Latin Americans

Not to be confused with Hispanic and Latino Americans.
Latin Americans
Total population
(650,000,000
or more (in 2013)[1])
Regions with significant populations
Latin America: 561,183,291[2]
 Brazil 201,032,714[3]
 Mexico 114,975,406[4]
 Colombia 48,400,368[5]
 Argentina 42,192,494[6]
 Venezuela 33,221,865[7]
 Peru 29,549,517[8]
 Chile 17,067,369[9]
 Ecuador 15,223,680[10]
 Guatemala 14,099,032[11]
 Cuba 11,075,244[12]
 Bolivia 10,290,003[13]
 Dominican Republic 10,088,598[14]
 Haiti 9,801,664[15]
 Honduras 8,296,693[16]
 Paraguay 6,541,590[17]
 El Salvador 6,090,646[18]
 Nicaragua 5,727,707[19]
 Costa Rica 4,636,340[20]
 Puerto Rico 3,690,923[21]
 Panama 3,510,045[22]
 Uruguay 3,316,328[23]
 United States +50,000,000[24][25]
 Spain +1,700,000[26]
 Canada 544,380[27]
 Japan +345,000[28]
 United Kingdom 186,500[29]
 Portugal ~100,000[30]
 Australia 93,795[31]
Languages
Primarily Spanish and Portuguese.
Regionally Quechua, Mayan languages, Guaraní, Aymara, Nahuatl, French and others
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholic Christianity.
Other significant minorities.

Latin Americans (Spanish: latinoamericanos, Portuguese: latino-americanos) are the citizens of the Latin American countries and dependencies. Latin American countries are multi-ethnic, home to people of different ethnic and national backgrounds. As a result, some Latin Americans don't take their nationality as an ethnicity, but identify themselves with both their nationality and their ancestral origins.[32] Aside from the indigenous Amerindian (aka Native American) population, all Latin Americans or their ancestors immigrated within the past five centuries. Latin America has the largest diasporas of Spaniards, Portuguese, Black Africans, Italians, Arabs, and Japanese in the world.

The specific ethnic and/or racial composition varies from country to country: many have a predominance of European-Amerindian, or Mestizo, population; in others, Amerindians are a majority; some are mostly inhabited by people of European ancestry; and others are primarily Mulatto.[33] Various Black, Asian, and Zambo (mixed Black and Amerindian) minorities are also identified in most countries.[33] White Latin Americans are the largest single group.[32] Together with the people of part-European ancestry they combine for approximately 80% of the population,[34] or even more.[32]

Latin Americans and their descendants can be found almost everywhere in the world, particularly in densely populated urban areas. The most important migratory destinations for Latin Americans are found in the United States, Spain, Canada, and Japan.

Definition

Main article: Latin America
Latin American countries (green) in the Americas

Latin America (Spanish: América Latina or Latinoamérica; Portuguese: América Latina; French: Amérique latine) is the region of the Americas where Romance languages (i.e., those derived from Latin—particularly Spanish and Portuguese, and variably French—are primarily spoken.[35][36]

It includes more than 20 nations: Mexico in North America; Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama in Central America; Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, French Guyana, Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay in South America; Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean—in summary, Hispanic America, Brazil, and Haiti.

If we consider this definition strictly, we should consider Canada and in particular Quebec as part of Latin America. The reason behind this is that Canada has French as one of its official languages along with English, and in particular Quebec, which is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level. But this region is rarely considered so, since its history, distinctive culture and economy, and British-inspired political institutions are generally deemed too closely intertwined with the rest of Canada.[37]

Latin America, therefore, can be defined as all those parts of the Americas that were once part of the French, Spanish, or Portuguese Empires.[38]

Demographics

Ethnic groups

Wititi dancers from Colca Canyon, Peru. Native Americans make up the majority of the population in Bolivia and Guatemala, and almost half in Peru
Mexican dancer in a regional costume of Chiapas.
Woman from Curitiba, one of over a million Japanese Brazilians.
Honduran children from Choluteca.
Afro-Colombian fruit sellers in Cartagena.
Peruvian marinera dancers at the Trujillo Spring Festival.
Mexican children that formed part of the "Niños Incómodos".
Rice farmers in Colombia wearing simple sombreros vueltiaos.
Costa Rican girls with the surname Bonilla, which was adopted by Sephardic Jews during the colonial era.
Welsh settlement in Argentina.

The population of Latin America comprises a variety of ancestries, ethnic groups, and races, making the region one of the most diverse in the world. The specific composition varies from country to country: many have a predominance of European-Native American, or Mestizo, population; in others, Native American are a majority; some are dominated by inhabitants of European ancestry; and some countries' populations are primarily Mulatto. Black, Asian, and Zambo (mixed Black and Native American) minorities are also identified regularly. White people are the largest single group, accounting for more than a third.[32][34]

Ethnic distribution, in 2005[32] - Population estimates, as of 2010[2]
Country Population[2] Native American Whites Mestizos Mulattoes Blacks Zambos Asians
 Argentina 40,134,425 1.0% 85.0% 11.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.9%
 Bolivia 10,907,778 55.0% 15.0% 28.0% 2.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
 Brazil 192,272,890 0.4% 47.7% 19.4% 19.1% 6.2% 0.0% 1.1% [51]
 Chile 17,063,000 3.0% 53.0% 44.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
 Colombia 48,219,645 1.8% 37.0% 49.0% 21.0% 3.9% 0.1% 0.0%
 Costa Rica 4,253,897 0.8% 82.0% 15.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.0% 0.2%
 Cuba 11,236,444 0.0% 65.0% 0.0% 13.0%' 11.0% 0.0% 1.0%
 Dominican Republic 8,562,541 0.0% 14.6% 0.0% 75.0% 7.7% 2.3% 0.4%
 Ecuador 13,625,000 39.0% 9.9% 41.0% 5.0% 5.0% 0.0% 0.1%
 El Salvador 6,134,000 1.0% 12.0% 86.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
 Guatemala 13,276,517 39.8% 18.5% 41.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.8%
 Honduras 7,810,848 7.7% 1.0% 85.6% 1.7% 0.0% 3.3% 0.7%
 Mexico 112,322,757 14% 15% 70% 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.5%
 Nicaragua 5,891,199 5% 17% 69% 6% 3% 0.6% 0.2%
 Panama 3,322,576 8.0% 10.0% 32.0% 27.0% 5.0% 14.0% 4.0%
 Paraguay 6,349,000 1.5% 3.5% 90.5% 3.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.5%
 Peru 29,461,933 45.5% 12.0% 32.0% 9.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.8%
 Puerto Rico 3,967,179 0.0% 74.8% 0.0% 10.0% 15.0% 0.0% 0.2%
 Uruguay 3,494,382 0.0% 88.0% 8.0% 4.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
 Venezuela 33,221,865 2.7% 42.2% 42.9% 0.7% 2.8% 0.0% 2.2%
Total 561,183,291 9.2% 36.1% 30.3% 20.3% 3.2% 0.2% 0.7%

Note: Puerto Rico is a territory of the United States.

Ethnic groups according to self-identification

The Latinobarómetro surveys have asked respondents in 18 Latin American countries what race they considered themselves to belong to. The figures shown below are averages for 2007 through 2011.[52]

Country Mestizo White Mulatto Black Amerindian Asian Other DK/NR1
 Argentina 15% 73% 1% 1% 1% 0% 3% 7%
 Bolivia 40% 6% 1% 0% 47% 0% 1% 4%
 Brazil 18% 45% 15% 15% 2% 2% 0% 2%
 Chile 26% 60% 0% 0% 7% 1% 1% 5%
 Colombia 43% 29% 5% 7% 5% 0% 1% 9%
 Costa Rica 16% 66% 9% 2% 3% 1% 1% 5%
 Dominican Republic 28% 16% 23% 25% 5% 2% 0% 2%
 Ecuador 78% 5% 3% 3% 7% 1% 0% 3%
 El Salvador 62% 14% 3% 2% 5% 1% 2% 11%
 Guatemala 29% 17% 2% 1% 44% 1% 2% 6%
 Honduras 61% 9% 3% 3% 12% 2% 1% 10%
 Mexico 60% 15% 2% 0% 15% 1% 3% 4%
 Nicaragua 54% 19% 3% 4% 7% 1% 1% 11%
 Panama 55% 15% 5% 11% 5% 4% 1% 4%
 Paraguay 36% 35% 1% 1% 2% 0% 4% 20%
 Peru 72% 12% 2% 1% 7% 0% 1% 5%
 Uruguay 6% 80% 3% 2% 1% 0% 2% 6%
 Venezuela 45% 33% 5% 7% 4% 1% 0% 5%
Weighted average2 34% 33% 8% 6% 11% 0% 2% 7%

1 Don't know/No response.
2 Weighted using 2011 population.

Language

Spanish and Portuguese are the predominant languages of Latin America. Portuguese is spoken only in Brazil, the biggest and most populous country in the region. Spanish is the official language of most of the rest of the countries on the Latin American mainland, as well as in Puerto Rico (where it is co-official with English), Cuba and the Dominican Republic. French is spoken in some Caribbean islands, including Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Haiti, as well as in the overseas departments of French Guiana (South America). Dutch is the official language of some Caribbean islands and in Suriname on the continent; however, as Dutch is a Germanic language, these territories are not considered part of Latin America.

Native American languages are widely spoken in Peru, Guatemala, Bolivia, Paraguay, and to a lesser degree, in Mexico, Chile and Ecuador. In Latin American countries not named above, the population of speakers of indigenous languages is small or non-existent.

In Peru, Quechua is an official language, alongside Spanish and any other indigenous language in the areas where they predominate. In Ecuador, while holding no official status, the closely related Quichua is a recognized language of the indigenous people under the country's constitution; however, it is only spoken by a few groups in the country's highlands. In Bolivia, Aymara, Quechua and Guaraní hold official status alongside Spanish. Guarani is, along with Spanish, an official language of Paraguay, and is spoken by a majority of the population (who are, for the most part, bilingual), and it is co-official with Spanish in the Argentine province of Corrientes. In Nicaragua, Spanish is the official language, but on the country's Caribbean coast English and indigenous languages such as Miskito, Sumo, and Rama also hold official status. Colombia recognizes all indigenous languages spoken within its territory as official, though fewer than 1% of its population are native speakers of these. Nahuatl is one of the 62 native languages spoken by indigenous people in Mexico, which are officially recognized by the government as "national languages" along with Spanish.

Other European languages spoken in Latin America include: English, by some groups in Argentina, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, and Puerto Rico, as well as in nearby countries that may or may not be considered Latin American, like Belize and Guyana (English is used as a major foreign language in Latin American commerce and education); German, in southern Brazil, southern Chile, Argentina, portions of northern Venezuela, and Paraguay; Italian, in Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Venezuela; and Welsh,[53][54][55][56][57][58] in southern Argentina.

In several nations, especially in the Caribbean region, creole languages are spoken. The most widely spoken creole language in the Caribbean and Latin America in general is Haitian Creole, the predominant language of Haiti; it is derived primarily from French and certain West African tongues with Amerindian, English, Portuguese and Spanish influences as well. Creole languages of mainland Latin America, similarly, are derived from European languages and various African tongues.

Religion

The vast majority of Latin Americans are Christians (90%),[59] mostly Roman Catholics.[60] About 71% of the Latin American population consider themselves Catholic.[61] Membership in Protestant denominations is increasing, particularly in Brazil, Guatemala, and Puerto Rico. Argentina hosts the largest communities of both Jews[62][63][64] and Muslims[65][66][67] in Latin America.

Migration

Due to economic, social and security developments that are affecting the region in recent decades, a change has taken place from net immigration to net emigration. About 10 million Mexicans live in the United States.[68] 28.3 million Americans listed their ancestry as Mexican as of 2006.[69] According to the 2005 Colombian census or DANE, about 3,331,107 Colombians currently live abroad.[70] The number of Brazilians living overseas is estimated at about 2 million people.[71] An estimated 1.5 to two million Salvadorians reside in the United States.[72] At least 1.5 million Ecuadorians have gone abroad, mainly to the United States and Spain.[73] Approximately 1.5 million Dominicans live abroad, mostly in the US.[74] More than 1.3 million Cubans live abroad, most of them in the US.[75] It is estimated that over 800,000 Chileans live abroad, mainly in Argentina, Canada, United States and Spain. Other Chilean nationals may be located in countries like Costa Rica, Mexico and Sweden.[76] An estimated 700,000 Bolivians were living in Argentina as of 2006 and another 33,000 in the United States.[77] Central Americans living abroad in 2005 were 3,314,300,[78] of which 1,128,701 were Salvadorans,[79] 685,713 were Guatemalans,[80] 683,520 were Nicaraguans,[81] 414,955 were Hondurans,[82] 215,240 were Panamanians,[83] 127,061 were Costa Ricans[84] and 59,110 were Belizeans.

As of 2006, Costa Rica and Chile were the only two countries with global positive migration rates.[85]

Notable Latin Americans

See also

References

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