Mount Mitchell

This article is about the North Carolina mountain. For other uses, see Mount Mitchell (disambiguation).
Mount Mitchell

Mount Mitchell, viewed from Mount Craig
Highest point
Elevation 6,684 ft (2,037 m) [1]
Prominence 6,089 ft (1,856 m) [1]
Isolation 1,913 kilometres (1,189 mi)
Listing
Coordinates 35°45′53″N 82°15′54″W / 35.764839°N 82.2651221°W / 35.764839; -82.2651221Coordinates: 35°45′53″N 82°15′54″W / 35.764839°N 82.2651221°W / 35.764839; -82.2651221 [2]
Geography
Mount Mitchell

North Carolina, U.S.

Location Yancey County, North Carolina, United States
Parent range Appalachian Mountains
Topo map USGS Mount Mitchell
Climbing
Easiest route Hike

Mount Mitchell is the highest peak of the Appalachian Mountains and the highest peak in mainland eastern North America. It is located near Burnsville in Yancey County, North Carolina, in the Black Mountain subrange of the Appalachians, and about 19 miles (31 km) northeast of Asheville. It is protected by Mount Mitchell State Park and surrounded by the Pisgah National Forest. Mount Mitchell's elevation is 6,684 feet (2,037 m) above sea level.[1]

Geography

Surveyor's mark embedded in the observation tower notes the elevation of 6684 feet above sea level

The peak is the highest mountain in the United States east of the Mississippi River, and the highest in all of eastern North America south of the Arctic Cordillera. The nearest higher peaks are in the Black Hills of South Dakota and the highland foothills of Colorado. The ascent of Mount Mitchell is now rather easy, since a 4.6-mile (7.4 km) road (NC 128) off the historic and scenic Blue Ridge Parkway runs nearby, and a 980-foot (300 m) trail leads through a conifer forest to the summit. The 40-foot (12 m) stone observation tower on the summit was torn down in late 2006. A new observation deck was constructed and opened to visitors in January 2009.[3]

History

The mountain was named after Elisha Mitchell, a professor at the University of North Carolina, who first explored the Black Mountain region in 1835, and determined that the height of the range exceeded by several hundred feet that of Mount Washington in New Hampshire, commonly thought at the time to be the highest point east of the Rocky Mountains. Mitchell fell to his death at nearby Mitchell Falls in 1857, having returned to verify his earlier measurements.

A 4.6-mile (7.4 km) road (NC 128) connects the scenic Blue Ridge Parkway to a parking lot where a steep paved 980-foot (300 m) trail leads through a conifer forest to the summit. The 40-foot (12 m) stone observation tower on the summit was torn down in late 2006. A new observation deck was constructed and opened to visitors in January 2009.[4] Also on the summit is the tomb of Dr. Mitchell.

Mount Mitchell was formed during the Precambrian when marine deposits were metamorphosed into gneiss and schist. These metasedimentary rocks were later uplifted during the Alleghenian orogeny.[5] The soils are well drained, dark brown and stony with fine-earth material ranging in texture from sandy clay loam to loam or sandy loam; Burton and Craggey are the most common series around the summit.[6]

Environment

Mount Mitchell
Climate chart (explanation)
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
6.5
 
 
33
17
 
 
5.9
 
 
35
18
 
 
7.1
 
 
41
24
 
 
5.7
 
 
49
31
 
 
5.3
 
 
57
41
 
 
5.7
 
 
63
49
 
 
5.8
 
 
66
52
 
 
7.2
 
 
65
52
 
 
7.5
 
 
60
46
 
 
5.1
 
 
53
37
 
 
6.7
 
 
45
28
 
 
6.2
 
 
36
21
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Source: NOAA [7]

The mountain's summit is coated in a dense stand of Southern Appalachian spruce-fir forest, which consists primarily of two evergreen species— the red spruce and the Fraser fir. Most of the mature Fraser firs, however, were killed off by the non-native Balsam woolly adelgid in the latter half of the 20th century. The high elevations also expose plant life to high levels of pollution, including acid precipitation in the form of rain, snow, and fog. These acids damage the red spruce trees in part by releasing natural metals from the soil like aluminum, and by leaching important minerals. To what extent this pollution harms the high-altitude ecosystem is debatable.[8]

While the mountain is still mostly lush and green in the summer, many dead Fraser fir trunks can be seen due to these serious problems. Repairing the damage is a difficult issue, as the pollutants are often carried in from long distances. Sources can be local or hundreds of miles or kilometers away, requiring cooperation from as far away as the Midwest.

Wildflowers are abundant all summer long. Young fir and spruce trees do well in the subalpine climate, and their pine cones feed the birds along with wild blueberry and blackberry shrubs.

The second highest point in eastern North America, Mount Craig at 6,647 feet (2,026 m), is roughly a mile to the north of Mount Mitchell.

Climate

Mount Mitchell Fall Foliage.

The summit area of Mount Mitchell is marked by a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) bordering extremely close to a subalpine climate (köppen climate classification Dfc), with mild summers and long, moderately cold winters, being more similar to southeastern Canada than the southeastern U.S.. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 25.2 °F (−3.8 °C) in January to 59.1 °F (15.1 °C) in July. The coldest temperature ever recorded in the state occurred there on January 21, 1985 when it fell to −34 °F (−37 °C), during a severe cold spell that brought freezing temperatures as far south as Miami. It is also the coldest average reporting station in the state at 43.8 °F (6.6 °C) (based on data collected from 1971 to 2000) which is well below any other station.[9] Unlike the lower elevations in the surrounding regions, heavy snows often fall from December to March, with 50 inches (127 cm) accumulating in the Great Blizzard of 1993 and 66 inches (168 cm) in the January 2016 blizzard.[10][9] Snow flurries have been reported on the summit even in the summer months of June, July, and August. Due to the high elevation, precipitation is heavy and reliable year-round, averaging 74.7 inches (1,900 mm) for the year, with no month receiving less than 5 in (127 mm) of average precipitation. The summit is often windy, with gusts that can blow up to 178 mph (286 km/h).[11]

 

Climate data for Mount Mitchell (1981–2010 normals, records 1980-present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 61
(16)		 62
(17)		 71
(22)		 73
(23)		 78
(26)		 79
(26)		 80
(27)		 81
(27)		 77
(25)		 72
(22)		 67
(19)		 64
(18)		 81
(27)
Average high °F (°C) 33.4
(0.8)		 35.3
(1.8)		 40.7
(4.8)		 49.0
(9.4)		 57.0
(13.9)		 63.1
(17.3)		 65.9
(18.8)		 65.1
(18.4)		 60.4
(15.8)		 53.1
(11.7)		 45.0
(7.2)		 36.4
(2.4)		 50.4
(10.2)
Average low °F (°C) 17.0
(−8.3)		 18.2
(−7.7)		 23.7
(−4.6)		 31.3
(−0.4)		 41.2
(5.1)		 49.0
(9.4)		 52.3
(11.3)		 51.7
(10.9)		 46.0
(7.8)		 36.7
(2.6)		 28.3
(−2.1)		 20.6
(−6.3)		 34.7
(1.5)
Record low °F (°C) −34
(−37)		 −31
(−35)		 −29
(−34)		 −10
(−23)		 14
(−10)		 22
(−6)		 30
(−1)		 29
(−2)		 23
(−5)		 8
(−13)		 −22
(−30)		 −33
(−36)		 −34
(−37)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 6.54
(166.1)		 5.86
(148.8)		 7.05
(179.1)		 5.70
(144.8)		 5.32
(135.1)		 5.74
(145.8)		 5.81
(147.6)		 7.16
(181.9)		 7.49
(190.2)		 5.09
(129.3)		 6.68
(169.7)		 6.23
(158.2)		 74.66
(1,896.4)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 21.5
(54.6)		 22.3
(56.6)		 15.5
(39.4)		 10.4
(26.4)		 1.2
(3)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 1.0
(2.5)		 3.7
(9.4)		 15.1
(38.4)		 91
(231)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 13.4 11.9 13.5 12.1 13.9 14.9 16.0 15.4 11.4 10.1 10.7 12.8 156.0
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 6.6 6.2 4.1 3.1 0.3 0 0 0 0 0.4 2.0 4.9 27.5
Source: NOAA[7]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Mount Mitchell, North Carolina". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
  2. ↑ "Mount Mitchell". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
  3. ↑ "Mount Mitchell State Park". North Carolina State Parks. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
  4. ↑ "Mount Mitchell State Park". North Carolina State Parks. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
  5. ↑ Timothy Silver (2003). Mount Mitchell and the Black Mountains: An Environmental History of the Highest Peaks in Eastern America. Univ of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-5423-5.
  6. ↑ SoilWeb, University of California-Davis California Soil Resource Lab, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Accessed: 11 January 2016.
  7. 1 2 "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
  8. ↑ Steve Nash, Blue Ridge 2020: An Owner's Manual (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), pp. 25-28, 61-63.
  9. 1 2 "Extreme Weather Records". State Climate Office of North Carolina. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
  10. ↑ Dale Neal, "Mount Mitchell Digs Out From Record 66 Inches of Snow," USA Today, 25 January 2016.
  11. ↑ "Mount Mitchell Webcam Activated" (PDF). The Steward. North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation. August 2003. p. 3. Retrieved 2010-01-06.
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