sq mi (0.1 km2)
Elevation 600 ft (183 m)
Population (2000)
 • Total 7,957
 • Density 626.3/sq mi (241.8/km2)
Time zone Central (CST) (UTC-6)
 • Summer (DST) CDT (UTC-5)
ZIP codes 38634, 38635, 38649
Area code(s) 662
FIPS code 28-33100
GNIS feature ID 0693510
Holly Springs railroad depot.
Montrose, an Antebellum mansion in Holly Springs.
Graceland Too in Holly Springs

Holly Springs is a city in and county seat of Marshall County, Mississippi, United States at the border with southern Tennessee.

Near the Mississippi Delta, the area was developed by European Americans for cotton plantations and was dependent on enslaved African Americans. Since the 19th century, the county has had a majority-black population. After the American Civil War, many freedmen continued to work in agriculture but as sharecroppers and tenant farmers.

As the county seat, the city is a center of trade and court sessions. The population was 7,957 at the 2000 census. A slight decrease in population was calculated in the 2010 census.[1]

History

Holly Springs was founded by European Americans in 1836, on territory historically occupied by Chickasaw Indians for centuries before Indian Removal. They ceded most of their land under the Treaty of Pontotoc Creek of 1832.[2][3][4] Most early US migrants were from Virginia,[3] supplemented by migrants from Georgia and the Carolinas.[4]

In the city's founding year of 1836, it had 4,000 European-American residents.[3] A year later, in 1837, records show that forty residents were lawyers,[3] and there were six physicians by 1838.[4] By 1837, the town already had "twenty dry goods stores, two drugstores, three banks, several hotels, and over ten saloons."[3] It was home to the Hillcrest Cemetery, built on land given to the city in 1837 by settler William S. Randolph.[5]

Newcomers established the Chalmers Institute, later known as the University of Holly Springs, the oldest university in Mississippi.[6][7]

The area was developed into extensive cotton Southern plantations, dependent on the labor of enslaved African Americans. Many had been transported from the Upper South in the domestic slave trade, breaking up families.[3] The settlement served as a trading center for the neighboring cotton plantations. In 1837, it was made seat of the newly created Marshall County,[3] named for John Marshall, the United States Supreme Court justice. The town developed a variety of merchants and businesses to support the plantations. Its population into the early twentieth century included a community of Jewish merchants, whose ancestors were immigrants from eastern Europe in the 19th century.[8] Even though the cotton industry suffered in the crisis of 1840, it soon recovered.[3]

By 1855 Holly Springs was connected to Grand Junction, Tennessee by the advancing Mississippi Central Railway.[9] In ensuing years, the line was completed to the south of Hill Springs. Toward the end of the 19th century, the Kansas City, Memphis and Birmingham Railroad was constructed to intersect this line in Holly Springs.

During the American Civil War, Union General Ulysses S. Grant used this town temporarily as a supply depot and headquarters. He was mounting a major effort to take the city of Vicksburg on the Mississippi River.[3] Confederate Earl Van Dorn led a raid of the area in December 1862, destroying most of the Union supplies at the Confederate Armory Site.[3] Grant eventually succeeded in ending the siege of Vicksburg with a Union victory.

In 1878, the city suffered a yellow fever epidemic,[3] part of a regional epidemic that spread through the river towns. Some 1,400 residents became ill and 300 died.[3] The existing Marshall County Courthouse, at the center of Holly Springs' square, was used as a hospital during the epidemic.[2]

After the war and emancipation, many freedmen stayed in the area, working as sharecroppers on former plantations.[3] There were tensions as whites tried to reimpose white supremacy.

As agriculture was mechanized in the early 20th century, the number of farm labor jobs were reduced. From 1900 to 1910, a quarter of the population left the city. Many blacks were starting to move to the North in the Great Migration, to escape southern oppression. The invasion of boll weevils in the 1920s and 1930s, which was occurring across the South, destroyed the cotton crops and caused economic problems in the state on top of the Great Depression.[3] Some light industry developed in the area.[3] After World War II, most industries moved to the major cities of Memphis, Tennessee and Birmingham, Alabama.[3]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12.7 square miles (33 km2), of which 12.7 square miles (33 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) (0.16%) is water.

Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Holly Springs has a humid subtropical climate, in common with the vast majority of the South.[10] On December 23, 2015, a massive EF4 tornado struck the town at around 6:00 pm causing significant damage. 2 people on the city's south side were killed, including a 7-year-old boy.[11] The child's death was confirmed by James Richard Anderson, the Marshall County, Mississippi, Coroner.[11] Marshall County suffered damage, some total, to nearly 200 structures during the tornado outbreak, according to the Mississippi Emergency Management Agency.[12]

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
18602,987—
18702,406−19.5%
18802,370−1.5%
18902,246−5.2%
19002,81525.3%
19102,192−22.1%
19202,113−3.6%
19302,2717.5%
19402,75021.1%
19503,27619.1%
19605,62171.6%
19705,7281.9%
19807,28527.2%
19907,261−0.3%
20007,9579.6%
20107,699−3.2%
Est. 20157,610[13]−1.2%
U.S. Decennial Census[14]

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 7,699 people residing in the city. This is a minority-majority city, as 79.2% of the residents were African American, 19.3% White, 0.2% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.6% from some other race and 0.5% from two or more races. 1.2% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

As of the census[15] of 2000, there were 7,957 people, 2,407 households, and 1,699 families residing in the city. The population density was 626.3 people per square mile (241.9/km²). There were 2,582 housing units at an average density of 203.2 per square mile (78.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 22.81% White, 76.18% African American, 0.06% Native American, 0.16% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.06% from other races, and 0.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.59% of the population.

There were 2,407 households out of which 36.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.3% were married couples living together, 31.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.4% were non-families. 27.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.22.

In the city the population was spread out with 25.1% under the age of 18, 19.1% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 17.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females there were 101.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $23,408, and the median income for a family was $25,808. Males had a median income of $29,159 versus $20,777 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,924. About 27.5% of families and 32.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 44.6% of those under age 18 and 21.2% of those age 65 or over.

Education

The City of Holly Springs is served by the Holly Springs School District.

Rust College was established in 1866 by the Freedman's Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church to serve freedmen and is a historically black college.

The now defunct Mississippi Industrial College, intended as a vocational training school, was located in Holly Springs, as was the Holly Springs Female Institute.

Notable people

Town square in Holly Springs
Town square in Holly Springs

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Holly Springs, Mississippi.
  1. ↑ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  2. 1 2 Haines, Deb. "History of Holly Springs". Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Callejo-Pérez, David M. (2001). "CHAPTER THREE: Holly Springs: Introduction to a North Mississippi City". Counterpoints. 153: 20–32. JSTOR 42976499. (registration required (help)).
  4. 1 2 3 Miller, Mary Carol (1996). Lost Mansions of Mississippi. Oxford, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. pp. 67–76.
  5. ↑ Guren, Pamela C. "Hillcrest Cemetery: Holly Springs, Marshall County, MS: HISTORIC RESOURCES OF HOLLY SPRINGS" (PDF). Mississippi Department of Archives and History. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  6. ↑ "Historic Sites Survey: The Chalmers Institute" (PDF). Mississippi Department of Archives and History. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
  7. ↑ Miller, Mary Carol (1998). Marshall County: From the Collection of Chesley Thorne Smith. Mount Pleasant, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 59.
  8. ↑ "History of Holly Springs' Jewish community". Institute of Southern Jewish Life. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
  9. ↑ "Mississippi Central and Tennessee Rail Road.". Nashville Union and American. John L. Marling & Co. 1856-04-29. Retrieved 2011-10-25. via Chronicling America website
  10. ↑ Climate Summary for Holly Springs, Mississippi
  11. 1 2 "Holly Springs boy one of 3 tornado deaths in N. Mississippi." The Commercial Appeal Dec. 23, 2015
  12. ↑ Mississippi Emergency Management Agency. " Mississippi Emergency Management Agency - TWO ADDITIONAL DEATHS, STORM DAMAGE REPORTED TO MEMA." December 26, 2015
  13. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015". Retrieved July 2, 2016.
  14. ↑ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  15. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  16. ↑ "Holly Springs Star!! Cassandra "Cassi" Davis". Visit Holly Springs. August 21, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
  17. ↑ "PLAYERS: Jeremy LeSueur". National Football League. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
  18. ↑ Kovacevic, Dejan (September 25, 2005). "Paul Maholm: Steeliness in the eye of storms". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
  19. ↑ "REVELS, Hiram Rhodes". History, Art & Archives: United States House of Representatives. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
  20. ↑ "Shepard Smith". Fox News. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
  21. ↑ "TROTTER, James Fisher, (1802 - 1866)". United States Congress. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
  22. ↑ Dorrien, Gary (2015). The New Abolition: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Black Social Gospel. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 85.
  23. ↑ Cohen, Patricia (2010-02-11). "Faulkner Link to Plantation Diary Discovered". The New York Times.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Holly Springs.
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