South African Class NG G11 2-6-0+0-6-2
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NG G11 no. 54 Solly at Chelsea on 3 April 1990 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The South African Railways Class NG G11 2-6-0+0-6-2 of 1919 was a narrow gauge steam locomotive.
Between 1919 and 1925, the South African Railways placed five Class NG G11 Garratt articulated steam locomotives with a 2-6-0+0-6-2 Double Mogul type wheel arrangement in service on the Avontuur narrow gauge line through the Langkloof and also in Natal. They were the first Garratt locomotives to enter service in South Africa.[1][2][3][4]
Background
The challenges of Africa resulted in the regular need for double-heading of steam locomotives on heavy trains. While West Africa found its solution in larger 4-6-2 Pacific and 2-8-2 Mikado locomotives at the beginning of the twentieth century, the steeper gradients and tighter curves in South Africa made a different solution necessary.[4]
On the South African Railways (SAR) narrow gauge lines, that solution was found in 1914, when orders were placed with Beyer, Peacock and Company for a narrow gauge Garratt locomotive, which was to become the first Garratt to enter SAR service.[4]
Garratt characteristics
A powerful steam locomotive is problematic on a track gauge of only 2 feet (610 millimetres) with a tight minimum radius of about 150 feet (46 metres) which, in practice, restricts powerful rigid-frame locomotives to four-coupled wheels, often with at least one flangeless coupled wheelset.[5]
The same problem also existed on Cape gauge light-rail single-line track where train lengths would be limited, because conventional locomotives had been enlarged to the limit of their possible power due to restrictions on axle loading. Alternative solutions would either be double-heading longer trains or re-building and re-aligning large parts of the lines to accommodate heavier locomotives. Either method was expensive and, in such conditions, the Garratt design had distinct advantages.[5]
On a Garratt locomotive, the shared boiler and cab are carried on a cradle frame, which is suspended on pivot centres attached to the frames of the two engine units, which are both free to align itself to the track curvature. To accommodate the pivoting, the steam and exhaust pipes have flexible connections between the engine units and the central cradle.[1]
Garratt advantages
A Garratt is actually two separate locomotives combined in a double articulated format, thereby providing multiple powered axles over which the total locomotive weight is spread. This, in turn, results in a more powerful locomotive, since a much larger percentage of the locomotive's total mass contributes to traction, compared to a tender locomotive of similar total mass. The use of a Garratt locomotive enables the capacity of a line to be approximately doubled, without having to strengthen the track, bridges and culverts, or re-align the curvature.[1][5]
Unlike tender locomotives, Garratts are bi-directional, which eliminates the need for turntables or triangles, also known as wyes. The fact that they did not need to be run through to terminals to be turned around, also made increased operational flexibility possible.[6]
Probably the greatest advantage of the Garratt was the fact that, with its boiler and grate area suspended between two engine units without the need to leave room for coupled wheels and cylinders, wide and deep fireboxes with large grate areas and large diameter boilers were possible. On a Garratt, the boiler could literally be dimensioned up to the full cross section of the loading gauge. With each set of cylinders and coupled wheels constituting a separate engine, the end result was two locomotives in one, with one huge shared boiler which needed only one crew. A Garratt is therefore a single locomotive with double the tractive effort and, with its weight distributed over a long and flexible multi-axle wheelbase, a lower axle loading.[5][7]
Garratt drawbacks
The Garratt design has some inherent drawbacks, however, the first being a diminishing factor of adhesion over long distances. As water and coal is consumed, the weight over the coupled wheels is reduced, thereby reducing their factor of adhesion, the ratio of weight on coupled wheels to tractive effort. Therefore, as the weight on the coupled wheels decreases, the locomotive has less adhesion and becomes increasingly prone to slipping.[2][3]
Another drawback is the risk of tilting. These narrow gauge Garratts had boilers of 4 feet 2 inches (1,270 millimetres) inside diameter on a frame width of about 6 feet 10 1⁄2 inches (2,096 millimetres). This created the risk of the locomotive tilting over on tight curves.[3]
Manufacturer
Although they had already been ordered in 1914, production was disrupted by the First World War. Beyer, Peacock and Company was only able to deliver the first three locomotives in 1919, after cessation of hostilities. All three, numbered in the range from NG51 to NG53, were erected at the Uitenhage workshops and put on trials on the Avontuur line in May 1920. One initially remained there after the trials, while the other two went to the Stuartstown line in Natal. These three locomotives were not superheated. They had outside plate frames, Walschaerts valve gear, Belpaire fireboxes and used saturated steam and slide valves.[1][2][8]
Having been proved successful during trials, another two locomotives were ordered from Beyer, Peacock. Numbers NG54 and NG55 were delivered in 1925 and erected at the Durban workshops in April of that year. Both entered service in Natal. These two were superheated and, as a result, had longer smokeboxes and were 9 1⁄2 inches (241 millimetres) longer in overall length. Superheating also required alteration of the valve gear and piston valves were therefore used instead of slide valves. The cabs of the second order locomotives were also improved to offer better protection to the crew.[1][2][3]
Classification
The system of grouping narrow gauge locomotives into classes was only adopted by the SAR somewhere between 1928 and 1930 and, at that point, these Garratt locomotives were classified as Class NG G11, with the letters "NG" indicating narrow gauge and the "G" prefixing the classification number identifying it as a Garratt locomotive.[2][9][10]
Service
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The first three locomotives were all working in Natal soon after entering service. All but one remained there for the rest of their service lives, until withdrawal by 1962. No. NG51 was later returned to the Avontuur line to replace the retiring Class NG3 no. NG5 as yard shunter at Humewood Road.[1][2]
The two locomotives of the second order also served in Natal, ending up working on the branch from Estcourt to Weenen by 1966, when they were both transferred to the Avontuur line in exchange for two newer Class NG G13 locomotives. In Port Elizabeth, they were employed on yard duty and on transfer trips to and from the docks until, after the arrival of the Class 91-000 diesel-electric locomotives in 1973, they were withdrawn from service in October 1974.[2][3]
Preservation
Of the first three locomotives, only no. NG52 still exists. It was sold to Rustenburg Platinum Mines in 1956 and became their no. 7. After retirement at the mine, it was preserved at the Museum of Man and Science in Johannesburg in 1974, then moved to the Klein Jukskei Motor Museum by 1981 and finally donated to the South African National Railway And Steam Museum (SANRASM). In 2010 it was acquired by Sandstone Estates and, by 2011, it was being restored and rebuilt in Bloemfontein.[11]
The other two were scrapped after being retired from SAR service.[12]
Both superheated locomotives still exist. Although no. NG54 was restored in Bloemfontein in 1989, it was staged out of service at Humewood Road, until it was removed by Sandstone Estates in 2011 to be restored once again. No. NG55 was restored to full working order and was being run on the Patons Country Narrow Gauge Railway (PCNGR) at Ixopo in Natal by 2005. At the time, the PCNGR was operating tourist excursion trains between Ixopo and Ncalu.[3][13]
Illustration
Beyer, Peacock and Company works picture of no. NG51, c. 1919
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NG G11 no. NG55 at Ixopo, KwaZulu-Natal, 4 June 2005_c.JPG)
The compact Walschaerts valve gear on NG G11 no. NG55, 4 June 2005.JPG)
NG G11 no. NG55 entering Ixopo station, 3 September 2005
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1945). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter VII - South African Railways (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, November 1945. pp. 865-866.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 105–106. ISBN 0869772112.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Durrant, A E (1989). Twilight of South African Steam (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, London: David & Charles. p. 123. ISBN 0715386387.
- 1 2 3 Sandstone Steam Railroad
- 1 2 3 4 Beyer, Peacock Garratt Locomotives
- ↑ Advantages of the Garratt concept
- ↑ Technology in Australia 1788-1988
- ↑ Hamilton, Gavin N., The Garratt Locomotive - Garratt Locomotives produced by Beyer, Peacock, retrieved 10 November 2012
- ↑ South African Railways and Harbours Narrow Gauge Locomotive Diagram Book, 2'0" Gauge, S.A.R. Mechanical Dept. Drawing Office, Pretoria, 28 November 1932
- ↑ South African Railways and Harbours Locomotive Diagram Book, 2'0" & 3'6" Gauge Steam Locomotives, 15 August 1941, as amended
- ↑ Sandstone Bloemfontein-news
- ↑ Middleton, John N. (2002). Railways of Southern Africa Locomotive Guide - 2002 (as amended by Combined Amendment List 4, January 2009) (2nd, Dec 2002 ed.). Herts, England: Beyer-Garratt Publications.
- ↑ SAR Class NG G11 55 (2-6-0+0-6-2)
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