Freestyle football
Freestyle football, also known as freestyle soccer in North America, is the art of self-expression with a football, while performing various tricks with any part of the body. Similar in style to keepie uppie, kemari and the ball discipline of rhythmic gymnastics, it has become a widespread sport across the world and is practiced by many people.[1][2][3]
Increase in popularity
Freestyle football has existed since the early 1900s,[4] but it has seen a surge in popularity as a result of global advertising campaigns and digital media sharing. In the early 21st century, Nike began an advertising campaign which relied heavily on the freestyle form of football, including video clips of freestyle performances. The videos are called Joga Bonito which means "Play Beautiful." These advertisements featured famous players such as Ronaldinho, Cristiano Ronaldo and Edgar Davids. Many link such mass media attention to the start of the freestyle craze. In the YouTube era, however, many previously non-famous players have risen to prominence, and internet searches easily yield thousands of videos by amateur "freestylers" around the world.[5]
Some of the more notable freestylers include: Hee Young Woo (Mr. Woo) of South Korea, Séan Garnier (France), Pawel Skóra (Polish), Michal Rycaj (Polish), Beto (Mexican), Azun (Norwegian),Palle (Swedish), Reynoldz (Irish), Victor Rubilar,Kamalio. Four time Guinness World Record Holder[6] and John Farnworth, who appeared in Britain's Got Talent in 2009. Also in the same year of Britain's Got Talent (series 3) Uefa Training Grounds skill experts[7] Woody & Kleiny were the first freestyle double act to ever hit the programmes screens and the duo were branded by Simon Cowell as the Anty & Decky[8] of football juggling. Moreover, men are not the only ones capable of training this sports discipline. Since it started spreading all over the world more and more women have been taking up freestyle football. Some of the most notable women in the sport are current World Champion Kitti Szász (Hungarian) as well as runner up Mélody Donchet and North American non-competitive but high level freestyler Indi Cowie.
Freestyle has also become very popular in South America, with countries such as Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela and Chile forming freestyle crews of dozens or even hundreds of freestylers, some of the most important Latin Freestylers are Charly Iacono who got to the Semi finals of Talento Argentino, an Argentinian talent show, and Cristian "Rocky" Mayorga who came third in the South Africa 2010 Red Bull Street Style world finals.
Freestyle pioneers
Several freestylers have influenced the varying styles within freestyle football including Rickard "Palle" Sjolander, nicknamed the "godfather of airmoves". Palle invented many lower body tricks which are now used by several freestylers. Palle's progression of lower body freestyle was enhanced by Pawel Skóra from Poland. Since 2010, the progression within lowerbody freestyle has been led by a group of around 10 "limit pushers", including Pawel Skóra, MP, Hasip, Ars, Mirko, Gunther, Akim, LKR, Ethan, Memo and more.
The movie In the Hands of the Gods promotes football freestylers. The film followed five lads (Mikey Fisher, Paul Wood, Sami Hall, Danny Robinson and Jeremy Lynch) on a journey of a lifetime in search of arguably the best football player of all time Diego Maradona. The film became the largest release of a documentary ever in the UK, fourth biggest in the world when it came to screens on its opening weekend, was on show at the Cannes film festival and had a red carpet Leicester Square premier which was green AstroTurf for the boys.[9]
Freestyle competitions
Shortly after the Joga Bonito advertising campaign Nike launched a freestyle football competition on the internet "Nike Football" in which participants could submit their own clips and receive feedback from a worldwide audience.
In December 2006 the "Masters of The Game" competition, held in Amsterdam and was won by Hassan Muxudin Ali. Nutmeg or Panna and other street football competitions have been held featuring street football players such as Edward Van Gils 'Edje', Issy Hitman, and Jermaine Vanenburg 'Vaantje'.
In 2007 there was a competition in Latin America called Red Bull Reaccion.
Also in 2007 Redbull futbol de calle was held in NYC's Webster Hall.
The French Arnaud "Séan" Garnier is the first world champion of Red Bull Street Style Soccer. The final of the Red Bull Street Style competition was held in Brazil In November 2008. Arnaud Garnier "Séan" beat out the other 42 competitors to win the competition.
The 2010 Red Bull street style was held in Cape Town South Africa April 24–28. The winner was Anders "Azun" Solum from Norway, who beat Kamalio Ranchod from South Africa in the final. The latest one was held in Italy where Kotaro Tokuda from Japan came first, and Daniel Dennehy from Ireland finished second.
List of International Competitions and Winners
F3 World Tour
Year | Events | General 1st Place | General 2nd Place | General 3rd Place | London Winner | Beijing Winner |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 2 | Charly Iacono | Boyka | Andrew Henderson | Boyka | Andrew Henderson |
Year | Events | General 1st Place | General 2nd Place | General 3rd Place | London Winner | Dubai Winner |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | 2 | Michryc | Luki | Tobias | Michryc | Michryc |
Year | Events | General 1st Place | General 2nd Place | General 3rd Place | Kuala Lumpur Winner |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | 1 | Andrew Henderson | Gautier | Michryc | Andrew Henderson |
Superball - World Open Championships
Red Bull Street Style
F3 European Championships
Year | Location | 1st place | 2nd place | 3rd place |
---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | Amsterdam, Netherlands | Tobias | Maarten | Mikolaj |
2014 | Brussels, Belgium | Mikolaj | Michryc | Gunther |
2013 | Budapest, Hungary | Luki | Mikolaj | Djota |
SISM - American Panna & Freestyle Tournament
Freestyle tricks
Freestyle football is divided into different disciplines/styles:[10]
- Lowerbody/Air Moves - This is the most popular with the new generation of freestylers. The ball is kept aloft using mainly the feet and legs. This style is considered to be the most difficult and the one that gives a multitude of opportunities to come up with new moves and impressive combinations.
- Upperbody - This style is very popular in Japan and Russia. Most tricks are done with the head, chest and shoulders.
- Sitting/Sit Down - This style has become well known. All tricks are executed while sitting on the floor with your legs in the air, and the inability to move after the ball greatly increases the difficulty of any trick performed.
- Groundmoves - These are normal football moves, but then executed without an opponent. Skillful players can make the performance of groundmoves seem like a choreographed dance.
- Special - This style has been introduced recently and refers to the acrobatic or break dance moves performed with a football that are becoming more popular in the freestyle football world.
Within the above disciplines, the following individual moves are among the most popular:
- Around the World (ATW) is also popular; in this move, the player plays the ball off of one foot, and that foot then circles up and over the ball before returning underneath to play the ball again. It is subdivided into Inside and Outside depending on the direction in which you make the turn.
- Crossover is one of the basic tricks. This move requires the player to kick the ball into the air by his trail leg, while the other leg goes around the ball.
- Toe Bounce (TB): Similar to Crossover but without making the leap, letting the ball bounce in the foot.
- Hop the World (HTW) is a famous move performed by pro footballers and freestylers all around the world. Kick the ball up with one foot, and circle the other around the ball.
- Touzani around the World (TATW) is a favorite of most, It is a variation of an outside ATW and a crossover.
- Mitchy around the World (MATW) is also a favorite. The same as TATW except with an inside ATW.
- Alternative Mitchy around the World" (AMATW) is a variation of an inside HTW and a crossover.
- Lemmens Around the World (LATW) is a double ATW (you circle your foot twice around the ball in the air without a middle touch between the two revolutions).
- Palle Around the World(PATW) is a triple ATW (you circle your foot three times around the ball in the air without a middle touch between the three revolutions).
- Stall moves involve catching the ball in a stationary position. Many freestylers are able to catch the ball on their foreheads, the backs of their necks, or wedged between their heel and the back of their thigh.
- Combos are where one trick is connected to another without juggling the ball.
Combos were introduced in early 2000-2002 and are popular in freestyle football.
Nowadays, the number of new freestylers is constantly increasing so is the number of new moves. Connecting freestyle football with break dance moves has become more popular recently and has given name to the new style mentioned above - Special. It adds up to creativity in this sport and keeps it developing. This style of performing may be easily noticed in Japan but not solely there.
List of Tricks in Freestyle
AIRMOVES:
-Beginners
Around The World (ATW)
Hop The World (HTW)
Half Around The World (HATW)
Toe Bounce (TB)
Reverse Toe Bounce (RTB)
Crossover (CO)
Reverse Crossover (RCO)
Toe Bounce 360
X Over (XO)
X Over 360
Crossover 360
-Medio
- Touzani Atw(TATW)
- Mitch Atw(MATW)
- Abbas Atw(AATW)
- Ratinho Atw (RATW)
- Knee Atw
- NiiOtu Atw (NOATW)
- Knee Htw
-Intermediary
- Alternate Touzani Atw(ATATW)
- Alternate Mitchy Atw(AMATW)
- Mirror Atw
- Timo Atw
- Mitchy Abbas Atw(MAATW)
- Knee Mitchy Atw(KMATW)
- Knee Touzani Atw(KTATW)
- Dore Atw(DATW)
- 360 Atw
- Homie Touzani Atw(HTATW)
- Homie Mitchy Atw(HMATW)
- Homie jay Atw (HJATW)
- Half Homie Jay Atw(HHJATW)
- Jay Atw (JATW)
- Lemmens Atw(LATW)
- Yosuke Atw(YATW)
- -Advanced
- Knee Alternate Mitchy Atw(KAMATW)
- Knee Alternate Touzani Atw(KATATW)
- knee Abbas Atw(KAATW)
- Knee Timo Atw
- Knee Mitchy Abbas Atw(KMAATW)
- Palle Trick
- Reverse Palle Trick
- Lebioda Atw (LEBATW)
- Lemmens Touzani Atw(LTATW)
- Lemmens Mitchy Atw(LMATW)
- Alternate Lemmens Atw(ALATW)
- Magellan
- Michryc Atw
- Beck Atw(BATW)
- New Sh*t
- Alternative homie Mitchy around the world(AHMATW)
- Alternative homie Touzani around the world(AHTATW)
- Filip Atw(FATW)
- Nix Atw(NATW)
- Abbas Lemmens
- Abbas Hommie touzani atw
- -Pro
- Skóra Atw(SATW)
- Reverse Skóra Atw(RSATW)
- Szymo Atw(SZATW)(szymo mitchy atw(SZMATW)
- Japa Atw(JAPATW) NOTE:inside szatw is Japa Atw
- Alternative Japa Atw(AJAPATW)
- Palle Atw(PATW)
- Alternative Palle Atw(APATW)
- Palle Mitchy Atw(PMATW)
- Palle Touzani Atw(PTATW)
- Skala Atw (SKATW)
- Eldo Atw (EATW)
- Homie Touzani Lemmens Atw(HTLATW)
- Homie Mitchy Lemmens Atw(HMLATW)
- Skóra Trick
- MP Trick
- K3vin Eldo Atw (K3EATW)
- Ethan Move
- Ethan Trick
- Akim Move
- Akim Atw
- Luca Trick
- Luca ATW/Homie Mitch Reverse Magellan
- Homie touzani Lemmens Mitch Atw(HTLMATW)
- Henderson Move
- Crazy Feet Atw(CFATW)
- Zegan Atw(ZATW)
- MP Atw(MPATW)
- Iago Atw(IATW)
- Alternative Iago Atw(AIATW)
- Eldo Mitchy Atw(EMATW)
- Alternative Eldo Mitchy Atw(AEMATW)
UPPERBODY:
- Cheststall
- Shoulder Stall
- Neckstall
- Neck flick
- ATM (Around The Moon)
- 360
- Backstall/ In the ditch
- Carousel
- Headstall
- Top headstall
- Nosestall
- Eyestall
- Lipstall
- Throatstall
- Sideheadstall
- Backheadstall
- Ducking
SITDOWNS:
- X-over
- Crossover
- Reverse crossover
- Abdullah Trick
- Half ATW
- ATW
- Sole Stall
- Sole Juggling
- Shin Stall
- Shin Juggling
- Shin rolls
- Yosuke Stall
- Thighpop
- Touzani bounce
- Swag scoop
GROUNDMOVES:
- AKKA(Flip flap,Hocus Pocus)
- Air akka
- Stepover
- Reverse stepover
- Dragon Stepover
- Sleeper
- Drag V-move
- V-drag full combo
- Issy akka
- Knee akka
- 360
- Tic-tac toe
- Stretch
- Klapper
- Clapping
- Back stretch
- X skip or Nelson move
- Ankle breaker
Lowerbody/blocking/special
- Footstall
- Hamstring catch
- Knee catch
- Ankle catch
- Clipper
- Dragon stall
- VEE stall
- Toestall
- Kneestall
- Knee bounce
- Heel stall
- Heel juggle
- Heel atw
- Heel crossover
- Eclipse
- Slap
- Slap atw
- 360 slap
- Kamalio trick
- Jordan Stall
- Handstand Clutch
AIRMOVES Breakdown by Category:
0.5 Revolution Trick
- Crossover /CO
- Reverse Crossover /RCO
- Heel Crossover /HCO
- Toe bounce /TB
- Reverse toe bounce /RTB
- X-over
1 Revolution Trick
- (in/out)Around The World / ATW
- Half Around The World / HATW
- (in/out)Hop The World / HTW
- (in/out)Knee Around The World / KATW
- (in/out)Knee Hop The World / KHTW
- Dore Around The World / DATW
- 360 Around The World / 360 ATW
- Nix Around The World / NATW
1.5 Revolution Trick
- Touzani Around The World / TATW outATW+CO NT
- Mitchy Around The World / MATW inATW+CO NT
- (in/out)Abbas Around The World / AATW RCO+out/inATW NT
- Ratinho Around The World / RATW outATW+X-over NT
- Alternative Touzani Around The World / ATATW outHTW+CO NT
- Alternative Mitchy Around The World /AMATW InHTW+CO NT
- Jay Around The World /JATW outATW+RCO NT (TATW version)
- Half Homie Jay Around The World /HHJATW outATW+RCO NT (out ATW is high)
- Yosuke Around The World / YATW outATW+RCO NT
- Lemmens Crossover / LCO
- Alternative Lemmens Crossover / ALCO
2 Revolution Trick
- (in/out)Lemmens Around The World / LATW ATW+ATW NT (same leg)
- Homie Touzani Around The World / HTATW outATW+inHTW NT
- Homie Mitchy Around The World / HMATW inATW+inHTW NT
- Magellan / outATW+inATW NT (same leg) / MGATW
- Magellan in-in/ inATW+inATW NT (same leg) / MGATW
- Magellan in-out/ inATW+outATW NT (same leg) / MGATW
- Magellan out-out/ outATW+outATW NT (same leg) / MGATW
- Homie Jay Around The World / HJATW outATW+outHTW NT
- Reverse Homie Jay Around The World / RHJATW outHTW+outATW NT
- (in/out)Alternative Lemmens Around The World / ALATW HTW+ATW/HTW NT (same leg)
- Alternative Homie Touzani Around The World / AHTATW outHTW+inATW NT
- Alternative Homie Mitchy Around The World / AHTATW inHTW+inHTW NT
- Aternative Magellan / outHTW+inATW NT (same leg) / AMGATW
- Aternative Magellan in-in/ inHTW+inATW NT (same leg) / AMGATW
- Aternative Magellan in-out/ inHTW+outATW NT (same leg) / AMGATW
- Aternative Magellan out-out/ outHTW+outATW NT (same leg) / AMGATW
- Alternative Homie Jay Around The World / AHJATW outHTW +outHTW NT
- Alternative Reverse Homie Jay Around The World / ARHJATW HTW+outATW NT
2.5 Revolution Trick
- Palle Trick / HTATW+CO NT
- Reverse Palle Trick / HMATW+CO NT
- Lemmens Mitchy Around The World / LMATW inLATW+CO NT
- Lemmens Touzani Around The World / LTATW outLATW+CO NT
- Homie Jay Touzani Around The World / HJTATW HJATW+CO NT
- Reverse Homie Jay Touzani Around The World / RHJTATW RHJATW+CO NT
- Magellan Mitchy Around The World / MGMATW outATW+MATW NT
- Reverse Magellan Mitchy Around The World / RMGMATW inATW+MATW NT
- Magellan Touzani Around The World / MGTATW outATW+ATATW NT
- Reverse Magellan Touzani Around The World / RMGTATW inATW+ATATW NT
- Skóra Around The World / SATW AHMATW+CO NT
- Reverse Skóra Around The World / RSKATW AHTATW+CO NT
- Alternative Lemmens Mitchy Around The World / ALMATW inALATW+CO NT
- Alternative Lemmens Touzani Around The World / ALTATW outALATW+CO NT
- Alternative Homie Jay Touzani Around The World / AHJTATW AHJATW+CO NT
- Alternative Reverse Homie Jay Touzani Around The World / ARHJTATW ARHJATW+CO NT
- Alternative Magellan Mitchy Around The World / AMGMATW outHTW+MATW NT
- Alternative Reverse Magellan Mitchy Around The World / ARMGMATW inHTW+MATW NT
- Alternative Magellan Touzani Around The World / AMGTATW outHTW+ATATW NT
- Alternative Reverse Magellan Touzani Around The World / ARMGTATW inHTW+ATATW NT
- Beck Around The World / BATW outATW+AATW NT
- Reverse Beck Around The World / RBATW inATW+AATW NT
- Lebioda ATW / LEBATW outATW+inAATW NT
- Reverse Lebioda ATW / RLEBATW inATW+inAATW NT
- Alternative Beck Around The World / ABATW outHTW+AATW NT
- Alternative Reverse Beck Around The World / ARBATW inHTW+AATW NT
- Alternative Lebioda ATW / ALEBATW outHTW+inAATW NT
- Alternative Reverse Lebioda ATW / ARLEBATW inHTW+inAATW NT
- FX Around The World / FXATW HTATW+CO NT
3 Revolution Trick
- (in/out)Palle Around The World / PATW ATW+ATW+ATW NT (same leg)
- Skala Around The World / SKATW outATW+AHMATW NT
- Eldo Around The World / EATW inATW+AHMATW NT
- Szymo Around The World / SZATW outLATW+HTW NT
- Dany Around The World / outLATW+outHTW NT
- Zegan Around The World / ZATW outATW+LATW NT
- Homie Touzani Lemmens Around The World / HTLATW outATW+ALATW NT
- Homie Mitchy Lemmens Around The World / HMLATW inATW+ALATW NT
- Skóra Move / outATW+AHTATW NT
- MP Trick / inATW+AHTATW NT
- AK Move / inATW+HTATW NT
- Ethan Move / inATW+inLATW NT
- Ethan Trick / inLATW+inATW NT
- Akim Move / outATW+Alternative Magellan NT
- Luca Trick / inATW+Alternative Magellan NT
- Henderson Move / outATW+HTATW NT
- K3vin Szymo Around The World / K3SZATW (szatw in 1 jump)
- K3vin Eldo Around The World / K3EATW (eldo no foot stamp)
- Crazy Feet Around The World / CFATW outATW+HJATW NT
- Iago Around The World / IATW inATW+HMATW NT
- Supermag / outATW+HMATW NT
- Skóra Trick / outATW+ARHJATW NT
- MP Around The World / MPATW inATW+ARHJATW NT
- Japa Around The World / JAPATW inLATW+inHTW NT
- Homie Jay Lemmens Around The World / HJLATW outATW+outALATW NT
- Akim trick outLATW+inATW NT
- Lipa Around The World "outLATW+outATW NT"
- Luca Around The World or Homie Mitch Reverse Magellan / HMRMGATW HMATW +outHTW NT(magellan)
- Kjelkku Move / HTATW + outHTW NT (magellan) or outATW + in/out Alternative Magellan NT
- Alternative Palle Around The World (in) / APATW HTW+ATW/HTW+ATW/HTW NT (same leg)
- Alternative Skala Around The World / ASKATW outHTW+AHMATW NT
- Alternative Eldo Around The World / AEATW inHTW+AHMATW NT
- Alternative Szymo Around The World / ASZATW outALATW+HTW NT
- Alternative Homie Touzani Lemmens Around The World / AHTLATW AHTATW+inATW NT
- Alternative Homie Mitchy Lemmens Around The World / AHMLATW AHMATW+inATW NT
- Alternative MP Trick / inHTW+AHTATW NT
- Alternative AK Move / inHTW+HTATW NT
- Alternative Iago Around The World / AIATW inHTW+HMATW NT
- Alternative Japa Around The World / AJAPATW inLATW+inHTW NT
3.5 Revolution Trick
- Palle Mitchy Around The World / PMATW inPATW+CO NT
- Palle Touzani Around The World / PTATW outPATW+CO NT
- Skala Mitchy Around The World / SKMATW SKATW+CO NT
- Eldo Mitchy Around The World / EMATW EATW+CO NT
- Szymo Mitchy Around The World / SZMATW SZATW+CO NT
- Homie Touzani Lemmens Mitchy Around The World / HTLMATW HTLATW+CO NT
- Homie Mitchy Lemmens Mitchy Around The World / HMLMATW HMLATW+CO NT
- Skóra Move Mitchy Around The World / Skóra Move+CO NT
- MP Trick Mitchy Around The World / MP Trick+CO NT
- AK Move Mitchy Around The World / AK Move+CO NT
- Iago Mitchy Around The World / IMATW IATW+CO NT
- Supermag Mitchy Around The World / Supermag+CO NT
- Henderson Move Mitchy Around The World / Henderson Move+CO NT
- Japa Mitchy Around The World / JAPMATW JAPATW+CO NT
- Zegan Mitchy Around The World / ZMATW ZATW+CO NT
- Ethan Trick Mitchy Around The World / Ethan Trick+CO NT
- Luca Trick Mitchy Around The World / Luca Trick+CO NT
- Alternative Palle Mitchy Around The World / APMATW inAPATW+CO NT
- Alternative Eldo Mitchy Around The World / AEMATW outAPATW+CO NT
- Alternative Homie Touzani Lemmens Mitchy Around The World / AHTLMATW AHTLATW+CO NT
- Alternative Homie Mitchy Lemmens Mitchy Around The World / AHMLMATW AHMLATW+CO NT
- Alternative AK Move Mitchy Around The World / Alternative AK Move+CO NT
- Sanders Move / HTATW + AATW NT
- Luca Move / HMATW+AATW NT
- Lemmens Beck Around The World / LBATW outLATW+AATW NT
- Homie Touzani Reverse Lebioda Around The World / HTRLEBATW outATW+ARLEBATW NT
- Homie Mitchy Reverse Lebioda Around The World / HMRLEBATW inATW+ARLEBATW NT
4 Revolution Trick
- K3 Around The World / K3EATW+ATW NT
- Mikolaj 4rev Trick / outSagamiATW+inSagamiATW NT
- Goomey Around The World / SagamiATW+360 HTATW NT
Freestyle in Association Football
Although freestyle football exists on a standalone basis in its own right, the incorporation of freestyle skills into association football has enabled both sports to leverage off one another. Notable association football players who incorporate freestyle tricks into their game include Diego Maradona, Ronaldinho, Cristiano Ronaldo, Zlatan Ibrahimović, Robinho, Ricardo Quaresma, Garrincha, Neymar and many other players.
Freestyle Football websites
There are some freestyle football forums where it is easy to find out more about tricks and meet many freestylers that may impart some advice on how to practise efficiently. This is also a place where on-line competitions are organized. The internationally well-known websites are: Indian freestylers World Class Freestyle SSA Freestylers German Freestyle Football,Mexican Football Freestyle, BeyondFootball,Freestyle Football Federation, Iran Football Freestyle , Freestyleworldfootball.com, Komball
Launched in June 2014, Freestyle Football TV is the first TV channel dedicated to Freestyle Football. News, tricks and events on a 24/7 mode : Freestyle Football TV
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Football freestyle. |
- ↑ David Goldblatt; Johnny Acton; Mike Garland. "The Football Book". Books.google.co.uk. p. 29. Retrieved 2016-06-04.
- ↑ David Goldblatt; Johnny Acton; Mike Garland. "The Football Book". Books.google.co.uk. p. 29. Retrieved 2016-06-04.
- ↑ "Freestyle football in Russia". FIFA.com. 2016-07-23. Retrieved 2016-09-11.
- ↑ "The History of Freestyle Football" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-03-09.
- ↑ "Brits lead freestyle revolution". BBC. 2008-05-23. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
- ↑ Sanghvi, Jahnavi (10 December 2009). "I get very close to the audience: Victor Rubilar". dnaindia.com. Daily News and Analysis. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
- ↑ "The Ronaldo Rocket". UEFA.com. 10 November 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
- ↑ "Britain's Got Talent". Retrieved 26 March 2016.
- ↑ "CaughtOffside Exclusive Part 1: In The Hands Of The Gods Preview". CaughtOffside. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
- ↑ David Goldblatt; Johnny Acton; Mike Garland. "The Football Book". Books.google.co.uk. p. 29. Retrieved 2016-06-04.