List of landslides

Frank Slide, Turtle Mountain, Alberta, Canada

This list of landslides is a list of notable landslides and mudflows divided into sections by date and type. This list is very incomplete as there is no central catalogue for landslides, although some for individual countries/areas do exist. Volumes of landslides are recorded in the scientific literature using cubic kilometres (km³) for the largest and millions of cubic metres (normally given the non-standard shortening of MCM) for most events.

Prehistoric landslides

Date	Place	Name/article	Lat.	Long.	Volume	Comments	Sources
21-22 Ma	Southwest Utah, USA	Markagunt gravity slide	37.7N	112.83W	~1700–2000 km^3		[1][2]
48 Ma	Heart Mountain, Wyoming	Heart Mountain slide			~2000 km^3	Mostly eroded now	[2][3]
Late Pleistocene	British Columbia	Cheekye Fan				Collapse of the western flank of Mount Garibaldi
≈ 10,000 BCE	Saidmarreh, Iran	Saidmarreh landslide	33N	47.65E	20 km^3		[4]
10,000 BP	Switzerland	Flims Rockslide			9 km^3		[5]
~1920 BCE	Jishi Gorge, Qinghai Province, China				40-80 million m^3	Landslide dammed the Yellow River, breach of dam may have caused the Great Flood	[6]
≈ 200 BCE	North Island, New Zealand				2.2 km^3	Dammed Lake Waikaremoana	[7][8]

Submarine landslides

Date	Place	Name/article	Lat.	Long.	Volume	Comments	Sources
ca. 1.0 Ma	off northeastern Oahu	Nuuanu Slide			7,500 km^3	Massive debris field: 25,000 km^2	[9]
Less than 2.6 Ma	off South Africa	Agulhas Slide			20,000 km^3	The largest so far described	[10]
ca. 170,000 BP	off North Island, New Zealand	Ruatoria debris avalanche			3,000 km^3		[11]
ca. 8,000 BP	Norwegian Sea	Storegga Slide	64.87	1.3	3,500 km^3	Triggered a large tsunami that swept over the Shetland and Orkney Islands	[12]
18 Nov 1929	Grand Banks of Newfoundland	1929 Grand Banks earthquake	44.54	-56.01	200 km^3	Broke 12 submarine communications cables, while the tsunami killed 28 people on the Burin Peninsula.

Pre-20th-century historic landslides

Date	Place	Name/article	Lat.	Long.	Volume	Casualties	Comments	Sources
25 Nov 1248	Mont Granier, France		45.46	5.93		1000+	Destroyed five villages.
2 Sep 1806	Canton of Schwyz, Switzerland	Goldau Rockslide	47.05	8.55	40 MCM	457	Destroyed four villages and caused a tsunami in Lake Lauerz	[13]
24 Dec 1839	Lyme Regis, Dorset	The Undercliff					One of a series of slumps
1855–1866	British Columbia	Collapse of The Barrier
1881	Qiaojia County, Yunnan, China	Shigaodi Landslide			530 MCM		Formed dam on Jinsha River	[14]
19 Sep 1889	Cap Diamant, Quebec	Québec rockslide	46.485	-71.21		>40		[15]

20th-century landslides

1901–1950

Date	Place	Name/article	Lat.	Long.	Volume	Casualties	Comments	Sources
29 Apr 1903	Turtle Mountain, Alberta, Canada	Frank Slide	49.59	-114.39	30 MCM	~70		[16]
18 Feb 1911	Usoy, Tajikistan	Usoi Dam			2 km^3	54	Triggered by M 7.4 earthquake. The rockslide dammed the Murgab River, impounding 65-km- long Lake Sarez,which presently still exists.	[17]
1914	Neuquén and Mendoza, Argentina	Rio Barrancas & Rio Colorado debris flow			2 MCM	190 - 300	Two small towns were devastated, and numerous ranches and farms destroyed along a 60-km- long valley. Length of flow: 300 km	[17]
19 May 1919	Kelud, East Java, Indonesia	Kelut Lahars				5110	Lahars caused 5,110 deaths, and destroyed or damaged 104 villages. Length 185 km.	[17]
16 Dec 1920	Haiyuan County, Ningxia, China	1920 Haiyuan earthquake				>100,000	Loess flows and landslides over an area of 50,000 km². Failures in loess caused extreme fissuring, landslide dams, and buried villages.	[17]
1920	Veracruz, Mexico	Rio Huitzilapan debris flows				est. 600-870	Debris flows destroyed village of Barranca Grande, and were 40 to 65 m deep. Debris flows extended >40 km. Triggered by M~6.5 earthquake.	[17]
1921	Almaty, Kazakhstan	Alma-Ata Debris Flows				~500	A debris flow in the Valley of Alma-Atinka River destroyed the town of Alma-Ata.	[17]
26 Mar 1924	Amalfi Coast, Italy					~100	A series of major landslides after 18 hours of heavy rain	[18]
23 Jun 1925	Gros Ventre Wilderness, Wyoming	Gros Ventre landslide	43.62	110.55	38 MCM	6 (when the dam failed in 1927)	Blocked the Gros Ventre River, forming a 70 m high dam	[19]
9 Mar 1929	Arthur's Pass, South Island	The Falling Mountain landslide	-42.89	171.68	66 MCM		Very rapid rock avalanche triggered by the 1929 Arthur's Pass earthquake	[20]
25 Aug 1933	Diexi, Mao County, Sichuan, China	1933 Diexi earthquake			150 MCM	~3100	The largest landslide formed a 255-m high landslide dam on the Min River. This landslide killed all but one of the 577 people in the town of Deixi. The dam then overtopped, causing a flood and 2,500 deaths.	[17]
5 Jul 1938	Kwansai, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan					~1000	Many landslides occurred on the slopes of Mount Rokko, 130,000 homes damaged or destroyed by landslides and floods.	[17][21]
13 Dec 1941	Huaraz, Ancash, Peru	Huaraz debris flow			>10 MCM	4,000-6,000	Caused by rupture of a moraine dam impounding a lake, temporarily dammed the Santa River, after 2 days that failed and the flood swept down the valley to the coast.	[17][22]
16 Aug 1945	Mantaro Valley, Peru	Kuntur Sinqa rockslide			5.5 MCM	none from landslide	The rockslide formed a 100m high dam at Rio Mantaro, which failed after 73 days, causing a flood.	[17]
19 Dec 1945	Alcalá del Júcar, Albacete, Spain					16	Worst rockfall to hit the municipality in the 20th century	[23]
18 Sep 1948	Assam, India	Guwahati landslide				~500	Triggered by heavy rain	[24]
10 Jul 1949	Gharm Oblast, Tajikistan	Khait landslide, Yasman valley flowslide	39.17	70.90	75 MCM 245 MCM	~800 ~4,000(7,200 for all the landslides)	Triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake, largest of several landslides	[25]

1951–1975

Date	Place	Name/article	Lat.	Long.	Volume	Casualties	Comments	Sources
1953	Wakayama Prefecture, Japan	Arida River landslides				1,046	Multiple slides due to typhoon. Many landslide dams were formed and subsequently failed in the Arid-Kawa valley.	[17]
1953	Minamiyamashiro, Sōraku District, Kyoto, Japan	Minamiyamashiro landslides				336 dead or missing	5,122 homes were destroyed or badly damaged by landslides and floods.	[17]
12 Jul 1954	Media Luna, Colombia	Santa Elena landslide				>100	Mudflow triggered by heavy rain	[26]
26 Oct 1954	Salerno, Amalfi Coast					≈ 300	504 mm rain fell in 16 hours, causing soil slides & debris flows	[27]
1958	Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan	Kanogawa landslides				1,094	19,754 homes were destroyed or badly damaged.	[17]
8 Jul 1958	Lituya Bay, Alaska, United States	1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami			30 MCM	2	Caused by M 7.5 earthquake, the landslide caused a 524m-high megatsunami in Lituya Bay.	[28]
22 May 1960	Riñihue Lake, Chile	Riñihuazo	-39.84	-72.29	≈ 40 MCM		A series of landslides triggered by the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, blocked outflow of Riñihue Lake, causing it to rise more than 20 metres, actions taken to lower the water level prevented repeat of a disastrous flood after the great 1575 earthquake.	[22]
10 Jan 1962	Ranrahirca, Peru	1962 Nevado Huascarán debris avalanche	-9.12	-77.6	13 MCM	4,000 - 5,000	An avalanche of ice and rock triggered by collapse of part of a hanging glacier	[22]
9 Oct 1963	Longarone, Italy	Vajont landslide	46.27	12.33	270 MCM	≈ 2,000	Landslide caused by heavy rains and drawdown of the Vajont Dam reservoir. Casualties and damage caused by tsunami generated by landslide into reservoir.	[29]
27 Mar 1964	Seward, Alaska, United States	1964 Alaska earthquake			211 MCM at Seward, 9.6 MCM at Turnagain Heights	106 from tsunami caused by Seward landslide	M 9.2 earthquake caused submarine landslide at Seward, and large landslides in Anchorage	[17]
9 Jan 1965	British Columbia	Hope Slide	49.40	121.26	48 MCM	4	Triggered by a small earthquake	[30]
28 Mar 1965	El Cobre, Chile	El Cobre landslide				>200	Shaking from a magnitude 7.1 earthquake caused failure of two tailings dams at the El Soldado copper mine, the resulting flow destroyed the town of El Cobre.	[31]
1965	Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County, Yunnan, China	Pufu Landslide			450 MCM		Created a dam on the Pufuguo Stream, which later failed	[14]
21 Oct 1966	Aberfan, Wales	Aberfan disaster	51.69	3.35		144	Collapse of an unstable colliery spoil-tip built over a series of springs, was triggered by heavy rain, killing nearly half the children at the village school.
18 Feb 1967	Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro		-22.97	-43.20		110	Worst single event in a series of landslides caused by very heavy rain in the area around Rio de Janeiro in the summers of 1966 and 1967. A high-velocity debris avalanche struck three buildings, two of them apartment buildings. The preceding rainfall fell at up to 100 mm per hour.	[22]
18 Mar 1967	Caraguatatuba, Brazil		-23.85	-46.63	7.6 MCM	120	Followed heavy rain, 420 mm /24 h	[32]
9 Jul 1967	Kure, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan		34.25	132.57		159	Heavy rain from Typhoon Billie caused flooding and many landslides, destroying 352 buildings and damaging 551 roads	[33]
18 Aug 1968	Hida River, Gero, Japan		35.45	137.05	740 MCM (official estimated)	104	Triggered by a rainstorm, this debris flow swept two buses off the road, where they were stopped because of an earlier landslide	[34]
3–5 Oct 1968	Darjeeling, India					'thousands'	Floods caused by rainfall of 500–1,000 mm, triggered many landslides, a 60 km long highway was cut in 92 places	[35][36]
19–20 Aug 1969	Nelson County, Virginia, United States					150 (includes deaths from flooding)	Remnants of Hurricane Camille gave at least 710 mm of rain in about 8 hours, triggering numerous debris flows	[37]
31 May 1970	Yungay, Peru	1970 Nevado Huascarán debris avalanche	-9.12	-77.6	50-100 MCM	>22,000	Triggered by the 1970 Ancash earthquake, the mass travelled 14.5 km at an average velocity of about 300 km/h and buried Yungay	[22][38]
18 Mar 1971	Chungar, Peru	Chungar avalanche and tsunami	-11.12	-76.53	0.1 MCM	400-600	A rock avalanche from a limestone outcrop fell into Yanawayin Lake causing a wave that devastated a mining camp	[22][39]
4 May 1971	Saint-Jean-Vianney, Quebec, Canada	Saint-Jean-Vianney landslide	48.47	-71.22	6.9 MCM	31	This slide occurred in quick clay following heavy rain, destroying 41 homes	[40][41]
6 Jul 1972	Amakusa, Japan	Amakusa disaster				115	Multiple slope failures caused by heavy rainfall	[42]
12–13 Jul 1972	Obara, Shikoku, Japan	Obara landslides				64	218 mm of rain in 5 hours triggered many landslides	[43][44]
Apr 1974	Junín Region, Peru	Mayunmarca Landslide			1.0 to 1.6 km^3	450	Rockslide dammed Río Mantaro. Slide velocity estimated at 120–140 km/hr	[45]
22 Jul 1975	Mount Meager, British Columbia, Canada	Devastation Glacier landslide			0.013 km^3	4	Triggered by the collapse of a glacially debuttressed slope, descended Devastation Creek.	[46][47]

1976–2000

Date	Place	Name/article	Lat.	Long.	Volume	Casualties	Comments	Sources
30 Nov 1977	Tuve, Gothenburg, Sweden	Tuve landslide	57.75	11.94	3–4 MCM	9	The most severe landslide in the modern history of Sweden, triggered by heavy rain	[48]
29 Apr 1978	Rissa, Norway	Rissa landslide	63.55	9.94	5–6 MCM	1	Quick clay flowed suddenly into Botn lake, causing a small tsunami on the opposite shore	[49]
8 Aug 1979	Abbotsford, Dunedin, South Island, New Zealand	1979 Abbotsford landslip	-45.897	170.435	5 MCM	0	Heavy rain triggered a landslide on an unstable slope, made worse by sand quarrying at the base of the slope, destroying 69 houses	[50]
18 May 1980	Mount St. Helens, Washington, United States	1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens	46.200278	-122.186667	2.9 km^3	57	The largest landslide in recorded history. Unplugged the volcanic vent, triggering the eruption. Deaths were from both the landslide and the eruption.	[2]
Apr 1983	Thistle, Utah, United States	Thistle, Utah landslide			~15 MCM	0	Costliest landslide in United States history; damage estimated at $200–400 million (1983 dollars). Landslide formed lake over 160 feet (49 m) deep before draining.	[51]
5 Oct 1985	Portugués Urbano district, Ponce, Puerto Rico	Mameyes landslide				129	120 houses destroyed, greatest death toll in North American history from a single landslide.	[52][53]
13 Nov 1985	Armero, Tolima Department, Colombia	Armero tragedy	-5.03	-74.88		23,000	A minor eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano caused melting of its ice cap. This released a series of lahars, volcanic mudflows, that traveled at speeds of up to 50 km/h down the slopes of the volcano. These lahars swiftly moved into valleys, merging to form larger flows, one of which destroyed the town of Armero.	[22]
28 Jul 1987	Valtellina, Lombardy, Italian Alps	Val Pola landslide			34 MCM	29	Triggered by rapid erosion at the base of a mountain slope, created a wave that travelled 2.7 km upstream	[54]
3–5 Jun 1993	Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England	Holbeck Hall Hotel landslide			~0.5 MCM	0	Classic rotational failure along sea cliffs, resulting court case set important precedent in English law	[55][56]
21 Oct 1993	Pantai Remis, Perak, Malaysia	Pantai Remis landslide				0	Slope failure of an open pit tin mine near the sea resulted in forming a new cove measuring approximately 0.5 by 0.5 km.
4 Mar 1995	La Conchita, California, United States	La Conchita Landslide of 1995			1.3 MCM	0		[57]
30 Jul 1997	Thredbo, New South Wales, Australia	1997 Thredbo landslide				18	A leaking water pipe caused a slope failure that destroyed a ski lodge	[58]
1998–1999	Kelso, Washington, United States	Aldercrest-Banyon Landslide				0	Slow-moving landslide which resulted in the condemnation of 137 houses, and $40 million in damage.	[59]
14–16 Dec 1999	Vargas, Venezuela	Vargas tragedy				30,000	Caused by a heavy storm that deposited 911 mm of rain in a few days	[60]
12 Jul 2000	Mumbai, India	2000 Mumbai landslide	19.09	72.90		78	Caused by land erosion following heavy rains and flooding	[61]

21st century landslides

Date	Place	Name/article	Lat.	Long.	Volume	Casualties	Comments	Sources
9 Nov 2001	Amboori, Kerala, India					40	Supposedly worst landslide in Kerala state's history.	[62][63]
26 Mar 2004	Mount Bawakaraeng, South Sulawesi, Indonesia				200-300 MCM	32	Landslide caused by collapse of caldera wall	[64][65][66]
10 Jan 2005	La Conchita, California, United States	2005 La Conchita landslide			200,000 m^3	10	Remobilization of colluvium from 1995 slide into a debris flow.	[57]
17 Feb 2006	Southern Leyte, Philippines	2006 Southern Leyte mudslide			15 MCM	1126	Rock-debris avalanche triggered by ten-day period of heavy rain	[67]
11 Jun 2007	Chittagong, Bangladesh	2007 Chittagong mudslides				123	Series of landslides caused by illegal hillside cutting and monsoon rains	[68][69]
6 Sep 2008	Cairo, Egypt	2008 Cairo landslide				119	Rockfall from cliffs, individual boulders up to 70 tonnes	[70]
9 Aug 2009	Siaolin Village, Kaohsiung, Taiwan	Siaolin mudslide			30–45 MCM	439-600	Resulted from Typhoon Morakot.	[71][72][73]
4 Jan 2010	Attabad, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan	Hunza Valley landslide			30 MCM	20	Formed Attabad Lake by damming Hunza River, blocked Karakoram Highway	[74][75]
20 Feb 2010	Madeira Island, Portugal	2010 Madeira floods and mudslides				42		[76]
1 Mar 2010	Bududa District, Uganda	2010 Ugandan landslide				100-300		[77]
10 May 2010	Saint-Jude, Quebec					4		[78]
23 May 2010	Jiang Zhidong Jiangxi, China	2010 Jiangxi derailment				0	The landslide was caused by previous days of heavy rain and flooding in the region.	[79][80][81]
6 Aug 2010	Meager Creek, British Columbia, Canada	Meager landslide			40 MCM	0	Second-largest landslide in Canada history	[82]
8 Aug 2010	Gansu, China	2010 Gansu mudslide				1,287		[83]
10 Apr 2013	Salt Lake City, Utah, United States	Bingham Canyon Mine landslide	40.523°N	112.151°W	55 MCM	0	Possibly the largest historic, non-volcanic, terrestrial landslide in North America.	[84][85][86]
16 Jun 2013	Kedarnath, Uttarakhand, India	2013 North India floods				5,700
22 Mar 2014	Oso, Washington, United States	2014 Oso mudslide	48.283°N	121.847°W	10 MCM (early estimate)	43	49 structures destroyed or affected	[87][88]
2 May 2014	Argo District, Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan	2014 Badakhshan mudslides				350-500 reported	4,000 people displaced	[89] As of 4 May 2014
30 Jul 2014	Malin, Ambegaon taluka, Pune district, Maharashtra, India	2014 Malin landslide	19°9′40″N	73°41′18″E		136	100+ missing	[90]
2 Aug 2014	Sunkoshi, Sindhupalchok District, Nepal	2014 Sunkoshi blockage			5.5 MCM	156+		[91]
20 Aug 2014	Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan	2014 Hiroshima landslides				50+	38+ missing, deadliest landslides in Japan in 42 years	[92][93]
29 Oct 2014	Badulla District, Sri Lanka	2014 Badulla landslide				100+	300+ feared dead. Hundreds more missing	[94][95]
13 Dec 2014	Jemblung village, Java, Indonesia	2014 Indonesia landslide				32+	76+ missing	[96][97]
23 Apr 2015	Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan	2015 Badakhshan landslides				52
28 Apr 2015	Salvador, Bahia, Brazil	2015 Bahia landslide				14
18 May 2015	Salgar, Antioquia Department Colombia	2015 Colombian landslide				78	37 missing	[98] As of 20 May 2015
1 October 2015	El Cambray Dos, Guatemala Department, Guatemala	2015 Guatemala landslide				220	350 missing.
13 November 2015	Lidong Village, Zhejiang, China					38		[99]

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External links

• United States Geological Survey site