Mount Wrangell

Mount Wrangell

Mount Wrangell, 1987
Highest point
Elevation 14,163 ft (4317 m) [1] NAVD88
Prominence 5613 ft (1711 m) [1]
Isolation 14.79 mi (23.8 km) [1]
Listing
Coordinates 62°00′21″N 144°01′10″W / 62.00572°N 144.01935°W / 62.00572; -144.01935Coordinates: 62°00′21″N 144°01′10″W / 62.00572°N 144.01935°W / 62.00572; -144.01935 [1]
Geography
Mount Wrangell

Alaska

Location Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska, U.S.
Parent range Wrangell Mountains
Topo map USGS Gulkana A-1
Geology
Age of rock Pleistocene
Mountain type Shield volcano
Volcanic arc/belt Wrangell Volcanic Field
Last eruption August 2002[2]

Mount Wrangell, in Ahtna K’ełt’aeni or K’ełedi when erupting,[3] is a massive shield volcano located in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve in southeastern Alaska, United States. The shield rises over 12,000 feet (3,700 m) above the Copper River to its southwest. Its volume is over 220 cubic miles (920 km3), making it more than twice as massive as Mount Shasta in California, the largest stratovolcano by volume in the Cascades. It is part of the Wrangell volcanic field, which extends for more than 250 km across Southcentral Alaska into the Yukon Territory, and has an eruptive history spanning the time from Pleistocene to Holocene.

Description

Modern Mount Wrangell, built upon the remnants of a mid-Pleistocene volcano, has an eruptive history spanning from 750,000 years ago to minor phreatic eruptions in 1884.[4] The shield volcano features an ice-filled caldera 2.5 by 3.7 miles (4 by 6 km) in diameter at the top of Wrangell's broad summit. The caldera was apparently formed by subsidence rather than large explosive eruptions. The caldera is in turn rimmed by three small craters, which often display fumarolic activity with steam plumes that can sometimes be seen from a distance. The main summit is on the north side of the caldera, while the west summit rises to 14,013 feet (4,271 m). The summit region above 13,000 feet (4,000 m) in elevation is over 2 by 5 miles (3 by 8 km) in size. A very large cinder cone, 13,009-foot (3,965 m) Mount Zanetti, rises nearly 1,000 feet (300 m) above the northwest flank of Wrangell and is the source of some lava flows.[5]

Wrangell is unusual in that despite being a shield volcano, it is made mainly of andesite rather than basalt, which forms most shield volcanoes in other parts of the world. A few other volcanoes in the Wrangell Volcanic Field also share this feature. Andesite is a volcanic rock found mainly in stratovolcanoes and tends to form short, stubby flows. How Wrangell grew into a shield volcano is poorly understood, but its lava flows appear to have been voluminous and were also probably generated by high eruption rates.[5]

Mount Wrangell is almost entirely covered by an icefield that persists from year to year. The largest glacier on Wrangell is Nabesna Glacier, the source of the Nabesna River.[5] Other glaciers on Mount Wrangell include Cheshnina Glacier, Chetaslina Glacier, Chichokna Glacier, Dadina Glacier[6] and Copper Glacier.

Wrangell was the first high volcano in the Wrangell range to be climbed. Its summit can be visited by ski-equipped airplane.[5]

Mount Wrangell and Mount Zanetti from Willow Lake at 1600 ft (500m). Although Mount Wrangell rises over 12,000 ft (3700 m) above this viewpoint, its great height is masked by the extreme width of its shield-like form.

Naming

Mount Wrangell [rang-guhl] was named after Russian Admiral Ferdinand von Wrangel (or Wrangell), governor of Russian America from 1830 to 1836. The Ahtna people call it K'elt'aeni, "the one who controls the weather," with the alternate name Uk'eledi, "the one with smoke on it" when it is active. On some pre-1900 maps Wrangell was labeled as Mount Tillman.[5]

Volcanic activity

Topographic map of Mount Wrangell showing the summit caldera

Wrangell is the only volcano in the Wrangell Volcanic Field to have had historically recorded eruptions, generally in the form of small steam and ash explosions. Reports of activity have been recorded in 1784 and 1884–85. The 1784 eruption and another stated to have occurred in 1760 are disputed.[7] The 1884-85 eruption was reported by local prospector Jon Bremner.[8] An 1890 report mention a visible glow.[9] Wrangell also occasionally emits ash, which can be seen coating the summit snow. The bulk of the mountain was built by large lava flows from 600,000 to 200,000 years ago. The summit caldera is believed to have collapsed within the last 200,000 years, and may have collapsed 50,000 years ago. Mount Zanetti is about 25,000 years old.[5]

The amount of geothermal heat being emitted by Wrangell increased from the 1950s to the 1980s, raising the possibility of a future eruption. The heat flux was high enough to melt ice around the craters and create ice caves and small lakes in the north crater, with about 100 million cubic meters of ice melted by 1986. Since then heat output has decreased and ice has accumulated.[5]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Mount Wrangell, Alaska". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
  2. ↑ "Wrangell". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
  3. ↑ Smelcer, John. "Wrangell-St. Elias Mountains in Ahtna Country" (PDF). Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  4. ↑ Volcanoes of North America, Wood and Kienle
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Richter et al, pp. 11–13
  6. ↑ "Topographic map of Mount Wrangell". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  7. ↑ "Wrangell reported activity: 1760 reported observed". Alaska Volcano Observatory. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  8. ↑ "Wrangell reported activity: 1884 reported observed". Alaska Volcano Observatory. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  9. ↑ "Wrangell reported activity: 1900 reported observed". Alaska Volcano Observatory. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 19 February 2013.

10. "Top 10 tallest active volcanoes In The World". Retrieved 29 August 2014. 

Bibliography

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