Valladolid

For other uses, see Valladolid (disambiguation).
Valladolid
Municipality

City Hall in Plaza Mayor

Flag
Coat of arms
Valladolid

Location of Valladolid within Spain / Castile and León

Coordinates: 41°39′10″N 4°43′25″W / 41.65278°N 4.72361°W / 41.65278; -4.72361Coordinates: 41°39′10″N 4°43′25″W / 41.65278°N 4.72361°W / 41.65278; -4.72361
Country  Spain
Autonomous community  Castile and León
Province Valladolid
Comarca Campiña del Pisuerga
Municipality Valladolid
Founded 1072
Government
 • Alcalde Oscar Puente (2015) (PSOE)
Area
 • Municipality 197.91 km2 (76.41 sq mi)
Elevation 698 m (2,290 ft)
Population (2013)
 • Municipality 309,714[1]
 • Metro 416,244
Demonym(s) Vallisoletano, -a (informally, pucelano, -a)
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 47001–47016
Dialing code 983
Official language(s) Spanish
Patron saint Saint Peter de Regalado
Website Official website

Valladolid (/ˌvælədəˈliːdˌ -ˈlɪd/ or /ˌbɑːjədəˈliːd/, Spanish: [baʎaðoˈlið]) is a city in Spain and the de facto capital of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It has a population of 309,714 people (2013 est.),[1] making it Spain's 13th most populous municipality and northwestern Spain's biggest city. Its metropolitan area ranks 20th in Spain with a population of 414,244 people in 23 municipalities.

The city is situated at the confluence of the Pisuerga and Esgueva rivers, and located within five winegrowing regions: Ribera del Duero, Rueda, Toro, Tierra de León, and Cigales. Valladolid was originally settled in pre-Roman times by the Celtic Vaccaei people, and later the Romans themselves. It remained a small settlement until being re-established by King Alfonso VI of Castile as a Lordship for the Count Pedro Ansúrez in 1072. It grew to prominence in the Middle Ages as the seat of the Court of Castile and being endowed with fairs and different institutions as a collegiate church, University (1241), Royal Court and Chancery and the Royal Mint. The Catholic Monarchs, Isabel I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, married in Valladolid in 1469 and established it as the capital of the Kingdom of Castile and later of united Spain. Christopher Columbus died in Valladolid in 1506, while authors Francisco de Quevedo and Miguel de Cervantes lived and worked in the city. The city was briefly the capital of Habsburg Spain under Phillip III between 1601 and 1606, before returning indefinitely to Madrid. The city then declined until the arrival of the railway in the 19th century, and with its industrialisation into the 20th century.

The Old Town is made up of a variety of historic houses, palaces, churches, plazas, avenues and parks, and includes the National Museum of Sculpture, the Museum of Contemporary Art Patio Herreriano or the Oriental Museum, as well as the houses of José Zorrilla and Cervantes which are open as museums. Among the events that are held each year in the city there is Holy Week, Valladolid International Film Week (Seminci), and the Theatre Festival and street arts (TAC).

Etymology

Valladolid, 1640, engraved by Germans Daniel Meisner and Paulus Fürst.

There is no direct evidence for the origin of the modern name of Valladolid. One widely held etymological theory suggests that the modern name Valladolid derives from the Celtiberian language expression Vallis Tolitum, meaning "valley of waters", referring to the confluence of rivers in the area. Another theory suggests that the name derives from the Arabic expression Ballad Al-Walid بلد الوليد, which means "city of Al-Walid", referring to Al-Walid I.[2][3] Yet a third claims that it derives from Vallis Olivetum, meaning "valley of the olives". In texts from the middle ages the town is called Vallisoletum, meaning "sunny valley", and a person from the town was a Vallisoletano.

The city is also popularly called Pucela, a nickname whose origin is not clear, but may refer to knights in the service of Joan of Arc, known as La Pucelle. Another theory is that Pucela comes from the fact that Pozzolana cement was sold there, the only city in Spain that sold it.

History

Map of the territory of the Vaccaei

The Vaccaei was a Celtic tribe, the first people with stable presence on the sector of the middle valley of the River Duero documented in historical times.

'A jousting tournament in the main square of Valladolid', ceiling preserved in Madrid's Museo del Prado.
The "Paseo de Zorrilla" (English: The Zorrilla's Mall) in the 1970s.

Remains of Celtiberian and of a Roman camp have been excavated near the city. The nucleus of the city was originally located in the area of the current San Miguel y el Rosarillo square, and was surrounded by a palisade. Archaeological proofs of the existence of three ancient lines of walls have been found.

During the time of Muslim rule in Spain the Christian kings moved the population of this region north into more easily defended areas, and deliberately created a no man's land as a buffer zone against further Moorish conquests. The area was captured from the Moors in the 10th century, and Valladolid was a village until King Alfonso VI of León and Castile donated it to Count Pedro Ansúrez in 1072. He built a palace (now lost) for himself and his wife, Countess Eylo, the Collegiate of St. Mary and the La Antigua churches. In the 12th and 13th centuries, Valladolid grew rapidly, thanks also to the commercial privileges granted by the kings Alfonso VIII and Alfonso X, as well as to the repopulation of the area after the Reconquista.

In 1469 Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon were married in the city; by the 15th century Valladolid was the residence of the kings of Castile. In 1506 Christopher Columbus died in Valladolid "still convinced that he had reached the Indies"[4] in a house that is now a Museum dedicated to him. It was made the capital of the kingdom again between 1601 and 1606 by Philip III. The city was again damaged by a flood of the rivers Pisuerga and Esgueva.

Despite the damage to the old city by the 1960s economic boom, it still boasts a few architectural manifestations of its former glory. Some monuments include the unfinished cathedral, the Plaza Mayor (Main Square), which was the model for that of Madrid, and of other main squares throughout the former Spanish Empire, the National Sculpture Museum, next to the church of Saint Paul, which includes Spain's greatest collections of polychrome wood sculptures, and the Faculty of Law of the University of Valladolid, whose façade is one of the few surviving works by Narciso Tomei, the same artist who did the transparente in Toledo Cathedral. The Science Museum is next to the river Pisuerga. The only surviving house of Miguel de Cervantes is also located in Valladolid. Although unfinished, the Cathedral of Valladolid was designed by Juan de Herrera, architect of El Escorial.

Climate

Winter in the city gardens of Campo Grande.

At an elevation of 735 metres or 2,411 feet, the city of Valladolid experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) with influences of a cold semi-arid climate (BSk). Valladolid’s climate features cool and windy winters due to altitude and an inland location. Fog is very typical. Winters experience snow and low temperatures below freezing during cold fronts. Valladolid's climate is influenced by the distance from the sea and its higher altitude.

Temperature ranges can be extreme and Valladolid is drier than Spain’s northern coastal regions, although there is year-round precipitation. Average annual precipitation is 435 mm (17,12 in) and the average annual relative humidity is 65%. In winter, temperatures very often (almost every second day) drop below freezing, often reaching temperatures as low as −8 °C or 17.6 °F, and snowfall is common, while the summer months see average high temperatures of 30 °C or 86 °F. The lowest recorded temperature in Valladolid was −18.8 °C or −1.8 °F and the hottest 40.2 °C or 104.36 °F on 19 July 1995.

Climate data for Valladolid (1981–2010) Record Temeperatures(1971–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.2
(63)		 23.6
(74.5)		 25.0
(77)		 29.7
(85.5)		 34.4
(93.9)		 37.6
(99.7)		 40.2
(104.4)		 39.5
(103.1)		 38.2
(100.8)		 30.2
(86.4)		 23.2
(73.8)		 21.4
(70.5)		 40.2
(104.4)
Average high °C (°F) 8.2
(46.8)		 11.2
(52.2)		 15.2
(59.4)		 16.9
(62.4)		 21.0
(69.8)		 27.0
(80.6)		 30.7
(87.3)		 30.1
(86.2)		 25.6
(78.1)		 18.9
(66)		 12.4
(54.3)		 8.6
(47.5)		 18.8
(65.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.2
(39.6)		 5.9
(42.6)		 9.0
(48.2)		 10.7
(51.3)		 14.5
(58.1)		 19.3
(66.7)		 22.3
(72.1)		 22.1
(71.8)		 18.5
(65.3)		 13.2
(55.8)		 7.9
(46.2)		 5.0
(41)		 12.7
(54.9)
Average low °C (°F) 0.2
(32.4)		 0.7
(33.3)		 2.8
(37)		 4.6
(40.3)		 7.9
(46.2)		 11.6
(52.9)		 14.0
(57.2)		 14.1
(57.4)		 11.3
(52.3)		 7.6
(45.7)		 3.5
(38.3)		 1.3
(34.3)		 6.6
(43.9)
Record low °C (°F) −18.8
(−1.8)		 −16
(3)		 −12.4
(9.7)		 −6.5
(20.3)		 −5.4
(22.3)		 −0.5
(31.1)		 2.4
(36.3)		 2.4
(36.3)		 −0.4
(31.3)		 −5.6
(21.9)		 −9.2
(15.4)		 −12.6
(9.3)		 −18.8
(−1.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 40
(1.57)		 27
(1.06)		 22
(0.87)		 46
(1.81)		 49
(1.93)		 29
(1.14)		 13
(0.51)		 16
(0.63)		 31
(1.22)		 55
(2.17)		 52
(2.05)		 53
(2.09)		 433
(17.05)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6 5 5 8 8 5 2 2 4 8 7 8 68
Average relative humidity (%) 83 72 62 62 60 52 45 48 56 70 79 84 64
Mean monthly sunshine hours 101 147 215 232 272 322 363 334 254 182 117 89 2,624
Source #1: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (normals 1981–2010)[5]
Source #2: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (extremes only 1938–2012)[6]

Education

Palacio de Santa Cruz, this building currently houses two museums and also is the rectory headquarters of the University of Valladolid.
University of Valladolid's Law School

Education in Valladolid depends on the Ministry of Education of the Government of Castile and Leon, who assumes the responsibility for education at the regional level, both the university level and in non-universitarios. According to the Ministry itself, an estimated in the academic year 2005–2006 the total number of university students was not more than 52 000, which are available to 141 schools, with 2399 and 4487 classroom teachers.

Universities

As for university education, Valladolid has two universities :

It also features the 25 centers, a number of administrative buildings such as the Palacio de Santa Cruz, where the rector, and the Museum of the University of Valladolid (MUVa), The Student House, featuring the other administrative services, or CTI (Center for Information Technology), located in the basement of the University Residence Alfonso VIII, next to the old Faculty of Science.

UEMC University

Primary and secondary schools

Lycée Français de Castilla y León, a French international school, is near Valladolid, in Laguna de Duero.[7]

Main sights

The capital of Castile y León preserves in its old quarter heritage of aristocratic houses and religious buildings.

Interesting religious buildings

Regalado street in the historic district
Cathedral of Valladolid
Iglesia conventual de San Pablo.
Santa María La Antigua

Other buildings

Gutiérrez way
Church of San Juan de Letrán
Main facade of the Colegio de San Gregorio, this houses the National Sculpture Museum.
Academia de Caballería (Cavalry Academy)
The luxury sports cars of Tauro Sport Auto are manufactured in Valladolid.
San Benito el Real
Mantilla House.
Campo Grande

The heart of the old city is the 16th-century Plaza Mayor, presided over by a statue of Count Ansúrez from 1903. On one side of it stands the City Hall, an eclectic building dating from the beginning of the 20th century, crowned by a clock tower. In the nearby streets is the Palace of Los Pimentel, today the seat of the Provincial Council. It is one of the most important palaces, as King Philip II was born here on 21 May 1527. The Royal Palace (where King Philip IV of Spain and Queen Anne of France, mother of Louis XIV were born), the 16th-century Palace of the Marquises of Valverde, and that of the banker Fabio Nelli – a building with a Classicist stamp built in 1576 – should also be pointed out. The Museum of Valladolid occupies this complex, exhibiting a collection of furniture, sculptures, paintings and ceramic pieces dated from Prehistoric times to the present.

The Teatro Lope de Vega is a theater built in the classical style in 1861 and now very run-down. There has been controversy over whether the city should pay to restore it.[8]

The Campo Grande, a large public park located in the heart of the city, dates back to 1787.

The National Sculpture Museum is site in Colegio de San Gregorio, an Isabelline style building. It is home to polychrome carvings made by artists like Alonso Berruguete or Gregorio Fernández. The Museum of Contemporary Spanish Art, located in the Patio Herreriano, one of the cloisters of the former Monastery of San Benito, preserves more than 800 paintings and sculptures from the 20th century.

The University, whose Baroque façade is decorated with various academic symbols, and the Santa Cruz College, which as well as housing a library forms one of the first examples of the Spanish Renaissance.

The city preserves houses where great historical characters once lived. They include:

Population

As of the 2013 census, the population of the city of Valladolid proper was 309,714,[1] and the population of the entire urban area was estimated to be near 420,000. The most important municipalities of the urban area are (after Valladolid itself) Laguna de Duero and Boecillo on the south, Arroyo de la Encomienda, Zaratán, Simancas and Villanubla on the west, Cigales and Santovenia de Pisuerga on the north, and Tudela de Duero and Cistérniga on the east.

After the new neighbourhoods developed in recent decades (one example would be Covaresa) the high prices in the municipality led young people to buy properties in towns around the city, so the population has tended to fall in Valladolid but is growing fast in the rest of the urban area (for example, Arroyo de la Encomienda or Zaratán)

Economy

Valladolid is a major economic center in Spain. The automotive industry is one of the major motors of the city's economy since the founding of FASA-Renault in 1953 for the assembling of Renault-branded vehicles, which would later become Renault España. Four years later, in 1957, Sava was founded and started producing commercial vehicles. Sava would later be absorbed by Pegaso and since 1990 by the Italian truck manufacturer Iveco. Together with the French tire manufacturer Michelin, Renault and Iveco form the most important industrial companies of the city.

Besides the automotive and automotive auxiliary industries, other important industrial sectors are food processing (with local companies like Acor and Queserías Entrepinares and facilities of multinationals like Cadbury, Lactalis or Lesaffre), metallurgy (Lingotes Especiales, Saeta die Casting...), chemical and printing. In total 22 013 people were employed in 2007 in industrial workplaces, representing 14.0% of total workers.[9]

The main economic sector of Valladolid in terms of employment is however the service sector, which employs 111,988 people, representing 74.2% of Valladolid workers affiliated to Social Security.

The construction sector employed 15,493 people in 2007, representing 10.3% of total workers.

Finally, agriculture is a tiny sector in the city which only employs 2,355 people (1.5% of the total). The predominant crops are wheat, barley and sugar beet.

Top 10 companies by turnover in 2013 in € million were : Renault (4 596), Michelin (2 670), IVECO (1 600), the Valladolid-based supermarket chain Grupo El Árbol (849), cheese processing Queserías Entrepinares (204), sugar processing Acor (201), service group Grupo Norte (174), automobile auxiliary company Faurecia-Asientos de Castilla y León (143), Sada (129) and Hipereco (108).[10]

Transportation

The airport is located in Villanubla, Valladolid Airport has connections with Barcelona, Málaga, and the Canary Islands. Valladolid is also integrated into the Spanish high-speed network AVE. Madrid–Valladolid high-speed rail line was inaugurated on 22 December 2007. It Includes a tunnel of 28 kilometres (17 mi) at Guadarrama, which is the fourth longest train tunnel in Europe. Valladolid will become the hub for all AVE lines connecting the north and north-west of Spain with the rest of the country. Trainsets used on this line include S-114 (max speed 250 km/h (155 mph)), S-130 (Patito, max speed 250 km/h (155 mph)) and the S102 (Pato, max speed 320 km/h or 199 mph). This line connects the city with Madrid, which can be reached in 56 minutes. There are also many highways that connect the city with the rest of the country. It is even possible to get to the south of Spain in around six hours by the new highway, Autovía Ruta de la Plata, or Autovía A-66, which is free (like most highways in Spain).

Urban transit system was based on the Valladolid tram network from 1881 to 1933. A public urban bus system started in 1928, managed by different private tenders until 1982, when the service was taken over by the municipality. Today the public company AUVASA operates the network, with 22 regular lines and 5 late night lines.

Seminci

Calderón Theatre is the festival headquarters

The city is also host to one of the foremost (and oldest) international film festivals, the Semana Internacional de Cine de Valladolid (Seminci), founded in 1956. Valladolid, through various loopholes in state censorship, was able to present films that would otherwise have been impossible to see in Spain. An award or an enthusiastic reception from the audience and the critics meant, on numerous occasions[specify], that the official state bodies gave the go-ahead to certain films which Francisco Franco's regime considered out of line with their ideology.[citation needed] Much the same occurred with distribution on the arts circuit at the end of the 60s: a film could be placed more easily if it had previously done well at Valladolid. [Citation needed] Even after the death of Franco in 1975, Valladolid continued to be the "testing ground" for films which had been banned. For example, the premiere in Spain of Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange at the 1975 festival is still recalled as a landmark. [Citation needed] As one of Europe's oldest festivals, Valladolid has always been characterized by its willingness to take risks and to innovate in its programming. It has also been keen to critically examine each new school or movement as it has arisen, whether it be German, Polish, Chinese, Canadian or otherwise. [Citation needed] With a genuine concern for the art of cinema, for film-making and film-makers rather than the more obvious commercial or glamorous aspects of the industry, [citation needed] the festival has built up an identity of its own – equally attractive to enthusiasts, professionals and the media.

Local cuisine

The lechazo asado (roasted lechazo -veal or lamb-), is a very typical dish from the province, and others like the Cochinillo asado (roast suckling pig).

Although an inland province, fish is commonly consumed, some brought from the Cantabrian Sea. Fish like red bream and hake are a major part of Valladolid's cuisine.

The main speciality of Valladolid is, however, lechazo (suckling baby lamb). The lechazo is slowly roasted in a wood oven and served with salad.

Hermanos Sastre bodega

Valladolid also offers a great assortment of wild mushrooms. Asparagus, endive and beans can also be found. Some legumes, like white beans and lentils are particularly good. Pine nuts are also produced in great quantities.

Sheep cheese from Villalón de Campos, the famous pata de mulo (mule's foot) is usually unripened (fresh), but if it is cured the ripening process brings out such flavour that it can compete with the best sheep cheeses in Spain.

Valladolid has a bread to go with every dish, like the delicious cuadros from Medina del Campo, the muffins, the pork-scratching bread and the lechuguinos, with a pattern of concentric circles that resemble a head of lettuce.

The pastries and baked goods from the province of Valladolid are well-known, specially St. Mary's ring-shaped pastries, St. Claire's sponge cakes, pine nut balls and cream fritters.

Valladolid is also a producer of wines. The ones that fall under the Designation of Origin Cigales are very good. White wines from Rueda and red wines from Ribera del Duero are known for their quality.

Easter

Holy Week procession in the city

Holy Week holds ("Semana Santa" in Spanish) one of the best known Catholic traditions in Valladolid. The Good Friday processions are considered an exquisite and rich display of Castilian religious sculpture. On this day, in the morning, members of the brotherhoods on horseback make a poetic proclamation throughout the city. The "Sermon of the Seven Words" is spoken in Plaza Mayor Square. In the afternoon, thousands of people take part in the Passion Procession, comprising 31 pasos (religious statues), most of which date from the 16th and 17th centuries. The last statue in the procession is the Virgen de las Angustias, and her return to the church is one of the most emotional moments of the celebrations, with the Salve Popular sung in her honour.

Easter is one of the most spectacular and emotional fiestas in Valladolid. Religious devotion, art, colour and music combine in acts to commemorate the resurrection of Jesus Christ: the processions. Members of the different Easter brotherhoods, dressed in their characteristic robes, parade through the streets carrying religious statues (pasos) to the sound of drums and music.

Sport

The Pabellón Polideportivo Pisuerga, home of CB Valladolid

Valladolid's main association football club is Real Valladolid, nicknamed Pucela, who play in the country's second league, the Segunda División. Players who went on to play for the Spain national football team include Fernando Hierro, José Luis Caminero and Rubén Baraja. Real's stadium, the Estadio Nuevo José Zorrilla, was built as a venue for the 1982 FIFA World Cup[11] and in preparation staged the 1982 Copa del Rey Final.

CB Valladolid is the city's basketball team and they play in the Liga LEB Oro. Arvydas Sabonis and Oscar Schmidt played in this team. The matches are held in the Polideportivo Pisuerga.

In handball Valladolid is represented by BM Valladolid of the Liga ASOBAL. They have won 2 King's Cup, 1 ASOBAL Cup and 1 EHF Cup. They play their games in the Polideportivo Huerta del Rey.

Rugby union is a very popular sport in Valladolid. CR El Salvador, current champions of Spain's División de Honor de Rugby compete in the European Challenge Cup. They play their matches at Estadio Pepe Rojo. VRAC, current champions of the King's Cup, also plays in the same stadium.

Twin towns – sister cities

Friendship cities

Notable people

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Padrón 2013". Retrieved 5 April 2014. Population figures from 1 January 2013.
  2. ↑ Marín, Manuela et al., eds. 1998. The Formation of Al-Andalus: History and Society. Ashgate. ISBN 0-86078-708-7
  3. ↑ Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, v. 23 The Zenith of the Marwanid House, transl. Martin Hinds, Suny, Albany, 1990
  4. ↑ Roger Crowley. Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the first Global Empire. NY: Random House, 2015, p. 161
  5. ↑ "Valores climatológicos normales. Valladolid" (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  6. ↑ "Valores extremos. Valladolid Aeropuerto" (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  7. ↑ "Accueil"/"Inicio." Lycée Français de Castilla y León. Retrieved on 13 February 2015. "Avenida de Prado Boyal, n° 28 47140 – Laguna de Duero Valladolid (ESPAÑA)"
  8. ↑ ÍÑIGO SALINAS (27 August 2008). "De la Riva confía en que las obras del Lope de Vega salgan adelante". El Norte de Castille (in Spanish). Retrieved 2011-11-10.
  9. ↑ Data from Informe de Datos Económicos y Sociales de los Municipios de España, written by Caja España
  10. ↑ Castilla y León Económica, no. 211, february 2013
  11. ↑ World Cup 1982 finals. Rsssf.com. Retrieved on 2013-09-05.
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Institutions

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Miscellaneous

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