Al-Sindiyana
| Al-Sindiyana | |
|---|---|
  Al-Sindiyana | |
| Arabic | السنديانة |
| Name meaning | "the evergreen oak"[1][2] |
| Also spelled | Sindiyana, Sindianeh |
| Subdistrict | Haifa |
| Coordinates | 32°33′24.3″N 35°0′08.15″E / 32.556750°N 35.0022639°ECoordinates: 32°33′24.3″N 35°0′08.15″E / 32.556750°N 35.0022639°E |
| Palestine grid | 150/218 |
| Population | 1,250 (1945) |
| Area | 15,172 dunams |
| Date of depopulation | May 12–14, 1948[3] |
| Cause(s) of depopulation | Military assault by Yishuv forces |
| Current localities | Aviel[4] |
Al-Sindiyana (Arabic: السنديانة, Es Sindiyâna) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Haifa Subdistrict. It was depopulated during the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine on May 12, 1948. It was located 29 km south of Haifa.
History
Ottoman era
On 16 March 1799, during the Ottoman era, Napoleon had a battle here just north of the village.[5]
In 1859, the population was estimated to be 300, who cultivated 22 feddans of land.[6]
Victor Guérin visited the village in 1863. Transcribing its name as Sendianeh, he notes there are 400 inhabitants and that its name must derive from the Arabic word sendian, meaning "evergreen oak", as these abound on the hills flanking the village.[7]
In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described Sindianeh as a "village of moderate size on high ground, with a spring below it, and a cave; it was here that the tunnel of the Cæsarea aqueduct is said to have broken into by women digging for clay".[6]
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Al Sendianeh had a population of 576; all Muslims,[8] increasing in the 1931 census to 923; 922 Muslim and 1 Jew, in a total of 217 houses.[9]
Al-Sindiyana had an elementary school for boys, which by 1942-1943 had 200 students. The village had numerous springs and wells which provided it with water for both domestic use and irrigation.[10] In 1945 it had a population of 1,250, with a total of 15,172 dunams of land.[11] Of this, a total of 8,177 dunums of land was allocated to cereals; 225 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards,[12] while 24 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[13]
References
- ↑ Khatib et al., 2003, p. 119.
- ↑ Quercus coccifera, according to Palmer, 1881, p. 153
- ↑ Morris, 2004, xviii, village #160
- ↑ Khalidi, 1992, p. 193.
- ↑ van de Velde, 1854, vol 1, p. 344
- 1 2 Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 43
- ↑ Guérin, 1875, p. 342.
- ↑ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. 34
- ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 96
- ↑ Khalidi, 1992, p. 192
- ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 49
- ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 92
- ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 142
Bibliography
- Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- Conder, Claude Reignier; Kitchener, H. H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Guérin, Victor (1875). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). 2: Samarie, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- Hadawi, Sami (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
- Khalidi, Walid (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
- Khaṭīb, Muḥammad Kāmil; Barakat, Maher; Hartman, Michelle (2003). Just like a river. Interlink Books. ISBN 978-1-56656-475-5.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- Morris, Benny (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
- Palmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Velde, van de, Charles William Meredith (1854). Narrative of a journey through Syria and Palestine in 1851 and 1852. 1. William Blackwood and son.
External links
- Welcome To al-Sindiyana
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 8: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- al-Sindiyana, at Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center
