Rainfall in Karnataka
The state of Karnataka in India has a bittersweet relationship with rains. While its regions of Malnad and coastal Karnataka receive copious amount of rainfall; its north Bayaluseemae region in the Deccan Plateau is one of the most arid regions in the country. Most of the rains received in the state is during the monsoon season. Being an agrarian economy with a large percentage of its citizens engaged in agriculture, the failure of rains can have a crippling effect on the economy of the state. Apart from the benefits in agriculture, the Government of Karnataka has tried to avail other benefits of rainfall using scientific methods. An example of this is the project, Rainwater Harvesting in Rural Karnataka which is initiated by the Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology and is one of the largest rainwater harvesting projects in the world.[1] Agumbe in the Shimoga district is known as one of the places with the highest annual rainfall in India.
Importance
The economy of Karnataka is mainly agrarian and most of it is dependent on the rainfall; mainly the southwest monsoon. The extent of arid land in the state is second only to Rajasthan.[2] Only 26.5% of sown area (30,900 km²) is subjected to irrigation and hence the rest of the cultivated land is entirely dependent on rainfall.[3] Rainfall also influences the quantity of water available in the rivers which in turn influences the amount of drinking water available to the population and the amount of electricity that can be generated in the hydroelectric power stations in the state. The importance of rainfall is such that Karnataka sometimes had to resort to costly artificial methods like cloud seeding in order to induce rain artificially.[4] Rainfall is also crucial to recharge the depleting ground water and Karnataka has come up with innovative methods like rainwater harvesting in order to solve the drinking water scarcity in the state.
Rainwater harvesting
Karnataka is a pioneer in the concept of rainwater harvesting with The Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology (KSCST) implementing one of the largest rainwater harvesting projects in the world. 23683 schools in rural Karnataka were selected for this project with the main goal of providing drinking water by using the method of rooftop harvesting.[1] In this project, rainwater collected on the rooftop is channeled through a system of PVC pipes and stored in an enclosed surface tank. The pipeline consists of a first-flush filter which flushes out the first rainfall along with other contaminants that may exist on the roof and then subsequent cleaner rainwater is allowed to pass on to the tank. A sand bed filter is used to further eliminate impurities in the water before it gets collected in the tank.[1] Further precautions are taken to prevent dust and insects from entering the tank.
Consequences
Deficient rainfall
A year of deficient rainfall leads to the following consequences:
- Agricultural output will be impacted: While this has a direct impact on the economy of the state, it also leads to other social issues like the suicide of farmers. Due to the crop failure, the farmers would not be in a position to repay the loans they had taken for agriculture and few of them take an extreme step of suicide.[5]
- Drinking water scarcity: A lot of towns and cities in Karnataka are dependent on rivers for the supply of drinking water and any deficiency in rainfall leads to lesser amount of drinking water being supplied to the homes.
- Shortage of electricity: Deficient rainfall leads to a drop in the amount of electricity produced by hydroelectric projects and hence drastic measures like compulsory power cuts have to be employed to counter this shortage.[6]
Excess rainfall
Heavy rains can lead to a significant loss of life and property and also cause damage to the crops.[7] Excess rains also cause an impact in major cities with inundated roads causing traffic jams. An example of this was in the year 2005 when the Madivala lake overflowed on to the Hosur Road in Bangalore forcing many schools and offices to close.[8]
Rainfall distribution
The average annual rainfall in Karnataka is 1248 mm.[9] The state is divided into three meteorological zones viz. North Interior Karnataka, South Interior Karnataka and Coastal Karnataka. Coastal Karnataka with an average annual rainfall of 3456 mm is one of the most rainy regions in the country. Contrasting this, the region of South Interior Karnataka and North Interior Karnataka receive only 1286 and 731 mm of average annual rainfall.[10]
Districts
The average annual rainfall in the districts of Karnataka varies from 562 mm in the Bagalkot district to 4119 mm in the Udupi District. Bagalkot, Chitradurga and Koppal are the districts which receive the least rainfall whereas Uttara Kannada, Dakshina Kannada, Chickmagalur and Udupi, Hassan districts receive the heaviest rainfall.
| Average annual rainfall in the districts of Karnataka[10] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Annual Rainfall in Karnataka 1991-2005[11]
Sakleshpur receives the highest rainfall in South India. |
Notes
- 1 2 3 A. R. Shivakumar. "World's largest rainwater harvesting project in Karnataka" (PDF). Current Science, VOL. 92, NO. 2, 25 JANUARY 2007. Online webpage of Indian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2007-06-25.
- ↑ "Karnataka Human Development Report 2005" (PDF). Online webpage of the Planning Commission. Government of India. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
- ↑ "Karnataka Agricultural Policy 2006" (PDF). Online webpage of Department of Agriculture. Government of Karnataka. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
- ↑ B Chandrashekhar (2003-09-21). "Cloud-seeding experts counsel patience". Online webpage of The Hindu, dated 2003-09-21. Chennai, India. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
- ↑ Parvathi Menon. "From debt to death". Online webpage of The Frontline, Volume 20 - Issue 20, September 27 - October 10, 2003. © 2003, Frontline. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
- ↑ "Belgaum facing power shortage of 46 mu a month". Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2007-03-22. Chennai, India: 2007, The Hindu. 2007-03-22. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
- ↑ "Heavy rains in Karnataka, toll climbs to 117". Online edition of The Times of India, dated 2007-06-24. © 2007 Times Internet Limited. 2007-06-24. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
- ↑ "Bangalorean's water woes continue". Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2005-10-25. Chennai, India: 2005, The Hindu. 2005-10-25. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
- ↑ "Rainfall". Online Webpage of the Department of Agriculture. Government of Karnataka. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
- 1 2 "Average annual rainfall of the states of India". Online webpage of Rainwaterharvesting.org. © Centre for Science & Environment, India. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
- ↑ "Rainfall statistics". Online webpage of the Department of Agriculture. Government of Karnataka. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
