Punjabi language

Punjabi
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ • پنجابی

The word "Punjabi" written in Shahmukhi (Nast'aliq style), Gurmukhi
Native to Punjab region
Native speakers
 100 million, including Lahnda variants (2010)[1]
Standard forms
Dialects
Perso-Arabic
(Shahmukhi alphabet)
Gurmukhi
Punjabi Braille
Official status
Official language in
 Pakistan, India
Language codes
ISO 639-1

none

pa – Eastern Punjabi
ISO 639-2

none Individual codes:
lah – Lahnda

pan – Eastern Punjabi
ISO 639-3

lah – inclusive code
Individual codes:
lah – Lahnda
pnb – Western Punjabi
hno – Northern Hindko
hnd – Southern Hindko
jat – Jakati
xhe – Khetrani
phr – Pahari-Potwari
skr – Saraiki

pan – Eastern Punjabi
Glottolog lahn1241  (Lahnda)[3]
east2727  (Eastern Punjabic)[4]
Linguasphere 59-AAF-e

Countries of the world where Punjabi is spoken
  50,000,000 - 80,000,000
  1,000,000 - 50,000,000
  500,000 - 1,000,000
  200,000 - 500,000
  100,000 - 200,000
  50,000 - 100,000
  1,000 - 50,000

Punjabi /pʌnˈdʒɑːbi/[5] (Shahmukhi: پنجابی paṉjābī; Gurmukhi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ pañjābī)[6] is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by over 100 million native speakers worldwide, making it the 10th most widely spoken language (2015)[7][8] in the world. It is the native language of the Punjabi people who inhabit the historical Punjab region of Pakistan and India. Among the Indo-European languages it is unusual in being a tonal language.[9][10][11]

Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan,[12] the 11th most widely spoken in India and the third-most spoken native language in the Indian Subcontinent. Punjabi is the fourth-most spoken language in the United Kingdom[13] and third-most spoken native language (after English and French) in Canada.[14][15] The language also has a significant presence in the United Arab Emirates, United States, Saudi Arabia, and Australia. The Punjabi language is written in the Shahmukhi and Gurumukhi scripts, making it one of the relatively few languages written in more than one script.

History

Etymology

The word Punjabi is derived from the word Panj-āb, Persian for "Five Waters", referring to the five major eastern tributaries of the Indus River. Panj is cognate with Sanskrit pañca and Greek pente "five", and "āb" is cognate with the Av- of Avon. The historical Punjab region, now divided between India and Pakistan, is defined physiographically by the Indus River and these five tributaries. One of the five, the Beas River, is a tributary of another, the Sutlej.

Origin of the Punjabi language

Punjabi developed from Sanskrit through Prakrit language and later Apabhraṃśa (Sanskrit:अपभ्रंश; corruption or corrupted speech)[16] From 600 BC Sanskrit gave birth to many regional languages in diffrerent parts of India.These all languages are called Prakrit language collectively.Shauraseni Prakrit was one of these Prakrit languages,which was spoken in north and north-western India and Punjabi and western dialects of Hindi developed from this Prakrit.Later in northern India Shauraseni Prakrit gave rise to Shauraseni Aparbhsha ,which was a degenerated form of Prakrit.Punjabi emerged as an Apabhramsha, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century A.D. and became stable by the 10th century.By the 10th century, many Nath poets were associated with earlier Punjabi works.[17][17][18][18][19][19]

Arabic and Persian influence on Punjabi

Arabic and Persian influence in the historical Punjab region began with the late first millennium Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent.[20] Persian language was introduced in the subcontinent a few centuries later by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan dynasties including that of Mahmud of Ghazni.Many Persian and Arabic words were incorporated in Punjabi.[21] Punjabi has more Persian and Arabic vocabulary then Bengali,Marathi,Gujarati languages due to proximity of Punjab with western Asia.[22] It is noteworthy that Hindustani language with question of Persian and Arabic divided into Hindi with more Sanskritisation and Urdu with more Persianisation,but in Punjabi Sanskrit and Persian words are used with liberal approach to language. Later it has been influenced by Portuguese and English also,but it has minor influence in comparisn to Persian and Arabic languages.However in India English words in official language are used more liberally then Hindi.[23]

Geographic distribution

Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan, the seventh-most widely spoken in India and spoken Punjabi diaspora in various countries.

Pakistan

Map of showing geographical distribution of Punjabis in Pakistan
a book cover from Pakistan,written in Shahmukhi script,which is used in Pakistan

Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan. Punjabi is the provincial language in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. Punjabi is spoken as a native language by over 44.15% of Pakistanis. About 70.0% of the people of Pakistan speak Punjabi as either their first or second language, and for some as their third language. Lahore, the capital of the Punjab Province of Pakistan, is the largest Punjabi-speaking city in the world. 86% of the total population of Lahore is native Punjabi and Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, is 71% native Punjabis at 3rd after Faisalabad where 76% are native. There are also large number of Punjabi speakers in Karachi.

Census history of Punjabi speakers in Pakistan[24]
Year Population of Pakistan Percentage Punjabi speakers
1951 33,740,167 57.08% 22,632,905
1961 42,880,378 56.39% 28,468,282
1972 65,309,340 56.11% 43,176,004
1981 84,253,644 48.17% 40,584,980
1998 132,352,279 44.15% 58,433,431
Provinces of Pakistan by Punjabi speakers (2008)
Rank Division Punjabi speakers Percentage
– Pakistan 106,335,300 60% (inc Saraiki and Hindko dialects)
1 Punjab 70,671,704 75.23%
2 Sindh 4,592,261 10%
3 Islamabad Capital Territory 1,343,625 71.66%
4 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 7,396,085 21%
5 Balochistan 318,745 2.52%

In the 1981 National Census of Pakistan the Saraiki, Pothohari and Hindko dialects of the Western Punjabi were accorded the status of separate languages, which explains the decrease of the percentage of Punjabi speakers.

India

"Jallianwala Bagh" written in Hindi, Punjabi, and English in Amritsar, India

Punjabi is spoken as a native language, second language, or third language by about 30 million people in India. Punjabi is the official language of the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana and Delhi. Some of its major urban centres in northern India are Ambala, Ludhiana, Amritsar, Chandigarh, Jalandhar, and Delhi.

Census history of Punjabi speakers in India[25]
Year Population of India Punjabi speakers in India Percentage
1971 548,159,652 14,108,443 2.57%
1981 665,287,849 19,611,199 2.95%
1991 838,583,988 23,378,744 2.79%
2001 1,028,610,328 29,102,477 2.83%

Punjabi diaspora

Main article: Punjabi diaspora
Southall Station (United Kingdom) sign in Punjabi, in the Gurmukhī script

Punjabi is also spoken as a minority language in several other countries where Punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Canada[26] , where it is the fourth-most-commonly used language,.[27] There were 76 million Punjabi speakers in Pakistan in 2008,[28] 33 million in India in 2011,[29] 1.3 million in the UK in 2000,[30] 368,000 in Canada in 2006,[31] and smaller numbers in other countries.

Official status

In India, Punjabi is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. It is the first official language of the Indian State of Punjab. Punjabi has also second official status in Delhi along with Urdu, Haryana.

Punjabi on Indian currency,see in language box on eleventh place

In Pakistan, no regional ethnic language has been granted official status at the national level, and as such Punjabi is not an official language at the national level, even though it is the most spoken language in Pakistan after Urdu. It is, however, the official provincial language of Punjab, Pakistan, the second largest and the most populous province of Pakistan as well as in Islamabad Capital Territory. The only two official national languages in Pakistan are Urdu and English, which are considered the lingua francas of Pakistan.

Modern Punjabi

Gurmukhi alphabet excluding vowels

Standard Punjabi

Punjabi in modern culture

Punjabi is becoming more acceptable among Punjabis in modern media and communications. Punjabi has always been an integral part of Indian cinema. A large number of Hindi movies now incorporate Punjabi vocabulary in music and dialogue. Punjabi pop and folk songs are very popular both in India and Pakistan at the national level. The number of students opting for Punjabi literature has increased in Pakistani Punjab. Punjabi cinema in India has also seen a revival and more and more Punjabi movies are being produced. In India, the number of students opting for Punjabi Literature as an optional subject in IAS examinations has increased along with the success rate of the students. Punjabi music is very popular today throughout the world.[32]

Dialects and related languages

Main article: Punjabi dialects
Dialects of Punjabi language

Punjabi has variously been assigned to either the Northwestern group of Indo-Aryan (together with Lahnda and Sindhi) or to the Central group (together with Hindi).[33]

The major dialects of Punjabi include Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Powadhi, Pothohari, and Multani. The dialects in the Lahnda dialect continuum, including Saraiki and Hindko, are considered as dialects of Punjabi by many linguists but as distinct languages by others.[34]

In Indo-Aryan dialectology generally, the presence of transitional dialects creates problems in assigning some dialects to one or another "language".[35][36] However, over the last century there has usually been little disagreement when it comes to defining the core region of the Punjabi language. The British linguist George Abraham Grierson came to the conclusion that a group of dialects known collectively as "western Punjabi" spoken north and west of the Punjab heartland, in the Indus valley itself and on the lower reaches of the other four tributaries (excluding the Beas River), in fact constituted a language distinct from Punjabi. He named this group of dialects "Lahnda" in a volume of the Language Survey of India (LSI) published in 1919.[37] He grouped as "southern Lahnda" the dialects that are now recognized as Saraiki. In the National Census of Pakistan (1981) Saraiki and Hindko (previously categorized as "Western Punjabi"), got the status of separate languages,[38] which explains the decrease in the percentage of Punjabi speakers.

Standard dialect

The Majhi(ماجھی ਮਾਝੀ) dialect spoken around Amritsar and Lahore is Punjabi's prestige dialect. Majhi is spoken in the heart of Punjab in the region of Majha, which spans Lahore, Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Kasur, Tarn Taran, Faisalabad, Nankana Sahib, Pathankot, Okara, Pakpattan, Sahiwal, Narowal, Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Chiniot, Gujranwala and Gujrat districts. Majhi retains the nasal consonants /ŋ/ and /ɲ/, which have been superseded elsewhere by non-nasals /ɡ/ and /d͡ʒ/ respectively. The Majhi (and Lahnda) spoken in Pakistan is more Persianized in vocabulary, and the usage of the sounds /z/, /x/ and /ɣ/ is more common.

English Gurmukhi based (India) Shahmukhi based (Pakistan)
President ਪਰਧਾਨ (pardhān) صدرا ملمکت (sadar-e mulmikat)
Article ਲੇਖ (lēkh) مظمون (mazmūn)
Prime Minister ਪਰਧਾਨ ਮੰਤਰੀ (pardhān matarī) وزیرا اعظم (wazir-e aʿzam)
Family ਪਰਵਾਰ/ਟੱਬਰ (parvār/ṭabar) تابڑ/خاندان (khāndān/tabbar)
Philosophy ਫਲਸਫਾ (falsafā) فلسفہ (falsafā)
Capital ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ (rājdhānī) راجدغانڑ/دارال حکومت (dārul haqūmat/rājghar)
Viewer ਦਰਸ਼ਕ (darśak) ناظرین (nāzrīn)

In India, Punjabi is written in Gurmukhī, a standardized script. The word Gurmukhi translates into 'from the Guru's mouth'.[39] In Pakistan, the Shahmukhī script, meaning "from the King's mouth", based on the Persian abjad is used.[40]

Phonology

Vowels
FrontCentralBack
Close i(ː) ਈ u(ː) ਊ
Near-close ɪ ਇ ʊ ਉ
Close-mid e(ː) ਏ o(ː) ਓ
Mid ə ਅ
Open-mid ɛ(ː) ਐ ɔ(ː) ਔ
Open a(ː) ਆ

The long vowels (the vowels with [ː]) also have nasal analogues.

Consonants
Labial Dental/
Alveolar		 Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m ਮ n ਨ ɳ ਣ ɲ ਞ ŋ ਙ
Stop/
Affricate		 tenuis p ਪ t̪ ਤ ʈ ਟ t͡ʃ ਚ k ਕ
aspirated pʰ ਫ t̪ʰ ਥ ʈʰ ਠ t͡ʃʰ ਛ kʰ ਖ
voiced b ਬ d̪ ਦ ɖ ਡ d͡ʒ ਜ ɡ ਗ
Fricative voiceless f ਫ਼ ɳ ਸ ʃ ਸ਼ (x ਖ਼)
voiced z ਜ਼ (ɣ ਗ਼)
Flap ɾ ਰ ɽ ੜ
Approximant ʋ ਵ l ਲ ɻ ਲ਼[41] ɪ ਯ f ਹ

Tone

Punjabi has three phonemically distinct tones that developed from the lost murmured (or "voiced aspirate") series of consonants. Phonetically the tones are rising or rising-falling contours and they can span over one syllable or two, but phonemically they can be distinguished as high, mid, and low.

A historical murmured consonant (voiced aspirate consonant) in word initial position became tenuis and left a low tone on the two syllables following it: ghoṛā [kòːɽɑ̀ː] "horse". A stem-final murmured consonant became modally voiced and left a high tone on the two syllables preceding it: māgh [mɑ́ːɡ] "October". A stem-medial murmured consonant which appeared after a short vowel and before a long vowel became modally voiced and left a low tone on the two syllables following it: maghāuṇā [məɡɑ̀ːʊ̀ɳɑ̀ː] "to have something lit". Other syllables have mid tone.[42]

Grammar

Main article: Punjabi grammar

The grammar of the Punjabi language concerns the word order, case marking, verb conjugation, and other morphological and syntactic structures of the Punjabi language. The main article discusses the grammar of Modern Standard Punjabi as defined by the sources cited therein.

Writing systems

There are two ways to write Punjabi: Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi. The word Gurmukhi translates into "Guru's mouth",[39] and Shahmukhi means "from the King's mouth".[40]

In the Punjab province of Pakistan, the script used is Shahmukhi and differs from the Urdu alphabet in having four additional letters.[43] In the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana and Delhi and other parts of India, the Gurmukhī script is generally used for writing Punjabi.[43] Historically, various local Brahmic scripts like Laṇḍā were also in use.[44]

Sample text

This sample text was taken from the Punjabi Wikipedia article on Lahore.

Gurmukhi:

ਲਹੌਰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨੀ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੀ ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ ਹੈ । ਲੋਕ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਕਰਾਚੀ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਲਹੌਰ ਦੂਜਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਹੈ । ਲਹੌਰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਸਿਆਸੀ, ਰਹਤਲੀ ਤੇ ਪੜ੍ਹਾਈ ਦਾ ਗੜ੍ਹ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਇਸ ਲਈ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਦਿਲ ਵੀ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ । ਲਹੌਰ ਦਰਿਆ-ਏ-ਰਾਵੀ ਦੇ ਕੰਢੇ ਤੇ ਵਸਦਾ ਹੈ । ਤੇ ਇਸਦੀ ਲੋਕ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਇੱਕ ਕਰੋੜ ਦੇ ਨੇੜੇ ਹੈ ।

Shahmukhi:

لاهور پاکستانی پنجاب دا دارالحکومت اے۔ لوک گنتی دے نال کراچی توں بعد لاهور دوجا سبھ توں وڈا شہر اے۔ لاهور پاکستان دا سیاسی، رہتلی تے پڑھائی دا گڑھ اے تے اس لئی ایھنوں پاکستان دا دل وی کیھا جاندا اے۔ لاهور دریاۓ راوی دے کنڈھے تے وسدا ۔ اے اسدی لوک گنتی اک کروڑ دے نیڑے اے ۔

Transliteration: lahaur pākistānī panjāb dī rājdā̀ni ài. lok giṇtī de nāḷ karācī tõ bāad lahaur dūjā sáb tõ vaḍḍā šáir ài. lahor pākistān dā siāsī, rátalī te paṛā̀ī dā gáṛ ài te is laī ínū̃ pākistān dā dil vī kihā jāndā ài. lahaur dariāe rāvī de kaṇḍè te vasdā ài. te isdī lok giṇtī ikk karoṛ de neṛe ài.

Translation: Lahore is the capital city of the Pakistani Punjab. After a number of people from Karachi, Lahore is the second largest city. Lahore is Pakistan's political stronghold and education capital and so it is also the heart of Pakistan. Lahore lies on the bank of the Ravi River. And, its population is close to ten million people.

IPA: [lə̄ɦɔ̄ːɾ pāːkɪ̄st̪āːnīː pə̄̃d͡ʒāːb d̪īː ɾāːd͡ʒt̪àːnɪ̄ ɦɛ̀ː ‖ lōk ɡɪ̄ɳt̪īː d̪ē nāːl kə̄ɾāːt͡ʃīː t̪ō̃ bāːə̄d̪ lə̄ɦɔ̄ːɾ d̪ūːd͡ʒāː sə́p t̪ō̃ ʋːə̄ɖāː ʃə̄ɦɪ̄ɾ ɦɛ̀ː ‖ lə̄ɦɔ̄ːɾ pāːkɪ̄st̪āːn d̪āː sɪ̄āːsīː | ɾə́ɦt̪ə̄līː t̪ē pə̄ɽɦàːīː d̪āː ɡə́ɽɦ ɦɛ̀ː t̪ē ɪ̄s lə̄īː ɪ́ɦnū̃ pāːkɪ̄st̪āːn d̪āː d̪ɪ̄l ʋīː kɪ̄ɦāː d͡ʒā̃ːd̪āː ɦɛ̀ː ‖ lə̄ɦɔ̄ːɾ d̪ə̄ɾɪ̄āːē ɾāːʋīː d̪ē kə̄̃ʈè t̪ē ʋə̄̃sd̪īː ɦɛ̀ː ‖ t̪ē īsd̪īː lōk ɡɪ̄ɳt̪īː ɪ̄kː kə̄ɾōɽ d̪ē nēɽē ɦɛ̀ː ‖]

Literature development

main article Punjabi literature

Medieval era, Mughal and Sikh period

Great Punjabi poet Waris Shah
Sufi poets have enriched Punjabi literature

The Janamsakhis(ਜਨਮਸਾਖੀ,جنم ساکھی), stories on the life and legend of Guru Nanak (1469–1539), are early examples of Punjabi prose literature.

British Raj era and post-independence period

The Victorian novel, Elizabethan drama, free verse and Modernism entered Punjabi literature through the introduction of British education during the Raj. Nanak Singh (1897–1971), Vir Singh, Ishwar Nanda, Amrita Pritam (1919–2005), Puran Singh (1881–1931), Dhani Ram Chatrik (1876–1957), Diwan Singh (1897–1944) and Ustad Daman (1911–1984), Mohan Singh (1905–78) and Shareef Kunjahi are some legendary Punjabi writers of this period. After independence of Pakistan and India Najm Hossein Syed, Fakhar Zaman and Afzal Ahsan Randhawa, Shafqat Tanvir Mirza, Ahmad Salim, and Najm Hosain Syed, Munir Niazi, Pir Hadi abdul Mannan enriched Punjabi literature in Pakistan,whereas Amrita Pritam (1919–2005), Jaswant Singh Rahi (1930–1996), Shiv Kumar Batalvi (1936–1973), Surjit Patar (1944–) and Pash (1950–1988) are some of the more prominent poets and writers from India.

In Pakistan

[55] Punjabi Prachar,Institute for Peace and Secular Studies,World Punjabi congress,Adbi Sangat, Khaaksaar Tehreek, Saanjh, National Youth Forum, Maan Boli Research Centre, Punjabi Sangat Pakistan, Punjabi Markaz, Sver International, Punjabi writers Forum, National Students Federation, Punjabi Union, Pakistan, Punjabi Adbi Board and Punjabi National Conference raise time to time the issue before the authorities to adopt the Punjabi language at official level.[56] Tariq Jatala, Farhad Iqbal, Diep Saeeda, Khalil Ojla, Afzal Sahir, Jamil Ahmad Paul, Mazhar Tirmazi, Mushtaq Sufi, Biya Je, Tohid Ahmad Chattha and Bilal Shaker Kahaloon,Nazeer Kahut are those activists want implementation of the Punjabi as the official, academic and legal language in the Punjab.[57][58][59]Hafiz Saeed, chief of Jama'at-ud-Da'wah (JuD)has questioned Pakistan's decision to adopt Urdu as its national language in a country where majority of people speak Punjabi language.[60]

In India

Punjabi and official status

Ghadar di Gunj1913,newspaper in Punjabi of Ghadar Party,USA based Indian revolutionary party.

*Punjabi has rich literary history and great geographical area but before 1947 it had never been official language.The Battle of Plassey in 1757 and later The Battle of Buxar in 1764 let the British East India Company take control of Bengal and Avadh of the Indian subcontinent.THE Britisher employed Bengalis in Bengal and Urdu speaking poeple in Avadh.The Second Anglo-Sikh War took place in 1848 and 1849, between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company. It resulted in the subjugation of the Sikh Empire, and the annexation of the Punjab.English took Urdu speaking clerks and administrators with them from Delhi-Avadh area and thus urdu became official language of Punjab and Punjabi language confined to general public,however Punjabis of all major religions continued to produce literature in Punjabi and Punjabi was taught in Gurudwaras also.]

Hence Urdu prospered as a literary expression somewhat at the expense of Punjabi. Besides Urdu became the language of the media in the Punjab.[65][66][67]

¤Urdu is preferred medium of education in local schools-colleges[69][70] as well as Government paperwork which is very threatening for survival of Punjabi language in Punjab, Pakistan.[71][72] But Urdu is the mother tongue of only about 7.57% Pakistanis.[73] In September 2015, a case was filed in Supreme Court of Pakistan against Government of Punjab, Pakistan as it did not take any step to implement Punjabi language in the province.[74] Punjabi lovers also say that creation of Bangladesh out of Pakistan proves that love of Mother-tongue is more important than religion.[75] Pakistani Punjabi language film industry is in crisis as filmmakers were not producing Punjabi language films like before 1975 Punjabi films ruled in film industry of Pakistan.[76] Television Channels from Lahore (Punjab's capital city) are all in Urdu instead of Punjabi.[77] There is still 150-year-old unofficial ban on education in Punjabi language in Punjab, Pakistan and Government is ignorant about it thus compelling Punjabi people to protest.[78] In August 2015, Pakistan Academy of Letters, International Writer’s Council (IWC) and World Punjabi Congress (WPC) organised Khawaja Farid conference and demanded Punjabi University should be established in Lahore and Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level.[79] In Lahore, every year thousands of punjabis gather on International Mother Language Day seeking an end to the 150-year-old ban on education in Punjabi in Pakistan and against Urdu-isation of Punjab.[80]

Choorian released in 1998 became the highest-grossing domestic film of all-time, until 2007.It also Punjabi as one of popular public languages of Pakistan

Punjabi remained only as public language through Punjabi cinema,literature,folk songs,music.

In India:- In the 1950s, the linguistic groups across India sought statehood, which led to the establishment of the States Reorganisation Commission in dec 1953. At that time, the Punjab state of India included present-day states of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh (some parts) along with Chandigarh.Punjabi Suba movement was aimed at creation of a Punjabi-majority subah ("province") in the Punjab region of India in the 1950s.[81] The Government of India was wary of carving out a separate Punjabi language state, because it effectively meant dividing the state along religious lines: Sikhs would form a 60% majority in the resulting Punjabi state.[82] Fresh from the memory of the violent religion-based partition of India in 1947, the Punjabi Hindus were also concerned about living in a Sikh-majority state. The Hindu newspapers from Jalandhar, exhorted the Punjabi Hindus to declare Hindi as their "mother tongue", so that the Punjabi Suba proponents could be deprived of the argument that their demand was solely linguistic. This later created a rift between Hindus and Sikhs of Punjab. The case for creating a Punjabi Suba was presented to the States Reorganisation Commission.

Government seal of Indian Punjab with Punjabi in right side

In September 1966, the Indira Gandhi-led Union Government accepted the demand, and Punjab was trifurcated as per the Punjab Reorganisation Act.[83] Areas in the south of Punjab that spoke the Haryanvi dialect of Hindi formed the new state of Haryana, while the areas that spoke the Pahari dialects were merged to Himachal Pradesh (a Union Territory at the time). The remaining areas, except Chandigarh, formed the new Punjabi-majority state.[84] Until 1966, Punjab was a Hindu majority state (63.7%). But during the linguistic partition, the Hindu-majority districts were removed from the state.[85] Chandigarh, the planned city built to replace Punjab's pre-partition capital Lahore, was claimed by both Haryana and Punjab. Pending resolution of the dispute, it was declared as a separate Union Territory which would serve as the capital of both the states. But still some Sikh organisations hold the view that trifurcation was not properly carried out, as many Punjabi speaking districts went to Haryana, since Haryana has second largest Punjabi speaking population of India & many of its districts are Punjabi dominated or have large minorities.

¤There are still cold movements to end discrimination to Punjabi language implement it in Punjabi majority areas like Chandigarh,[86][87] Haryana,[88] Delhi,[89][90][91] Uttar Pradesh,[92] Jammu and Kashmir[93] and many institutes like schools-colleges in Punjab state itself where Punjabi language is ignored.[94][95][96] Punjabi language dialects like Bauria, Bazigari, Bhand, Dhaha, Gojri, Lahanda, Lubana, Odi, Rai Sikhi and Sansi are also becoming extinct in Punjab, India.[97] There is Hindi imposition since 1950s and 1960s in state against Punjabi language.[98][99] Despite a rich heritage of Punjabi literature, Punjabi Television serial industry in Indian Punjab has totally disappeared.[100] In 2008 by a landmark decision, the Punjab government and Punjab Legislative Assembly legislated the Punjab Languages (Amendment) Act, 2008 to make the study of Punjabi compulsory up to class tenth in Government and private schools applying equally to the schools affiliated to the Punjab School Education Board (PSEB), Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) throughout Punjab and all the official work in the government offices and semi-government institutions would be carried on in Punjabi. All official correspondence and the official work in all Colleges and Universities in the state would also be carried in the Punjab Language.[101][102][103]

Institutes working for Punjabi

  1. Research Centre for Punjabi Language Technology,Punjabi University, Patiala.[104] It is working for development of core technologies for Punjabi,Digitisation of basic materials,online Punjabi teaching,developing software for office use in Punjabi,provinding common platform to Punjabi cyber community.[105] Machine tranlation tool for Punjabi to Hindi,Punjabi to Urdu nad vice versa and machine transliteration system between Gurumukhi and Shahmukhi scripts are very popular.
  2. Punjabipedia an online encyclopedia is also launched by Patiala university in 2014.[106][107]

Softwares

Gallery

See also

Notes

    1. ↑ "Världens 100 största språk 2010" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2010), in Nationalencyklopedin
    2. ↑ "Punjabi". languagesgulper.com. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
    3. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Lahnda". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
    4. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Eastern Punjabic". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
    5. ↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh
    6. ↑ Kachru, Braj B.; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S. N. (27 March 2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-139-46550-2. Retrieved 24 October 2014. Sikhs often write Punjabi in Gurmukhi, Hindus in Devanagari, and Muslims in Perso-Arabic.
    7. ↑ "Världens 100 största språk 2010" [The world's 100 largest languages in 2010]. Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
    8. ↑ "What Are The Top 10 Most Spoken Languages In The World?".
    9. ↑ Bhatia, Tej (1999). "Lexican Anaphors and Pronouns in Punjabi". In Lust, Barbara; Gair, James. Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages. Walter de Gruyter. p. 637. ISBN 978-3-11-014388-1. Other tonal Indo-Aryan languages languages include Lahnda and Western Pahari.
    10. ↑ Phonemic Inventory of Punjabi Archived 16 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
    11. ↑ Geeti Sen. Crossing Boundaries. Orient Blackswan, 1997. ISBN 978-81-250-1341-9. Page 132. Quote: "Possibly, Punjabi is the only major South Asian language that has this kind of tonal character. There does seem to have been some speculation among scholars about the possible origin of Punjabi's tone-language character but without any final and convincing answer..."
    12. ↑ "Pakistan Census". Census.gov.pk. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
    13. ↑ "2011 Census: Main language (detailed), local authorities in England and Wales" (XLS). ONS. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
    14. ↑ , Census Profile – Province/Territory
    15. ↑ , 2006 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations|Detailed Mother Tongue (103), Knowledge of Official Languages
    16. ↑ .https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA166&dq=punjabi+prakrit+language&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwie9PGZnrzQAhXMtI8KHay-AfwQ6AEIKTAD#v=onepage&q=punjabi%20prakrit%20language&f=false
    17. 1 2 India's culture through the ages by Mohan Lal Vidyarthi. Published by Tapeshwari Sahitya Mandir, 1952. Page 148: "From the apabhramsha of Sauraseni are derived Punjabi, Western Hindi, Rajasthani and Gujerati [sic]..."
    18. 1 2 National Communication and Language Policy in India By Baldev Raj Nayar. Published by F. A. Praeger, 1969. Page 35. "...Sauraseni Aprabhramsa from which have emerged the modern Western Hindi and Punjabi."
    19. 1 2 The Sauraseni Prākrit Language. "This Middle Indic language originated in Mathura, and was the main language used in drama in Northern India in the mediaeval era. Two of its descendants are Hindi and Punjabi."
    20. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=UUdYFH9skIkC&pg=PA81&dq=punjabi+and+persian+language&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi38-XXn7zQAhUGN48KHTiyAqUQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=punjabi%20and%20persian%20language&f=false
    21. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA35&dq=punjabi+and+persian+language&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi38-XXn7zQAhUGN48KHTiyAqUQ6AEIJTAC#v=onepage&q=punjabi%20and%20persian%20language&f=false
    22. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&pg=PA314&dq=punjabi+and+persian+language+words&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_iMP6n7zQAhULvI8KHdjGCDQQ6AEIIDAB#v=onepage&q=punjabi%20and%20persian%20language%20words&f=false
    23. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA87&dq=punjabi+and+persian+language+words&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_iMP6n7zQAhULvI8KHdjGCDQQ6AEIKjAD#v=onepage&q=punjabi%20and%20persian%20language%20words&f=false
    24. ↑ http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/index.html
    25. ↑ "Growth of Scheduled Languages-1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001". Census of India. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
    26. ↑ "Punjabi is 4th most spoken language in Canada". The Times of India. 14 February 2008.
    27. ↑
    28. ↑ Pakistan 1998 census – Population by mother tongue
    29. ↑ "Indian Census". Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
    30. ↑ McDonnell, John (7 March 2000). "Punjabi Community". Parliamentary Business: Commons Debates. UK Parliament. p. Column 142WH. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
    31. ↑ "Population by mother tongue in Canada". 0.statcan.gc.ca. 2013-02-13. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
    32. ↑ "Balle balle! Punjabi music is the flavour of Bollywood". 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
    33. ↑ Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. pp. 446–63. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.
    34. ↑ Farina Mir (2010). The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab. University of California Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-520-26269-0.
    35. ↑ Masica 1991:25
    36. ↑ Burling 1970:chapter on India
    37. ↑ Shackle 1970:240
    38. ↑ Michael Edward Brown; Sumit Ganguly (2003). Fighting Words: Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia. MIT Press. pp. 68–. ISBN 978-0-262-52333-2.
    39. 1 2 Khalsa, Sukhmandir. "Introduction to Gurmukhi". About.com. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
    40. 1 2 Saini, Tejinder, Lehal Gurpreet, and Kalra Virinder (2008). Shahmukhi to Gurmukhi Transliteration System. p. 177.
    41. ↑ Masica (1991:97)
    42. ↑ Harjeet Singh Gill, "The Gurmukhi Script", p. 397. In Daniels and Bright, The World's Writing Systems. 1996.
    43. 1 2 "Punjabi". University of California, Los Angeles. Retrieved 2013-07-30.
    44. ↑ Shackle, Christopher (2003). "Panjabi". In George Cardona, Dhanesh Jain (eds.). The Indo-Aryan languages. Routledge language family series. Y. London: Routledge. p. 594. ISBN 978-0-7007-1130-7.
    45. ↑ (citation: Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature)
    46. ↑ Shiv Kumar Batalvi sikh-heritage.co.uk.
    47. ↑ Melvin Ember; Carol R. Ember; Ian A. Skoggard, eds. (2005). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Springer. p. 1077. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9.
    48. ↑ The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume One - A to Devo). Volume 1. Amaresh Datta, ed. Sahitya Akademi: 2006, 352.
    49. ↑ http://www.gowanusbooks.com/punjabi.htm
    50. ↑ http://apnaorg.com/articles/ishtiaq8/
    51. ↑ http://ppinewsagency.com/inferiority-complex-declining-punjabi-language-punjab-university-vice-chancellor/
    52. ↑ http://tribune.com.pk/story/880483/urdu-isation-of-punjab/
    53. ↑ http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153482
    54. ↑ http://punjabikhojgarh.blogspot.in/
    55. ↑ https://theprg.co.uk/2009/07/14/punjabi-khoj-garh/
    56. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Punjabi-in-schools-Pro-Punjabi-outfits-in-Pakistan-threaten-hunger-strike/articleshow/49214265.cms
    57. ↑ http://nation.com.pk/lahore/21-Feb-2011/Rally-for-ending-150yearold-ban-on-education-in-Punjabi
    58. ↑ http://nazeerkahut.com/web/
    59. ↑ http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/02/21/city/lahore/punjab-wants-its-mother-tongue-back/
    60. ↑ http://zeenews.india.com/news/south-asia/pakistan-should-have-adopted-punjabi-as-national-language-hafiz-saeed_1862842.html
    61. ↑ http://pu.edu.pk/page/show/ba_gen_pattern.html
    62. ↑ http://pu.edu.pk/home/department/32/Department-of-Punjabi
    63. ↑ obsexpress.in/delhi-teachers-recruitment/
    64. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=JhvmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA141&lpg=PA141&dq=punjabi+children+hindi+concerns&source=bl&ots=Lih1nn5Brv&sig=xxkZR1QVUJ2OEsw2JqQnS-U7y7Y&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwilmMCU2sjQAhUEMo8KHWjJDHUQ6AEIJzAC#v=onepage&q=punjabi%20children%20hindi%20concerns&f=false
    65. ↑ http://punjabithinker7.blogspot.in/2015/10/why-punjabi-was-abolished-in-punjab-by.html
    66. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242277877_Punjabi_Language_during_British_Rule
    67. ↑ http://www.punjabics.com/Exclusive%20articles/Punjabi%20in%20Pakistan.htm
    68. ↑ Al Helal, Bashir (2012). "Language Movement". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
    69. ↑ Ali, Fawad (26 May 2014). "Ki kehnda?: Most widely-spoken mother tongue ignored in local schools". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
    70. ↑ Ahmed, Shoaib (22 February 2015). "'Struggle for Punjabi has gone a step ahead'". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
    71. ↑ Neel KamalNeel Kamal, TNN (14 September 2015). "Aficionados of the language say that after Partition, policy-makers declared Urdu the national language of Pakistan at the expense of others.". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
    72. ↑ Hussain, Kashif (15 September 2015). "International Mother Language Day observed : Opp leader vows to". DailyTimes. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
    73. ↑ "Supreme Court's Urdu verdict: No language can be imposed from above". The Nation. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
    74. ↑ "Two-member SC bench refers Punjabi language case to CJP". Business Recorder. 14 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
    75. ↑ "Mother tongue is as important as our mother". Punjab News Express. 2 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
    76. ↑ Warraich, Faizan; Ali, Haider (15 September 2015). "Intelligentsia urges govt to promote Punjabi language". DailyTimes. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
    77. ↑ Masood, Tariq (21 February 2015). "The colonisation of language". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
    78. ↑ "Rally for ending 150-year-old 'ban on education in Punjabi". The Nation. 21 February 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
    79. ↑ "'Sufi poets can guarantee unity'".
    80. ↑ Altaf, Arsalan (4 May 2015). "Urdu-isation of Punjab". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
    81. ↑ Pandher, Sarabjit (3 September 2013). "Freedom struggle". The Hindu. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
    82. ↑ "Hindu-Sikh relations — I". The Tribune. Chandigarh, India: Tribuneindia.com. 2003-11-03. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
    83. ↑ "The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966" (PDF). Government of India. 1966-09-18. Retrieved 2011-12-26.
    84. ↑ The Sikhs: History, Religion, and Society By W. H. McLeod,Published 1991, Columbia University Press
    85. ↑ The Sikhs as a "Minority" in a Sikh Majority State in India, by Paul Wallace, Asian Survey, 1986 University of California Press
    86. ↑ Cities (14 May 2015). "Over 80 per cent residents of Chandigarh speak Punjabi. But, while English is the official language, Punjabi is not even the second language.". The Indian Express. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
    87. ↑ "Jain flays Centre for ignoring Punjabi language". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. 14 December 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
    88. ↑ "SGPC claims Haryana govt ignoring Punjabi language". http://www.hindustantimes.com/. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015. External link in |website= (help)
    89. ↑ Aujla, Harjap Singh (15 June 2015). "Punjabi's of Delhi couldn't get justice for Punjabi language". Punjab News Express. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
    90. ↑ Singh, Sanjeev (13 July 2013). "Sikh bodies oppose DU's 'anti-Punjabi' move". Kirpan. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
    91. ↑ Gupta, Sakshi (12 July 2013). "Is Delhi University's Modern Indian Languages policy discriminatory?". DU Beat. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
    92. ↑ "'यूपी में पंजाबी भाषा पाठ्यक्रम शुरू करे सरकार'". Amarujala (in Hindi). 7 September 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
    93. ↑ "Steps taken for promotion of Punjabi language: Priya Sethi". Scoop News Jammu Kashmir. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
    94. ↑ IP SinghIP Singh, TNN (22 February 2015). "English schools not teaching Punjabi will face action: Minister". The Times of India. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
    95. ↑ "Will penalize schools not teaching Punjabi: Punjab education min". daily.bhaskar.com. 6 November 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
    96. ↑ TNN (3 June 2014). "Why regional languages ignored, ask PU students". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
    97. ↑ Sarika SharmaSarika Sharma, TNN (12 April 2015). "When a language's mother dies". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
    98. ↑ "No Punjabi versus Hindi divide now".
    99. ↑ Lyons, Kristen; Westoby, Peter; Conversation, The (17 September 2015). "How climate change efforts by developed countries are hurting Africa's rural poor". Scroll.in. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
    100. ↑ Singh, Jasmine (15 September 2015). "Serial killer". http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/spectrum/serial-killer/130865.html. Retrieved 15 September 2015. External link in |website= (help)
    101. ↑ "Punjab to have Punjabi as official language".
    102. ↑ "Punjabi will be official language in offices in Punjab".
    103. ↑ "Punjab government calls for strict implementation of 2008 Languages Act".
    104. ↑ http://punjabiuniversity.ac.in/pbiuniweb/pages/departments/newresearchdepartment.html
    105. ↑ http://www.learnpunjabi.org/about.aspx
    106. ↑ http://punjabipedia.org/aboutus.aspx
    107. ↑ http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/pbi-university-launches-punjabipedia/story-4nxtGZT4ajuIY02MbjwouN.html
    108. ↑ http://dhahanprize.com/
    109. ↑ https://www.microsoft.com/pa-in/download
    110. ↑ https://sourceforge.net/projects/punlinux/
    111. ↑ https://itunes.apple.com/in/app/punjabi-keyboard/id428805745?mt=8
    112. ↑ https://www.google.co.in/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=DYs1WMq5FvGK8QebkZzoBQ
    113. ↑ https://translate.google.co.in/?hl=pa&tab=wT
    114. ↑ https://www.google.com/intl/pa/inputtools/try/

    References

    Further reading

    External links

    Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Punjabi
    Eastern Punjabi edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Western Punjabi edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    For a list of words relating to Punjabi language, see the Punjabi language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
    Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Punjabi phrasebook.
    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Punjabi language.
    This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 12/3/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.