Marus

For the village in Iran, see Marus, Iran.
Marus
Marus
Arabic ماروس
Name meaning Kh. Marus=the ruin of Marus, where "Marus" comes from a personal name.[1]
Subdistrict Safad
Coordinates 33°01′43.38″N 35°31′41.61″E / 33.0287167°N 35.5282250°E / 33.0287167; 35.5282250Coordinates: 33°01′43.38″N 35°31′41.61″E / 33.0287167°N 35.5282250°E / 33.0287167; 35.5282250
Palestine grid 199/270
Population 93 (1948)
Date of depopulation 26 May 1948/ 30 October 1948[2]
Cause(s) of depopulation Influence of nearby town's fall
Secondary cause Military assault by Yishuv forces

Marus (Arabic: ماروس‎‎) was a Palestinian village in Upper Galilee, 7 km northeast of Safad. In the Roman and medieval period it had Jewish population, and by the 16th century it became entirely Muslim. After a period of desertion, it was resettled by Algerian Arabs. It was depopulated in 1948 during the Operation Hiram by the Israeli attacking brigade Sheva' Brigade.

History

Archaeology

In 1875, Victor Guérin found major ruins here. He described the place as a destroyed Arab village.[3]

In 1881 the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine found here: "Modern and ancient ruins; a spring in a rock-cut cave, ancient foundations of good-sized stones; the foundations of a small rectangular building to the west of the eastern portion of the ruin. Some rock-cut tombs and many caves in hills around."[4]

Starting in 1981 Zvi Ilan excavated in sites next to the 20th century village in different directions. Excavations revealed signs of a long-standing community, and Jewish presence at some periods. An ancient synagogue built in the late 4th or early 5th century,[5] and a related Beth midrash of the 7th century,[6] a cache of coins ranging from the 5th to 9th centuries, a necropolis partly of the 1st century CE, and sherds from Roman to early Ottoman period. There are remains of a defensive wall of large stones, and a hewn moat.[7]

Written sources

Classic era

Based on the archaeological findings and the name Marus, archaeologist Zvi Ilan suggested Marus is to be identified with the town Meroth. Meroth (Ancient Greek: Μηρωθ) is mentioned by Josephus as a border town between Jewish Galilee and Tyre in the First Jewish–Roman War, and a place fortified early in the war. Previous suggestions as to its location included Maroun al-Ras, and Meiron, which show less archaeological parallels. The name possibly derives from מערות (Me'arot, caves).[7]

Middle ages

Marus is probably mentioned in a Samaritan medieval manuscript, again as the border of Tyre, and in a pilgrimage guide of the 14th century.[7]

Ottoman era

In 1596, Marus was part of the Ottoman Empire, a village in the nahiya (subdistrict) of Jira under the liwa' ("district") of Safad, with a population of 176. It paid taxes on a number of crops, including wheat, barley, and fruits as well as on goats.[8][9] All the villagers were Muslim.[10]

In the second half of the 19th century Algerian followers of Abdelkader El Djezairi have been defeated by the French in Algeria, and sought refuge in another part of the Ottoman Empire. They were given lands in various locations in Ottoman Syria, including Marus, and the close-by Dayshum, Ammuqa, Al-Husayniyya and Tulayl.[11]

British Mandate era

In the British mandate period the village was classified as a hamlet by the Palestine Index Gazetteer.[12] In the 1922 census of Palestine, Marus had a population of 45; all Muslims,[13] increasing in the 1931 census to 59, still all Muslims, in a total of 12 houses.[14]

In 1945, the population was 80, and the total land area was 3,183 dunums.[15] Of this, 108 dunums were plantations and irrigable land, 903 used for cereals,[16] while 8 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[17]

Israeli rule

The village was captured from Arab Liberation Army by the Israeli Defense Force's Sheva' Brigade, during the Operation Hiram at the close of 1948 Arab-Israeli war.

According to the Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, describing the village land in 1992: "The site contains some olive and fig trees as well as stones from ruined homes. The surrounding land is used for grazing."[18]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Palmer, 1881, p. 84
  2. ↑ Morris, 2004, p. xvi, village #41. Also gives causes of depopulation.
  3. ↑ Guérin, 1880, pp. 451-2
  4. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 242
  5. ↑ Goodman et al, 2002, p. 841
  6. ↑ "Gallery of Sites and Finds". Israel Antiquities Authority. Retrieved 2016-01-08.
  7. 1 2 3 Ilan, 1983 (Hebrew), and English abstract
  8. ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 178. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 475
  9. ↑ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied from the Safad-district was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9.
  10. ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 178
  11. ↑ Abbasi, 2007 (Hebrew). Non-Hebrew version in The Maghreb Review, 28(1), 2003 pp. 41-59.
  12. ↑ Khalidi, 1992, p. 475
  13. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Safad, p. 41
  14. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 108
  15. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 70
  16. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 120
  17. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 170
  18. ↑ Khalidi, 1992, p. 476

Bibliography

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