Upcycling

Upcycling, also known as creative reuse, is the process of transforming by-products, waste materials, useless, or unwanted products into new materials or products of better quality or for better environmental value.

Upcycling is the opposite of downcycling, which is the other half of the recycling process. Downcycling involves converting materials and products into new materials of lesser quality. Most recycling involves converting or extracting useful materials from a product and creating a different product or material.^[1]

Background

The first recorded use of the term upcycling was by Reiner Pilz of Pilz GmbH in an article by Thornton Kay of Salvo in 1994:^[2]

We talked about the impending EU Demolition Waste Streams directive. "Recycling," he said, "I call it downcycling. They smash bricks, they smash everything. What we need is upcycling, where old products are given more value, not less." He despairs of the German situation and recalls the supply of a large quantity of reclaimed woodblock from an English supplier for a contract in Nuremberg, while just down the road a load of similar block was scrapped. In the road outside his premises was the result of the Germans' demolition "waste" recycling. It was a pinky looking aggregate with pieces of handmade brick, old tiles, and discernible parts of useful old items mixed with crushed concrete. Is this the future for Europe?

The upcycling concept was the title of the German book written by Gunter Pauli in 1998, the free translation of upsizing (the opposite of downsizing) book first published in 1998. The German edition was adapted to the German language and culture by Johannes F. Hartkemeyer, then Director of the Volkshochschule in Osnabruck. The concept was later incorporated by William McDonough and Michael Braungart in their 2002 book Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things. They state that the goal of upcycling is to prevent wasting potentially useful materials by making use of existing ones. This reduces the consumption of new raw materials when creating new products. Reducing the use of new raw materials can result in a reduction of energy usage, air pollution, water pollution and even greenhouse gas emissions.

This is a significant step towards regenerative design culture where the end products are cleaner, healthier, and usually have a better value than the material inputs.

For example, during the recycling process of plastics other than those used to create bottles, many different types of plastics are mixed, resulting in a hybrid. This hybrid is used in the manufacturing of plastic lumber applications. However, unlike the engineered polymer ABS which hold properties of several plastics well, recycled plastics suffer phase-separation that causes structural weakness in the final product.

In 2009, Belinda Smith from Reuters wrote that upcycling had increased in the rich countries but observed that upcycling was a necessity in poorer ones:

Supporters of the environmentally friendly practice of upcycling say people in developing countries have effectively been upcycling for years, using old packaging and clothing in new ways, although more out of need than for the environment. But upcycling is now taking off in other countries, reflecting an increased interest in eco-friendly products, particularly ones that are priced at an affordable level and proving profitable for the manufacturers. "If upcycling is going to become mainstream, then the corporate world needs to see that it can be profitable," said Albe Zakes, spokesman of U.S. company TerraCycle which specializes in finding new uses for discarded packaging. A growing number of companies are focusing on upcycling although the trend is still in its infancy with industry-wide figures yet to be produced.^[3]

Upcycling has shown significant growth across the United States. For example, the number of products on Etsy or Pinterest tagged with the word "upcycled" increased from about 7,900 in January 2010 to nearly 30,000 a year later—an increase of 275%.^[4] As of April 2013, that number stood at 263,685, an additional increase of 879%.^[5]

Upcycling in art

Johann Dieter Wassmann (Jeff Wassmann), Vorwarts! (Go Forward!), 1897

A toy from Southern Mount Hebron, on loan to Israel Museum from a private collection

The tradition of reusing found objects (objet trouvé) in mainstream art came of age sporadically through the 20th century, although it has long been a means of production in folk art. The Amish quilt, for example, came about through reapplication of salvaged fabric. Simon Rodia's Watts Tower (1921-1954) in Los Angeles exemplifies upcycling of scrap metal, pottery and broken glass on a grand scale; it consists of 17 structures, the tallest reaching over 30 meters into the Watts skyline.

Intellectually, upcycling bears some resemblance to the ready-made art of Marcel Duchamp and the Dadaists. Duchamp's "Bicycle Wheel" (1913), a front wheel and fork attached to a common stool, is among the earliest of these works, while "Fountain" (1917), a common urinal purchased at a hardware store, is arguably his best-known work. Pablo Picasso's "Bull's Head" (1942), a sculpture made from a discarded bicycle saddle and handlebars, is the Spanish painter's sly nod to the Dadists.^[6]

Throughout the mid-century the artist Joseph Cornell fabricated collages and boxed assemblage works from old books, found objects and ephemera. Robert Rauschenberg collected trash and disused objects, first in Morocco and later on the streets of New York, to incorporate into his art works.

The idea of consciously raising the inherent value of recycled objects as a political statement, however, rather than presenting recycled objects as a reflection or outcome from the means of production, is largely a late 20th century concept. Romuald Hazoumé, an artist from the West African Bénin, was heralded in 2007 for his use of discarded plastic gasoline and fuel canisters to resemble traditional African masks at Documenta 12 in Kassel, Germany. Hazoumé has said of these works, "I send back to the West that which belongs to them, that is to say, the refuse of consumer society that invades us every day."^[7]

Jeff Wassmann, an American artist who has lived in Australia for the past 25 years, uses items found on beaches and junk stores in his travels to create the early Modern works of a fictional German relative, Johann Dieter Wassmann (1841-1898). In "Vorwarts (Go Forward)" (pictured), Wassmann uses four simple objects to depict a vision of modern man on the precarious eave of the 20th century: an early optometry chart as background, a clock spring as eye, a 19th-century Chinese bone opium spoon from the Australian gold fields as nose and an upper set of dentures found on an Australian beach as mouth. Wassmann is unusual among artists in that he does not sell his work, rather they are presented as gifts; by not allowing these works to re-enter the consumer cycle, he averts the commodification of his end product.^[8]

Max Zorn is a Dutch tape artist who creates artwork from ordinary brown packaging tape and hangs pieces on street lamps as a new form of street art at night. By adding and subtracting layers of tape on acrylic glass with a surgical scalpel, the artwork can only be visible when light is placed behind it, mimicking the effects similar to stained glass window methods. His technique with pioneering upcycling with street art has been featured at Frei-Cycle 2013, the first design fair for recycling and upcycling in Freiburg, Germany.^[9]

Upcycling in music

A prominent example is the Orquesta de Instrumentos Recyclados de Cateura in Paraguay. The instruments of the orchestra are made from materials taken from the landfill that Cateura is built around. (See the YouTube video of The Landfill Orchestra)

Upcycling in industry

Many industrial processes, like plastic and electronic fabrication, rely on the consumption of finite resources.^[10][11] Furthermore, the waste may have an environmental impact and can affect human health.^[10] Within this context, upcycling describes the use of available and future technologies to reduce waste and resource consumption by creating a product with a higher value from waste or byproduct streams. INDUSTRIAL UPCYCLING is new complex methodology for waste prevention. In late 2015 on logistics conference LOGISTICS RIDE, Ostrava, Czech Republic, it was named for the first time INDUSTRY 5.0. It consist of tools and methods streamlining the production surplus from one process or factory to next one. The originator of the complex methodology is Michael Rada, who started successful implementation within Czech republic industrial environment and expand to other locations. ^[12]

In consumer electronics, the process of re-manufacturing or refurbishment of second-hand products can be seen as upcycling because of the reduced energy and material consumption in contrast to new manufacturing. The re-manufactured product has a higher value than disposing or downcycling it.^[13]

The use of Brewer's spent grain, a waste product of brewing processes, as a substrate in biogas processes eliminates the need for disposal and can generate significant profit to the overall brewing process. Depending on the substrate's price, a profit of approximately 20% of the operational costs is possible. In this process, the biogas plant acts as an “upcycler”.^[10]

Upcycling in design process

Tonnes of wastes are produced every day in our cities, and some educators are attempting to raise citizens' awareness, especially the youth. To redefine the concept of recycling previously confined to trash categorization, groups of young designers have attempted to transform "trash" into potentially marketable products such as backpacks made of waste plastic bags.^[14][15] One relevant book published by Community Museum Project in Hong Kong in 2010, was the first experiment on upcycling systems design. Spanning across material collecting, upcycling design, local production and public dissemination, it provides proposals towards a sustainable system that will cast impact on our strategies of waste handling and energy saving.^[16]

Hong Kong local inventor Gary Chan is actively involved in designing and making 'upcycling' bikes by making use of waste materials as parts for his bikes. He invented at least 8 bikes using wastes as a majority of the materials.^[17][18] Gary and his partners at Wheel Thing Makers regularly collect useful wastes such as leather skin from sofas, hardwood plates of wardrobes, or rubber tires from vehicle repair stores in the waste collection station on streets.^[19]

Potential technologies and applications

The worldwide plastic production was 280 million tons in 2011 and production levels are growing every year. Its haphazard disposal causes severe environmental damage such as the creation of the Great Pacific garbage patch.^[11] In order to solve this problem, the employment of modern technologies and processes to reuse the waste plastic as a cheap substrate is under research. The goal is to bring this material from the waste stream back into the mainstream by developing processes which will create an economic demand for them.

One approach in the field involves the conversion of waste plastics (like LDPE, PET, and HDPE) into paramagnetic, conducting microspheres ^[20] or into carbon nanomaterials by applying high temperatures and chemical vapor deposition.^[21]

On a molecular level, the treatment of polymers like polypropylene or thermoplastics with electron beams (doses around 150 kGy) can increase material properties like bending strength and elasticity and provides an eco-friendly and sustainable way to upcycle them.^[20][22]

PET could be converted into the biodegradable PHA by using a combination of temperature and microbial treatment. First it gets pyrolized at 450 °C and the resulting terephthalic acid is used as a substrate for microorganisms, which convert it finally into PHA.^[23] Similar to the aforementioned approach is the combination of nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes with powdered orange peel as a composite material. This might be used to remove synthetic dyes from wastewater.^[24]

Biotechnology companies have recently shifted focus towards the conversion of agricultural waste, or biomass, to different chemicals or commodities. One company in particular, BioTork, has signed an agreement with the State of Hawaii and the USDA to convert the unmarketable papayas in Hawaii into fish feed. As part of this Zero Waste Initiative put forth by the State of Hawaii, BioTork will upcycle the otherwise wasted biomass into a high quality, omega-rich fish feed.^[25]

See also

• Environmentalism
• Jury rig
• Looptworks
• Modding
• Reuse
• Scrapstore
• Trashion
• Waste hierarchy

References

1. "Recycling" (PDF). Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2015-05-14.
2. Kay, Thornton (12 October 1994), "Salvo in Germany - Reiner Pilz" (PDF), SalvoNEWS, no. 99, p. 14
3. Goldsmith, Belinda (2009-09-30). "Trash or Treasure? Upcycling Becomes Growing Green Trend". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
4. "Upcycling Becomes a Treasure Trove for Green Business Ideas". Entrepreneur Magazine. March 22, 2011. Retrieved 2013-05-14.
5. "Upcycle trend hits Faribault area". Southernminn.com.
6. Gibson, Eric, "A Magical Metamorphosis of the Ordinary", The Wall Street Journal, April 16, 2011.
7. "Romuald Hazoumé". Contemporary African Art Collection - The Pigozzi Collection.
8. Crawford, Ashley, "Hoax Most Perfect", The Age, October 11, 2003.
9. "Designmesse für Recycling & Upcycling". Retrieved 29 October 2013.
10. Martin, M. and Parsapour, A. 2012. "Upcycling wastes with biogas production : An exergy and economic analysis". Venice 2012: International Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste (2012).
11. Zhuo, C. and Levendis, Y. A. 2014. "Upcycling waste plastics into carbon nanomaterials: A review". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 131, 4 (2014)
12. {{cite conference|last1=Sung|first1=K.|last2=Cooper|first2=T.|last3=Kettley|first3=S.|date=2014|title=Individual Upcycling Practice: Exploring the Possible Determinants of Upcycling Based on a Literature Review|location=Copenhagen|conference=Sustainable Innovation 2014 Conference}}
13. Steinhilper, R. and Hieber, M. 2001. "Remanufacturing-the key solution for transforming downcycling into upcycling of electronics". Electronics and the Environment, 2001. Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on (2001), 161–166.
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16. "升級再造3：廢物‧迷思". Apple Daily 蘋果日報. Retrieved 2016-03-23.
17. "土炮發明王". www.metropop.com.hk (in Chinese). 2014-10-16. Retrieved 2016-03-23.
18. "Gary Chan is the bad boy of bicycle building in Hong Kong". Young Post | South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2016-03-23.
19. "E Media+ | E週刊 | e+娛樂 | Mode | 美食旅客". eweekly.hk. Retrieved 2016-03-23.
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21. Tariq Altalhi, Tushar Kumeria, Abel Santos, Dusan Losic, "Synthesis of well-organised carbon nanotube membranes from non-degradable plastic bags with tuneable molecular transport: Towards nanotechnological recycling", Carbon, Volume 63, November 2013, pp. 423-433, ISSN 0008-6223
22. Czvikovszky, T. and Hargitai, H. 1997. "Electron beam surface modifications in reinforcing and recycling of polymers. Nuclear Instruments and Methods" in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 131, 1–4 (1997), 300–304.
23. Kenny, S.T., Runic, J.N., Kaminsky, W., Woods, T., Babu, R.P., Keely, C.M., Blau, W. and O’Connor, K.E. 2008. "Up-Cycling of PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) to the Biodegradable Plastic PHA (Polyhydroxyalkanoate)". Environmental Science & Technology. 42, 20 (2008), 7696–7701.
24. Jain, N., Basniwal, R. K., Suman, Srivastava, A. K., & Jain, V. K. (2010). "Reusable nanomaterial and plant biomass composites for the removal of methylene blue from water", Environmental Technology, 31(7), 755-760.
25. "Hawaii Funds BioTork Advanced Biofuel Technology". Domestic Fuel.