Tati language (Iran)

Tati
Tâti Zobun تاتی زبون
Native to	Iran
Native speakers	(undated figure of 220,000 Takestani)[1] 28,000 Harzani (2000)[2] Others shifting
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Western Northwestern II Tatic Tati
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: tks – Takestani/Khalkhal xkc – Kho'ini hrz – Harzandi rdb – Rudbari esh – Eshtehardi tov – Taromi xkp – Kabatei
Glottolog	khoi1250  (Kho'ini)[3] rama1272  (Takestani/Eshtehardi)[4] taro1267  (Taromi/Kabatei)[5] rudb1238  (Rudbari)[6] harz1239  (Harzandi)[7]

Tati language (Tati: Tâti Zobun, تاتی زبون) or Southern Tati^[8] is a Northwestern Iranian language which is closely related to the Talysh language, spoken by the Tat people of Iran. Tats are a subgroup of Northwestern Iranians.

Old Azari

Some sources use the term old Azari/Azeri to refer to the Tati language as it was spoken in the region before the spread of Turkic languages (see Ancient Azari language), and is now only spoken by different rural communities in Iranian Azerbaijan (such as villages in Harzanabad area, villages around Khalkhal and Ardabil), and also in Zanjan and Qazvin provinces.^{[9][10][11][12]}

Tati language structure

In any language, roots and verb affixes constitute the most basic and important components of a language. The root is an element included in all the words of a lexical family and carries the basic meaning of those lexical items. A verb affix is an element added to the root to form a new meaning. In many new Iranian languages, verb affixes have been left almost unnoticed, and it will be possible, by the act of deriving roots, to clear up most of their structural and semantic ambiguities. Unlike the root, verb affixes can be easily identified and described. In many languages, verb affixes act as the base of verb formation and are often derived from a limited number of roots. Tati, Talysh, and Gilaki languages belong to North-western Iranian languages currently spoken along the coast of Caspian Sea. These languages which enjoy many old linguistic elements have not been duly studied from a linguistic perspective.^[13]

In the field of phonetics Tati is similar to the rest of the north-western Iranian languages: it is distinguished by the persistence of Iranian *z, *s, *y-, * v- against the south-western d, h, j-, b-; development /ʒ/ < * j, */t͡ʃ/ against the south-west z, and the preservation of intervocalic and postvocalic *r and even, for a number of dialects, development rhotacism.

In the field of morphology, Tati is less analytical in structure than the south-western Iranian languages. Having lost the ancient foundations of classes and verb, tati preserved case (two case: direct, or subjective, and oblique). It is a gender-neutral language except in some name and verb formations.

Ergative in Tati language

Tati is an ergative language, i.e. "with transitive verbs the subject/agent of the verb is expressed by the direct case in the present tenses, but by the oblique in the past tenses, whereas the direct object/patient in the present tenses is expressed by the oblique, but by the direct in the past".^[14]
Khalkhali is one of the Tati dialects spoken in Shahrood and Xorsh-rostam districts of Khalkhal. Khalkhali Tati is distinguished from other dialects producing ergative structures, because of the adherence of verb to semantic object, in number, person and specially in gender. Meanwhile, according to some evidence in this dialect, apart from past transitive verbs, some intransitive verbs are influenced by the ergative structure.^[15]

Tati Dialects

Tati has 4 main dialects:

1. South of Qazvin province (Tākestāni, Eshtehārdi, Chāli, Dānesfāni, Esfarvarini, Ebrāhim-ābādi, Sagz-ābādi)
2. Ardabil province (Khalkhāli)
3. Alborz mountains range (Damāvandi, Rudbāri, Alamuti, Taleqāni, Ziārāni, Tikhuri)
4. North Khorasan province (Khorāsāni)

Comparison of various Tati dialects^[16]

English	Persian	Tākestāni Tāti	Sagzābādi Tāti	Ebrāhimābādi Tāti	Ardabilaki Tāti	Ziārāni Tāti	Tikhuri Tāti
Child	بچه bačče	zārin/bālā بالا/زارين	zāru زارو	zāru زارو	vača وچه	eyāl عيال	vača وچه
Rooftop	پشت بام pošte bām	bon بُن	bun بون	bön بون	bom بوم	bum بوم	bum بوم
Hand	دست dast	bāl بال	bāl بال	bāl بال	bāl بال	bāl بال	bāl بال
Sharp	تيز tiz	tij تيج	tij تيج	tij تيج	tij تيج	tij تيج	tij تيج
Sister	خواهر xāhar	xāke خاکه	xuača خواچه	xuāka خوآکه	xāxor خاخور	xoār خُوآر	xoār خُوآر
Ablution/Wudu	وضو vozu	dasnemāz دسنماز	dasta māz دست ماز	dasnemāz دسنماز	dasnemāz دسنماز	dastnemāz دست نِماز	dastnemāz دست نِماز
Housewife	کدبانو kadbānu	keyvuniye/kalöntare zeyniye کلُونتَره زينيه/کيوونيه	čeybonua چي بنوه	keyvānu کيوانو	keyvānu کيوانو	kalentar کلنتر	xojirezen خوجيره زِن
Lentil	عدس adas	marjömake مرجومکه	marjeva مرجوه	marjeva مرجوه	marju مرجو	marju مرجو	marju مرجو
Calm	آرام ārām	dinj دينج	dinj دينج	dinj دينج	dinj دينج	dinj دينج	dinj دينج
Shout	فرياد faryād	harāy هرای	harāy/qia قيه/هرای	harāy/qeya قيه/هرای	harāy/qiyu قيو/هرای	qālmeqāl/harāy هرای/قال مِقال	hara هَرَه

English	Persian	Pahlavi	Avestan	Tākestāni Tāti	Sagzābādi Tāti	Ebrāhimābādi Tāti	Ardabilaki Tāti	Ziārāni Tāti	Tikhuri Tāti
Dog	سگ sag	sege	span	asbe/māččiye ماچيه/اَسبه	asba اَسبه	asba اَسبه	sag سگ	sayg/māčča ماچه/سَيگ	sayg/māčča ماچه/سَيگ
Bone	استخوان ostoxān	ast/xastak	ast	esqonj اسقُنج	xasta خسته	xasta خسته	esdeqān اسدقان	hasta هَستَه	hasta هَستَه
Lie	دروغ dorugh	drog/droo	droj	duru دورو	deru درو	doru دُرو	duru دورو	duru دورو	duru دورو
Needle	سوزن suzan	darzik/darzi	dereza	darzone درزُنه	darzena درزنه	darzena درزنه	darzan درزَن	darzen درزِن	darzen درزِن
Face	چهره čehre	čihr/čihrak		dim دیم	dim دیم	dim دیم	dim دیم	dim دیم	dim دیم
Groom	داماد dāmād	zāmāt	zāmātar	zomā زُما	zummā زوما	zeymā زیما	zāmā زاما	zāmā زاما	zāmā زاما
House	خانه xāne	katak	kata	kiye کیه	čia چیه	kia کیه	xāna خانه	xāna خانه	xāna خانه
Man	مرد mard	mart	mereta	mardak مردک	miarda میرده	miarda میرده	merdi مِردی	mardek مَردِک	mardek مَردِک
Lamb	بره barre	varrak		vare وَره	vara وره	vara وره	vara وره	vara وره	vara وره
Bride	عروس arus	vazyok	vaze	veye ویه	veya ویه	veya ویه		ayris/eris عریس/عَی ریس	ayris/eris عریس/عَی ریس
Nose	بینی bini	vinik	vaenā	vinniye وینیه	venia ونیه	venia ونیه	vini وینی	vini وینی	vini وینی
Wolf	گرگ gorg	gurg	vehraka	varg ورگ	varg ورگ	varg ورگ	verg وِرگ	gurg گورگ	gurg گورگ

Other Tati dialects are Vafsi, Harzandi, Kho'ini, and Kiliti Eshtehardi.

Vafsi Tati

Vafsi is a dialect of Tati language spoken in the Vafs village and surrounding area in the Markazi province of Iran. The dialects of the Tafresh region share many features with the Central Plateau dialects, however their lexical inventory has many items in common with the Talysh subgroup.

Vafsi has six short vowel phonemes, five long vowel phonemes and two nasal vowel phonemes. The consonant inventory is basically the same as in Persian. Nouns are inflected for gender (masculine, feminine), number (singular, plural) and case (direct, oblique).

The oblique case marks the possessor (preceding the head noun), the definite direct object, nouns governed by a preposition, and the subject of transitive verbs in the past tense. Personal pronouns are inflected for number (singular, plural) and case (direct, oblique). A set of enclitic pronouns is used to indicate the agent of transitive verbs in the past tenses.

There are two demonstrative pronouns: one for near deixis, one for remote deixis. The use of the Persian ezafe construction is spreading, however there is also a native possessive construction, consisting of the possessor (unmarked or marked by the oblique case) preceding the head noun.

The verbal inflection is based on two stems: present and past stem. Person and number are indicated personal suffixes attached to the stem. In the transitive past tense the verb consists of the bare past stem and personal concord with the subject is provided by enclitic pronouns following the stem or a constituent preceding the verb. Two modal prefixes are used to convey modal and aspectual information. The past participle is employed in the formation of compound tenses.

Vafsi is a split ergative language: Split ergativity means that a language has in one domain accusative morphosyntax and in another domain ergative morphosyntax. In Vafsi the present tense is structured the accusative way and the past tense is structured the ergative way. Accusative morphosyntax means that in a language subjects of intransitive and transitive verbs are treated the same way and direct objects are treated another way. Ergative morphosyntax means that in a language subjects of intransitive verbs and direct objects are treated one way and subjects of transitive verbs are treated another way.

In the Vafsi past tense subjects of intransitive verbs and direct objects are marked by the direct case whereas subjects of transitive verbs are marked by the oblique case. This feature characterizes the Vafsi past tense as ergative.

The unmarked order of constituents is SOV like in most other Iranian languages.

Harzandi Tati

Harzani is considered an endangered language with a little less than 30,000 speakers in present day.^[17] Its speakers principally reside in the rural district of Harzand, particularly in the village known as Galin Ghaya. Harzani is also present in the neighboring villages of Babratein and Dash Harzand.^[18]

As of now, Harzani has not been formally recognized by the Islamic Republic of Iran, and thus receives no government support.^[19]

Like other languages and dialects of the Iranian language family, Harzani follows a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) word order. It has nine vowels, and shares a consonant inventory with Persian. It further exhibits a split-ergative case system: its present tense is structured to follow nominative-accusative patterning, while its past tense follows ergative-absolutive.

One characteristic that distinguishes Harzani from related Northwestern Iranian languages is its change from an intervocalic /d/ to an /r/.^[20] It also has a tendency to lengthen its vowels. For instance, it has the closed vowel /oe/.

Nouns and pronouns in Harzani do not reflect grammatical gender, but they do express case. Nouns, in particular, encode two cases: direct and oblique case, the first of which is not rendered morphologically, but the second is by attaching a suffix. Meanwhile, personal pronouns have three cases: direct, oblique, and possessive.

Verbs in Harzani are inflected for present tense and past tense. Information concerning person and number is reflected in suffixes that attach to these two verb stems. Modal and aspectual information is expressed using prefixes.

Kho'ini Tati

It is spoken in the village of Xoin and surrounding areas, about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Zanjan city in northern Iran. The Xoini verbal system follows the general pattern found in other Tati dialects. However, the dialect has its own special characteristics such as continuous present which is formed by the past stem, a preverb shift, and the use of connective sounds. The dialect is in danger of extinction.

Nouns have two cases: direct and oblique. Contrary to the often case in Persian, adjective is not Post-positive.

The suffixes may be attached to the verb; the agent of the verb in an ergative construction; an adverb; a prepositional or postpositional phrase; and in a compound verb to its nominal Complement.

The same set of endings is used for the present and the subjunctive. The endings of the preterit and the present perfect are basically the enclitic present forms of the verb 'to be' (*ah-, here called base one). For pluperfect and subjunctive perfect the freestanding auxiliary verb 'to be' (*bav-, here called base two) is utilized. There is no ending for singular imperative and it is -ân for plural. For the inflections of "to be" see "Auxiliary inflection" below.

The past and present stems are irregular and shaped by historical developments, e.g.: ^wuj- / ^wut- (to say); xaraš-/xarat- (to sell); taj-/tat- (to run). However, in many verbs the past stem is built on the present stem by adding -(e)st; e.g.: brem- → bremest- (to weep).

The imperative is formed by the modal prefix be- if the verb contains no preverb, plus the present stem and without ending in the singular and with -ân in the plural. be- is often changed to bi-, bo- or bu- according to the situation, and appears as b- before a vowel of a verbal stem.

Kiliti Tati

Kiliti is a Tati dialect of Azerbaijan that is closely related to Talysh. It is spoken in the villages around Kilit, located 12 kilometers southwest from the city of Ordubad in a district with the same name of Nakhchivan in Azerbaijan.

Tati and Talysh

Tati and Talysh are Northwestern Iranian languages which are close to each other. Although Talysh and Tati are two languages that have affected each other in various levels, the degree of this effect in different places are not the same. In fact the very closeness of the two dialects has been a major reason for impossibility of drawing clear borderlines between them. It happens that Tati varieties can be seen in the heart of Talysh districts, or Talysh varieties are found in the center of Tati districts. This claim is supported by focusing on linguistic characteristics of Tati and Talysh, the history of the interrelation between the two dialects, geographical parameters of the area, as well as the phonological, morphological, and lexical examples.^[21]

Comparison of Talysh and various Tati dialects

English	Persian	Astārāi Talysh	Tākestāni Tāti	Sagzābādi Tāti	Ebrāhimābādi Tāti	Ardabilaki Tāti	Ziārāni Tāti
Down	پایین pāyin	jina جینه	jir جیر	jirā جیرا	jirā جیرا	jir جیر	jir/jirā جیرا/جیر
Father	پدر pedar	dādā دادا	dādā دادا	dada دده	dada دده	dādā/piyar پیر/دادا	dada/piyar پیر/دده
Bitter	تلخ talx	tel تِل	tal تل	tal تل	tal تل	tal تل	tal تل
Girl	دختر doxtar	kela کِلَه	titiye تیتیه	titia تی تیه	titia تی تیه	detari دتری	detari دتری
Mad	دیوانه divāne	tur تور	tur تور	tur تور	tur تور	tur تور	tur تور
Woman	زن zan	žen ژِن	zeyniye زینیه	zania زنیه	zania زنیه	zen زِن	zenek زنک
White	سفید sefid	ispi ایسپی	isbi ایسبی	esbi اسبی	sebi سبی	sivid سوید	isbi ایسبی
Chicken	مرغ morq	kāg کاگ	karke کرکه	čarga چرگه	karga کرگه	kerg کرگ	kerg کرگ
Ladder	نردبان nardebān	serd سِرد	aselte اَسلته	sorda سورده	sorda سورده		palkān/palkāna پلکانه/پلکان
Face	چهره čehre	dim دیم	dim دیم	dim دیم	dim دیم	dim دیم	dim دیم

See also

• Alviri-Vidari language
• Tat people (Iran)
• northwestern Iranian languages

References

1. Takestani at Ethnologue (10th ed., 1984). Note: Data may come from the 9th edition (1978).
2. Harzani at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
3. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Kho'ini". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
4. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Ramand-Karaj". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
5. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Taromic". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
6. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Rudbari". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
7. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Harzandi". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
8. A Grammar of Southern Tati Dialects, Ehsan Yarshater, Median Dialect Studies I. The Hague and Paris, Mouton and Co., 1969.
9. it is also spoken in some villages like Vafs and Chehreghan in the central areas of Iran like Gholamhossein Mosahab's The Persian Encyclopedia
10. Paul, Ludwig (1998a). The position of Zazaki among West Iranian languages. In Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference of Iranian Studies, 11-15.09.1995, Cambridge, Nicholas Sims-Williams (ed.), 163-176. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
11. Andrew Dalby, Dictionary of Languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages, Columbia University Press, 2004, pg 496.
12. "Azari, the Old Iranian Language of Azerbaijan," Encyclopædia Iranica, op. cit., Vol. III/2, 1987 by E. Yarshater. External link:
13. Verb Roots and Affixes in Tâti, Tâleshi and Gilaki Dialects, Jahandust Sabzalipoor
14. Iranica entry on Eshtehārdi, one of Tati dialects
15. Ergative in Tāti Dialect of Khalkhāl, Jahandust Sabzalipoor
16. http://www.mehremihan.ir/language-and-dialect/2956-tati-ghazvini.html
17. Harzani at Ethnologue (17th Edition, 2014)]
18. Karimzadeh, J. 1994: "The Verbal Constructions in Azari (Harzani Dialect)." Master’s thesis, Tarbiat Modarres University.
19. Harzani at Languages of the World (LLOW)
20. https://archive.org/stream/HeningTati/2011_6_10-theAncientLanguageOfAzerbaijan_djvu.txt
21. Tāleshi Indications in Tāti Districts of Khalkhāl, Jahandust Sabzalipoor

External links

• Iranica entry on Eshtehārdi, one of Tati dialects
• Windfuhr: New West Iranian
• Grammar of the Talysh language in Russian