Geography of Antigua and Barbuda

Antigua and Barbuda

Map of Antigua and Barbuda
Continent	North America
Subregion	Caribbean
Geographic coordinates	17°03′N 61°48′W / 17.050°N 61.800°W
Area  - Total  - Water	Ranked 201st 442.6 km²
Coastline	153 km
Land boundaries	0 km
Countries bordered	n/a
Highest point	Mount Obama, 402 m
Lowest point	Atlantic Ocean, 0 m
Longest river	none
Largest inland body of water
Terrain:	low-lying limestone and coral islands, with some higher volcanic areas
Natural resources	cotton
Natural hazards	hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); periodic droughts
Environmental issues	water management, deforestation

A satellite image of Antigua and Barbuda.

Antigua and Barbuda lie in the eastern arc of the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, separating the Atlantic Ocean from the Caribbean Sea. Antigua is 650 km southeast of Puerto Rico; Barbuda lies 48 km due north of Antigua, and the uninhabited island of Redonda is 56 km southwest of Antigua.

The largest island Antigua, is 21 km (about a dozen miles) across and 281 km² (about a hundred square miles) in area. Barbuda covers 161 km² while Redonda encompasses a 2.6 km². The capital of Antigua and Barbuda is St. John's, located at St. John's Harbour on the northwest coast of Antigua. The principal city of Barbuda is Codrington, located on Codrington Lagoon.

Mountains and Hills

Antigua and Barbuda both are generally low-lying islands whose terrain has been influenced more by limestone formations than volcanic activity. The highest point on Antigua is Mount Obama (formerly Boggy Peak), the remnant of a volcanic crater rising 402 metres (1319 ft). This mountain is located amid a bulge of hills of volcanic origin in the southwestern part of the island.

The limestone formations in the northeast are separated from the southwestern volcanic area by a central plain of clay formations. Barbuda's highest elevation is 42 metres (146 ft), part of the highland plateau east of Codrington. The shorelines of both islands are greatly indented with beaches, lagoons, and natural harbours. The islands are rimmed by reefs and shoals. There are few streams as rainfall is slight. Both islands lack adequate amounts of fresh groundwater. Redonda has no significant elevation.

Neither Barbuda nor Redonda have any significant elevations.

The Coast, Islands, and the Ocean

Oceans and Seas

Antigua and Barbuda are located in the eastern Caribbean Sea. The open Atlantic Ocean lies to the north and east. There are many coral reefs in the vicinity of Antigua and Barbuda. The island of Guadeloupe lies to the south, on the far side of the Guadeloupe Passage from Antigua.

The Coast and Beaches

Antigua and Barbuda is famous for its beaches, estimated at 365, particularly those on Antigua itself. The most noteworthy feature of Barbuda’s coastline is the natural lagoon on the western side of the island.

Climate

Wind

The islands' tropical climate is moderated by fairly constant northeast tradewinds, with velocities ranging between 30 and 48 km/h (19 and 30 mph). There is little precipitation because of the islands' low elevations.

Rainfall and temperature

Rainfall averages 990 mm (39 in) per year, with the amount varying widely from season to season. In general the wettest period is between September and November. The islands generally experience low humidity and recurrent droughts.

Hurricanes strike on an average of once a year. Temperatures average 27 °C (80.6 °F), with a range from 23 °C (73.4 °F) in the winter to 30 °C (86 °F) in the summer and autumn. The coolest period is between December and February. Its low humidity makes it one of the most temperate climates in the world.

Vegetation

The sandy soil on much of the islands has only scrub vegetation. Some parts of Antigua are more fertile–most notably the central plain–due to the volcanic ash in the soil. These areas support some tropical vegetation and agricultural uses. The planting of acacia, mahogany, and red and white cedar on Antigua has led to as much as 11% of the land becoming forested, helping to conserve the soil and water.

Statistics

Location

Antigua and Barbuda are Caribbean islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east-southeast of Puerto Rico

Geographic coordinates

17°03′N 61°48′W / 17.050°N 61.800°W

Map references

Central America and the Caribbean

Area

• Total: 442.6 km² (Antigua 280 km²; Barbuda 161 km²)
•  :country comparison to the world: 205
• Land: 442.6 km²
• Water: 0 km²
• Note: Includes Redonda, 1.6 km²

Land boundaries

0 km

Coastline

153 km

Maritime claims

• Territorial sea: 12 nautical miles (22.2 km; 13.8 mi)
• Contiguous zone: 24 nautical miles (44.4 km; 27.6 mi)
• Exclusive economic zone: 200 nautical miles (370.4 km; 230.2 mi)
• Continental shelf: 200 nautical miles (370.4 km; 230.2 mi) or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate

Tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain

Mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands, with some higher volcanic areas

Elevation extremes

• Lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
• Highest point: Mount Obama 402 m

Natural resources

NEGL; pleasant climate fosters tourism

Land use

• Arable land: 9.09%
• Permanent crops: 2.27%
• Other: 88.64% (2012)

Irrigated land

1.3 km² (2003)

Total renewable water resources

0.05 km³ (0.012 cu mi) (2011)

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

• Total: 0.01 km³ (0.0024 cu mi)/yr (63%/21%/15%)
• Per capita: 97.67 m³ (128 cu yd)/yr (2005)

Natural hazards

Hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); periodic droughts

Environment

current issues

Water management, a major concern because of limited natural fresh water resources, is further hampered by the clearing of trees to increase crop production, causing rainfall to run off quickly

Environment

international agreements

• Party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
• Signed, but not ratified: None of the selected agreements

Geography - note

Antigua has a deeply indented shoreline with many natural harbors and beaches; Barbuda has a large western harbor

References

•  This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/.
•  This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook website https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html.