CJK Unified Ideographs

CJKV ideograph 次 in traditional and simplified Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese and Japanese

The Chinese, Japanese and Korean (CJK) scripts share a common background, collectively known as CJK characters. In the process called Han unification, the common (shared) characters were identified and named "CJK Unified Ideographs." As of Unicode 9.0, Unicode defines a total of 80,388 CJK Unified Ideographs.[1]

The terms ideographs or ideograms may be misleading, since the Chinese script is not strictly a picture writing system.

Historically, Vietnam used Chinese ideographs too, so sometimes the abbreviation "CJKV" is used. This system was replaced by the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet in the 1920s.

CJK Unified Ideographs blocks

CJK Unified Ideographs

The basic block named CJK Unified Ideographs (4E00–9FFF) contains 20,950 basic Chinese characters in the range U+4E00 through U+9FD5. The block not only includes characters used in the Chinese writing system but also kanji used in the Japanese writing system and hanja, whose use is diminishing in Korea. Many characters in this block are used in all three writing systems, while others are in only one or two of the three. Chinese characters were also used in Vietnam's Nôm script (now obsolete). The first 20,902 characters in the block are arranged according to the Kangxi Dictionary ordering of radicals. In this system the characters written with the fewest strokes are listed first. The remaining characters were added later, and so are not in radical order.

The block is the result of Han unification,[2] which was somewhat controversial in the Far East.[3] Since Chinese, Japanese and Korean characters were coded in the same location, the appearance of a selected glyph could depend on the particular font being used. However, the source separation rule states that characters encoded separately in an earlier character set would remain separate in the new Unicode encoding.[4]

Using variation selectors, it is possible to specify certain variant CJK ideograms within Unicode. The Adobe-Japan1 character set proposal, which actually calls for 14,679 ideographic variation sequences,[5] is an extreme example of the use of variation selectors.[6]

Charts

4E00-62FF, 6300-77FF, 7800-8CFF, 8D00-9FFF.

Sources

Note: Most characters appear in multiple sources, making the sum of individual character counts (102,371) far more than the number of encoded characters (20,950).[7]

CountryCode Standard[8] Character count Total
China G0 GB 2312-80 6,763 20,913
G1 GB 12345-90 2,202
G3GB 7589-87 traditional form4,834
G5GB 7590-87 traditional form2,841
G7Modern Chinese general character chart42
G8 GB8565-88 290
G9 GB18030-2000 8
GE GB16500-95 3,779
GFC Modern Chinese Standard Dictionary (现代汉语规范词典) 2
GGFZ General Chinese Standard Dictionary (通用规范汉字字典) 1
GH GB/T 15564-1995 59
GHZ Hanyu Da Zidian 1
GK GB 12052-89 89
GKX Kangxi Dictionary 2
Hong Kong H Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set 2,292 15,353
HB0 Computer Chinese Glyph and Character Code Mapping Table, Technical Report C-26
(電腦用中文字型與字碼對照表, 技術通報C-26) 		10
HB1 Big-5, Level 1 5,401
HB2 Big-5, Level 2 7,650
Japan J0 JIS X 0208-1990 6,356 12,563
J1 JIS X 0212-1990 3,058
J13 JIS X 0213:2004 level-3 characters replacing J1 characters 1,037
J13A JIS X 0213:2004 level-3 character addendum from JIS X 0213:2000 level-3 replacing J1 character 2
J14 JIS X 0213:2004 level-4 characters replacing J1 characters 1,704
J3 JIS X 0213-2004 Level 3 95
J3A JIS X 0213-2004 Level 3 addendum 7
J4 JIS X 0213-2004 Level 4 301
JARIB ARIB STD-B24 3
North Korea KP0 KPS 9566-97 4,652 15,011
KP1 KPS 10721-2000 10,359
South Korea K0 KS C 5601-87 (now KS X 1001:2004) 4,620 15,391
K1 KS C 5657-91 (now KS X 1002:2004) 2,856
K2 PKS C 5700-1:1994 7,911
K4 PKS 5700-3:1998 4
Taiwan T1 CNS 11643-1992 plane 1 5,413 18,370
T2 CNS 11643-1992 plane 2 7,650
T3 CNS 11643-1992 plane 3 4,144
T4 CNS 11643-1992 plane 4 894
T5 CNS 11643-1992 plane 5 63
T6 CNS 11643-1992 plane 6 31
T7 CNS 11643-1992 plane 7 16
TC CNS 11643-1992 plane 12 1
TF CNS 11643-1992 plane 15 158
Vietnam V0 TCVN 5773-1993 593 4,757
V1 TCVN 6056-1995 3,310
V2 VHN 01-1998 763
V3 VHN 02-1998 91
n/a UTC UTC sources 13 13

In Unicode 4.1, 14 HKSCS-2004 characters and 8 GB 18030 characters were assigned to between U+9FA6 and U+9FBB code points.

CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A

The block named CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A (3400–4DBF) contains 6,582 additional characters in the range U+3400 through U+4DB5 that were added in Unicode 3.0 (1999).

Charts

3400-4DBF.

Sources

Note: Most characters appear in more than one source, making the sum of individual character counts (18,753) far more than the number of encoded characters (6,582).[7]

CountryCode Standard[8] Character count Total
China G3 GB 7589-87 traditional form 2,391 6,192
G5GB 7590-87 traditional form1,226
G7Modern Chinese general character chart120
GHZ Hanyu Da Zidian 339
GKXKangxi Zidian1,890
GS Singapore Chinese characters 226
Hong Kong H Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set 572 572
Japan J3 JIS X 0213-2004 Level 3 2 738
J4 JIS X 0213-2004 Level 4 78
JA Japanese IT Vendors Contemporary Ideographs, 1993 574
JA3 JIS X 0213:2004 level-3 characters replacing JA characters 17
JA4 JIS X 0213:2004 level-4 characters replacing JA characters 67
North Korea KP0 KPS 9566-97 1 3,189
KP1KPS 10721-2000 3,188
South Korea K3 PKS C 5700-2:1994 1,833 1,835
K4PKS 5700-3:1998 2
Taiwan T3 CNS 11643-1992 plane 3 2,178 5,906
T4 CNS 11643-1992 plane 4 2,917
T5 CNS 11643-1992 plane 5 395
T6 CNS 11643-1992 plane 6 197
T7 CNS 11643-1992 plane 7 133
TF CNS 11643-1992 plane 15 86
Vietnam V0 TCVN 5773-1993 138 308
V2 VHN 01-1998 151
V3 VHN 02-1998 19
n/a UTC UTC sources 13 13

CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B

The block named CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B (20000–2A6DF) contains 42,711 characters in the range U+20000 through U+2A6D6 that were added in Unicode 3.1 (2001). These include most of the characters used in the Kangxi Dictionary that are not in the basic CJK Unified Ideographs block, as well as many Nôm characters that were formerly used to write Vietnamese.

Charts

20000-215FF, 21600-230FF, 23100-245FF, 24600-260FF, 26100-275FF, 27600-290FF, 29100-2A6DF.

Sources

Note: Many characters appear in more than one source, making the sum of individual character counts (72,925) far more than the number of encoded characters (42,711).[7]

CountryCode Standard[8] Character count Total
China G3 GB 7589-87 traditional form 1 30,525
G4K Siku Quanshu 522
G9 GB18030-2000 6
GBK Encyclopedia of China 86
GCH Cihai 247
GCY Ciyuan 66
GFZ Founder Press System 65
GHC Hanyu Da Cidian 553
GHZ Hanyu Da Zidian 10,510
GKX Kangxi Dictionary 18,469
Hong Kong H Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set 1,702 1,702
Japan J3 JIS X 0213-2004 Level 3 25 303
J3A JIS X 0213-2004 Level 3 addendum 1
J4 JIS X 0213-2004 Level 4 277
Macao MAC Macao Information System Character Set (澳門資訊系統字集) 1 1
North Korea KP1 KPS 10721-2000 5,766 5,766
South Korea K4 PKS 5700-3:1998 166 166
Taiwan T3 CNS 11643-1992 plane 3 25 30,178
T4 CNS 11643-1992 plane 4 3,408
T5 CNS 11643-1992 plane 5 8,111
T6 CNS 11643-1992 plane 6 5,934
T7 CNS 11643-1992 plane 7 6,299
TF CNS 11643-1992 plane 15 6,401
Vietnam V0 TCVN 5773-1993 1,515 4,231
V2 VHN 01-1998 2,290
V3 VHN 02-1998 425
V4 Dictionary on Nom (Từ điển chữ Nôm)
Dictionary on Nom of Tay ethnic (Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày)
Lookup Table for Nom in the South (Bảng tra chữ Nôm miền Nam) 		1
n/a UCI UTC sources 4 53
USAT SAT (Taishō Tripiṭaka digitization project) 1
UTC UTC sources 48

CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C

The block named CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C (2A700–2B73F) contains 4,149 characters in the range U+2A700 through U+2B734 that were added in Unicode 5.2 (2009).

Charts

2A700-2B73F.

Sources

Note: Some characters appear in more than one source, making the sum of individual character counts (4,532) more than the number of encoded characters (4,149).[7]

CountryCode Standard[8] Character count Total
China GBK Encyclopedia of China 74 1,120
GCH Cihai 264
GCY Ciyuan 1
GCYY Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping ideographs 55
GFZ Founder Press System 1
GGH Old Chinese Dictionary (古代汉语词典) 51
GHC Hanyu Da Cidian 14
GHZ Hanyu Da Zidian 1
GJZ Commercial Press ideographs 61
GKX Kangxi Dictionary 6
GXC Xiandai Hanyu Cidian 25
GZFY Dictionary of Chinese Dialects (汉语方言大辞典) 202
GZJW Collections of Bronze Inscriptions from Yin and Zhou Dynasties
(殷周金文集成引得) 		365
Hong Kong H Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set 1 1
Japan JK Japanese Kokuji Collection 367 367
Macau MAC Macao Information System Character Set (澳門資訊系統字集) 16 16
North Korea KP1 KPS 10721-2000 8 8
South Korea K5 Korean IRG Hanja Character Set 404 404
Taiwan TC CNS 11643-1992 plane 12 634 1,750
TD CNS 11643-1992 plane 13 766
TE CNS 11643-1992 plane 14 350
Vietnam V1 TCVN 6056:1995 1 785
V4 Dictionary on Nom (Từ điển chữ Nôm)
Dictionary on Nom of Tay ethnic (Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày)
Lookup Table for Nom in the South (Bảng tra chữ Nôm miền Nam) 		784
n/a UCI UTC sources 1 81
UTC UTC sources 80

CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D

The block named CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D (2B740–2B81F) contains 222 characters in the range U+2B740 through U+2B81D that were added in Unicode 6.0 (2010).

Charts

2B740–2B81F.

Sources

Note: Some characters appear in more than one source, making the sum of individual character counts (226) more than the number of encoded characters (222).[7]

CountryCode Standard[8] Character count Total
China GCH Cihai 1 76
GIDC ID System of the Ministry of Public Security of China 32
GXC Xiandai Hanyu Cidian 4
GZH Zhonghua Zihai 39
Japan JH Hanyo-Denshi Program (汎用電子情報交換環境整備プログラム) 107 107
Taiwan TB CNS 11643-1992 plane 15 24 24
n/a UTC UTC sources 19 19

CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E

The block named CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E (2B820–2CEAF) contains 5,762 characters in the range U+2B820 through U+2CEA1 that were added in Unicode 8.0 (2015).

Charts

2B820–2CEAF.

Sources

Note: Some characters appear in more than one source, making the sum of individual character counts (5,790) more than the number of encoded characters (5,762).[7]

Country Code Standard[8] Character count Total
China GBK Encyclopedia of China 15 2,814
GCH Cihai 112
GCY Ciyuan 3
GCYY Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping ideographs 98
GDZ Geology Press ideographs 1
GGH Old Chinese Dictionary (古代汉语词典) 175
GHC Hanyu Da Cidian 7
GIDC ID System of the Ministry of Public Security of China 36
GJZ Commercial Press ideographs 147
GKX Kangxi Dictionary 22
GRM People's Daily ideographs 3
GWZ Hanyu Da Cidian Press ideographs 12
GXC Xiandai Hanyu Cidian 57
GXH Xinhua Zidian 4
GZFY Hanyu Fangyan Dacidian (汉语方言大辞典, Dictionary of Chinese Dialects) 712
GZJW Collections of Bronze Inscriptions from Yin and Zhou Dynasties
(殷周金文集成引得) 		1,410
Japan JK Japanese Kokuji Collection 415 415
Macau MAC Macao Information System Character Set (澳門資訊系統字集) 48 48
Taiwan TC CNS 11643-1992 plane 12 323 1257
TD CNS 11643-1992 plane 13 595
TE CNS 11643-1992 plane 14 339
Vietnam V4 Dictionary on Nom (Từ điển chữ Nôm)
Dictionary on Nom of Tay ethnic (Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày)
Lookup Table for Nom in the South (Bảng tra chữ Nôm miền Nam) 		1,028 1,028
n/a UCI UTC sources 1 228
UTC UTC sources 227

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

The block named CJK Compatibility Ideographs (F900–FAFF) was created to retain round-trip compatibility with other standards. Only twelve of its characters have the "Unified Ideograph" property: U+FA0E, FA0F, FA11, FA13, FA14, FA1F, FA21, FA23, FA24, FA27, FA28 and FA29.[1] None of the other characters in this and other "Compatibility" blocks relate to CJK Unification.

Charts

F900–FAFF.

Sources

Note: Some characters appear in more than one source, making the sum of individual character counts (22) more than the number of encoded Unified characters (12).[7]

Country Code Standard[8] Character count Total
Japan J3 JIS X 0213-2004 Level 3 3 8
J4 JIS X 0213-2004 Level 4 3
JA Japanese IT Vendors Contemporary Ideographs, 1993 1
JA3 JIS X 0213:2004 level-3 characters replacing JA characters 1
Taiwan TF CNS 11643-1992 plane 15 1 1
Vietnam V2 VHN 01-1998 1 1
n/a UTC UTC sources 12 12

UTC Sources

The Ideographic Rapporteur Group (IRG) bears the formal responsibility of developing extensions to the encoded repertoires of unified CJK ideographs. The Unicode Consortium participates in this group as a liaison member of ISO. The characters submitted by the Unicode Technical Committee bear the prefix "UTC". All CJK Unified Ideographs in ISO/IEC10646 are required to have at least one source identifier. Changes to IRG source information, however, can leave a given ideograph without any such sources. In such cases, the ideograph is included in the U-source database to guarantee it has at least one source. Such ideographs are indicated by a source prefix of "UCI" instead of "UTC".[9]

The UTC sources consist of the following:

Known issues

Disunification of U+4039

The character U+4039 (䀹) was a unification of two different characters (one with jiā 夾 phonetic and one with shǎn 㚒 phonetic) until Unicode 5.0. However, they were lexically different characters that should not have been unified; they have different pronunciations and different meanings.

The proposal of disunification of U+4039[10] was accepted and the new character is encoded at U+9FC3 (鿃) in Unicode 5.1.

Unifiable variants and exact duplicates in Extension B

In CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B, hundreds of glyph variants were encoded.[11] In addition to the deliberate encoding of close glyph variants, six exact duplicates (where the same character has inadvertently been encoded twice) and two semi-duplicates (where the CJK-B character represents a de facto disunification of two glyph forms unified in the corresponding BMP character) were encoded by mistake:[12]

Other CJK Ideographs in Unicode, not Unified

Apart from the six blocks of "Unified Ideographs," Unicode has about a dozen more blocks with not-unified CJK-characters. These are mainly CJK radicals, strokes, punctuation, marks, symbols and compatibility characters. Although some characters have their (decomposable) counterparts in other blocks, the usages can be different.

Four blocks of compatibility characters are included for compatibility with legacy text handling systems and older character sets:

They include forms of characters for vertical text layout and rich text characters that Unicode recommends handling through other means. Therefore their use is discouraged.

Usually, compatibility characters are those that would not have been encoded except for compatibility and round-trip convertibility with other standards. However, the amount of CJK ideographs within any non-Unicode standard is too big to fit into Unicode's CJK Compatibility Ideographs blocks. Instead, code points are assigned when the affected characters are approved by the Unicode Consortium, but have yet to assign any code points within the CJK Unified Ideographs blocks.

Unicode version history

CJK unified Ideographs additions per Unicode version
Unicode version Addition Plane Characters added Total Characters
1.0 (1991) CJK Unified Ideographs Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP) 20,902 20,914
CJK Compatibility Ideographs BMP 12
3.0 (1999) CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A BMP 6,582 27,496
3.1 (2001) CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B Supplementary Ideographic Plane (SIP) 42,711 70,207
4.1 (2005) CJK Unified Ideographs: Ideographs from HKSCS-2004 and GB 18030-2000 not in ISO 10646 BMP 22 70,229
5.1 (2008) CJK Unified Ideographs: Ideographs from Adobe Japan and disunification of U+4039 BMP 8 70,237
5.2 (2009) CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C SIP 4,149 74,394
8 other characters from ARIB #47, #95, #93 and HKSCS BMP 8
6.0 (2010) CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D SIP 222 74,616
6.1 (2012) 1 character corresponding to Adobe-Japan1-6 CID+20156 BMP 1 74,617
8.0 (2015) CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E SIP 5,762 80,388
9 other characters BMP 9

Notes

  1. 1 2 "Unicode 9.0 UCD: PropList.txt". 2016-06-01. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
  2. ↑ The Unicode Standard 4.0, Appendix A - Han Unification History
  3. ↑ Suzanne Topping, "The secret life of Unicode"
  4. ↑ "Chapter 11 - East Asian scripts", The Unicode standard, 4.0.
  5. ↑ "Ideographic Variation Database". 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2016-08-15.
  6. ↑ PRI 108: Combined registration of the Adobe Japan1 collection and of sequences in that collection
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Unihan_IRGSources.txt (from Unihan.zip)". 2016-06-01. Retrieved 2016-06-22.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "UAX #38: Unicode Han Database (Unihan)". Unicode Consortium. 2016-05-18.
  9. ↑ Jenkins, John H. (2016-05-18). "UAX #45: U-source Ideographs". Unicode Consortium.
  10. ↑ Andrew West and John Jenkins, proposal of disunification of U+4039
  11. ↑ unifiable glyph variants
  12. ↑ Cook, Richard (6 October 2003). "Defect Report on Duplicate Encoded CJK Forms" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. Retrieved 2012-03-28.

See also

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