Parma Calcio 1913

Parma

Full name	Parma Calcio 1913 Srl
Nickname(s)	I Crociati[1] (The Crusaders) I Gialloblù[1] (The Yellow and Blues) I Ducali[1] (The Duchy Men) Gli Emiliani[1] (The Emilians)
Founded	16 December 1913, as Parma Foot Ball Club 1930, as Parma Associazone Sportiva 1967, as Parma Football Club 1970, as Parma Associazone Calcio 29 June 2004, as Parma Football Club 27 July 2015 as Società Sportiva Dilettantistica Parma Calcio 1913
Ground	Stadio Ennio Tardini, Parma, Italy
Capacity	22,352
Owner	Nuovo Inizio SrL
President	Nevio Scala
Head coach	Stefano Morrone
League	Lega Pro
2015–16	Serie D, 1st (promoted)
Website	Club home page
Home colours Away colours Third colours

Parma Calcio 1913 S.r.l., commonly referred to as Parma, is an Italian football club based in the city of Parma that currently competes in Lega Pro, the third tier of Italian football. Founded as Parma Football Club in Italian as (Parma Piede Palla) in December 1913, the club plays its home matches in the 22,352-seat Stadio Ennio Tardini, often referred to as simply Il Tardini, from 1923. It traditionally plays attractive football and develops players through the club's academy.^[2]

Although Parma never won a domestic league title and never competed for major trophies until the 1990s, it won three Coppa Italia, one Supercoppa Italiana, two UEFA Cups, one European Super Cup and one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. Financed by Calisto Tanzi, the club won these eight trophies between 1992 and 2002, a period in which it achieved its best ever league finish – as runners-up in the 1996–97 season – and threatened the dominance of the league's established powers: Juventus, A.C. Milan and Inter Milan, the only Italian sides to have had more success in European competition than Parma.^[3][4]

Financial troubles were brought about in late 2003 by the Parmalat scandal which caused the parent company to collapse and resulted in the club operating in controlled administration until January 2007. The club was declared bankrupt in 2015 and re-founded in Serie D by virtue of the Comma 10 of the Article 52 of N.O.I.F..

History

Early years (1913–1968)

Parma

Location of Parma in Italy

A club was founded in July 1913 as Verdi Foot Ball Club in honour of the centenary of famous opera composer Giuseppe Verdi, who was born in the province of Parma.^[5] It adopted yellow and blue as its colours.^[6][7] In December of the same year, Parma Foot Ball Club was formed from many of the original club's players and began wearing white shirts emblazoned with a black cross.^[8] Parma began playing league football during the 1919–20 season after the end of World War I.^[5] Construction of a stadium, the Stadio Ennio Tardini, began two years later.^[9] Parma became a founder member of Serie B after finishing as runners-up in the Prima Divisione in the 1928–29 season. The club would remain in Serie B for three years before being relegated and changing its name to Associazione Sportiva Parma in 1931.^[7] In the 1935–36 season, Parma became a founding member of Serie C, where the club stayed until winning promotion back to Serie B in 1943. Italian football was then brought to a halt as the Second World War intensified, although the team did make an appearance in the Campianto Alta Italia in 1944. Following the restart of organised football, Parma spent three years in Serie B, then split into two regional divisions, before again being relegated in 1948–49 to Serie C. The side would spend another five seasons in Serie C before an eleven-year spell in Serie B that included the achievement of ninth position in 1954–55, a club record at that time.^[10] This was an era in which the club's players generally held down other jobs or were still in education and where the town's amateur rugby union and volleyball sides, Rugby Parma F.C. 1931 and Ferrovieri Parma, proved more popular among the more privileged.^[11] Parma made its debut in European competition during the 1960–61 season, defeating Swiss side AC Bellinzona in the Coppa delle Alpi, but relegation to Serie C followed in 1964–65 season. Parma spent just one season in Serie C before a second successive relegation, this time to Serie D, in 1966.

Rebirth and improvement (1968–1989)

The club was in turmoil and was ordered into liquidation by the Court of Parma in 1968, changing its name to Parma Football Club that year. In 1969, another local team, Associazione Calcio Parmense, won promotion to Serie D. On 1 January 1970, A.C. Parmense adopted the sporting licence of the liquidated club which had been formed in 1913. This meant that it had the right to use the crociato shirts, the badge and the city's name.^[6][7][10] This brought about a change of luck in both financial and sporting terms, as the side was crowned Serie D champions and spent three years in Serie C before promotion to Serie B; however, it was a short stay. The team was relegated back to Serie C in its second season in the division. A return to Serie B did not materialise until the end of the 1970s and the club again lasted only one season in the second division of Italian football.

Under the management of Cesare Maldini, Parma once again returned to Serie B after winning its division in 1984 with victory on the final day over Sanremo; Juventus-bound Stefano Pioli scored the only goal of the game. The Ducali again only spent a year in Serie B, finishing third from bottom and succumbing to relegation as a consequence. Arrigo Sacchi did, however, manage to return the club to Serie B in 1986 after a single season in the third tier. The side enjoyed good success that season in missing out on promotion to Italy's top tier by just three points and eliminating A.C. Milan from the Coppa Italia, a result that convinced owner Silvio Berlusconi to hire Sacchi as the new manager of the Rossoneri. Sacchi's replacement, Zdeněk Zeman, was fired after just seven matches and replaced by Giampieri Vitali, who secured two consecutive mid-table finishes.

Success and insolvency (1989–2004)

Hernán Crespo represented the club in two spells, winning three trophies and becoming the club's all-time record goalscorer.

Nevio Scala was appointed as head coach in 1989.^[10] Scala's Parma secured a historic promotion in 1990 to Serie A with a 2–0 Derby dell'Enza win over A.C. Reggiana 1919.^[12] and investment from parent company Parmalat helped to improve the team's fortunes and the club made its debut in UEFA competition in 1991.^{[6][12][13][14]} Scala led the club to its first four major honour. The first of these was the Coppa Italia in 1991–92, beating Juventus 2–1 over two legs. The following year came the first international triumph in a 3–1 victory in the Cup Winners' Cup over Belgian side Antwerp at Wembley.^[12][15] Later that year, the side was successful in the UEFA Super Cup, overcoming A.C. Milan 2–1 on aggregate, but lost the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup final 1–0 against Arsenal.^[12] Scala's final success with Parma was in another two-legged final against Juventus: Dino Baggio scored twice to give Parma a 2–1 aggregate win, but Juventus exacted revenge in the Coppa Italia final. Replaced by Carlo Ancelotti, Scala departed in 1996 and was a popular coach for the trophies he won and because the team played attractive football in the tradition of the club.^[11]

Claudio Ranieri managed Parma during the latter half of the 2006–07 season.

Ancelotti overhauled the team and guided it to a record second place in 1997.^[12][16][17] Parma consequently made its debut in the Champions League the following year. Alberto Malesani was installed as coach in 1998 and the club completed a rare cup double in his first season, winning the Coppa Italia final against Fiorentina on the away goals rule and the UEFA Cup against Marseille at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow with a 3–0 victory before Supercoppa Italiana victory over league champions Milan followed in August 1999. In 2000, Hernán Crespo was sold to Lazio for a world record transfer fee and Malesani departed. Under replacement Renzo Ulivieri, the club lost the Coppa Italia final to Fiorentina. Under Pietro Carmignani in 2002, Parma won a third Coppa Italia trophy against Juventus (but would slip to defeat in the 2002 Supercoppa Italiana) and finished outside the top 6 for the first time since promotion in 1990. This success earned it a tag as one of the "Seven Sisters".^[18][19] In April 2004, the club was declared insolvent following the financial meltdown of Parmalat and the club remained in special administration for 3 years.^[20][21][22]

Rebirth and another bankruptcy (2004–2015)

The club re-formed as Parma Football Club SpA in June 2004^[23] (as a subsidiary of being liquidated Parma AC SpA) and the 2004–05 season saw Parma plummet to its lowest finish in Serie A – despite a second consecutive 23-goal haul from Gilardino, who was then sold for €25m^[24] – as managers came and went.^[18] Parma ended the following season, its first without European competition since 1991, in tenth, but returned in 2006 after the Calciopoli scandal.

On 24 January 2007, Tommaso Ghirardi bought the club out of administration and became the owner and president of the club.^[25] Manager Claudio Ranieri helped the team avoid relegation to Serie B on the final day of the 2006–07 season following his February appointment;^[26][27] however, under a succession of managers, Parma's battle with relegation the following year was not successful, consigning the club to Serie B after eighteen years in the top flight.^[7][28]

Francesco Guidolin won promotion back to Serie A at the first attempt with a second-place finish and led the side to eighth on its return to Serie A in 2009–10, narrowly missing out on qualification for the Europa League before leaving for Udinese. In May 2010, Guidolin swapped jobs with Pasquale Marino, who was sacked by Ghirardi in April 2011 when Parma was caught in another relegation dogfight.^[29][30][31] Under Marino's replacement, Franco Colomba, Parma escaped the threat of relegation with two games to spare.^[32] In January 2012, Colomba was replaced by Roberto Donadoni following a winless run that culminated in a 5–0 loss to Inter Milan and the new coach led the team to eighth position in a Serie A club record 7-match winning run.^[33][34] In 2014, Donadoni guided Parma to sixth in Serie A and a third consecutive top ten finish, but a return to Europe in the UEFA Europa League for the first time since 2007 was barred due to the late payment of income tax on salaries, not qualifying for a UEFA license, for which the club would also be docked points during the 2014–15 Serie A season.^[35][36] Financial troubles precipitated a succession of ownership changes and the club's eventual bankruptcy in March 2015 with total liabilities of €218 million and months of unpaid salaries.^[37][38] The club was allowed to finish the season but finished bottom of the league in 20th place.

Another rebirth (2015–present)

The re-founded club, S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913, was formed in July 2015, taking its name from the year of foundation of the predecessor club and beating off competition from a rival to secure a place in the 2015–16 Serie D under article 52 of N.O.I.F. as the representative of Parma.^[39] Ex-head coach Nevio Scala was appointed as president and former player Luigi Apolloni was chosen as head coach.^[40] In the club's first season, it sold over 9,000 season tickets, more than doubling the Serie D record.^[41] Parma achieved promotion from Serie D into professional football league Lega Pro, ending the season with 94 points from 38 games, and an unbeaten run of 28 victories and 10 draws.^[42]

Colours and badge

Originally, the club wore yellow and blue chequered shirts in honour of the city's traditional colours, which date back to 1545 when the Duchy of Parma was established,^[43] but white shirts with a black cross on the chest were introduced after the First World War, drawing inspiration from Juventus' colours, following a name change.^[8] White continued to be worn as the main colour of the home kits for much of the remainder of the century, although often complemented with yellow, blue or both, rather than black. The club did, however, experiment in the 1950s with blue shirts and blue and yellow striped shirts. The cross shirts were restored and worn until bankruptcy in 1968, when white shirts with off-centre blue and yellow vertical bands were worn, but the cross returned from 1970 until 1983 when a yellow and blue-sleeved white shirt was introduced and used for 8 years.

After decades in the lower divisions, Parma was promoted to Serie A in 1990, where the side immediately became a major force in the battle for major trophies, on many notable occasions in direct opposition to Juventus, who would become fierce rivals of Parma's. This rivalry and the influence of Parmalat led to the demotion of the white shirts to the away kit, so the side wore yellow and blue hooped shirts at home for six seasons between 1998 and 2004, and navy blue shirts often worn as third choice in this period. This was a time of great success for the club, thus the shirts became synonymous with Parma, often still called the Gialloblu (Yellow and Blues) today, despite a recent reversion to the traditional white shirts emblazoned with a cross caused by parent company Parmalat's collapse and the clubs subsequent re-foundation as Parma Football Club. Yellow and blue were Parma's traditional change colours, used in various combinations from 2004 to 2015, such as vertical stripes, hoops, crosses or as solid colour designs.^[44]

Parma's logo changed in 2005 to reflect the name change from Parma A.C. to Parma F.C., but the logo otherwise remained the same, encompassing the city colours of yellow and blue and the club's traditional black cross set on a white background, and has not changed much in years, although it was dramatically overhauled to feature a prancing bull for one season in 2000–01 before it was criticised and discontinued in favour of the old badge. A new badge with broadly similar features was introduced for the 2014–15 season following the use of a commemorative centenary badge for the 2013–14 campaign.^[45] The newly formed club in 2015 adopted a new logo before acquiring the rights to a number of legacy items for €250,000 a year later.^[46]

• 
  The old Parma A.C. logo, used until the name change to Parma F.C. in 2004
• 
  Parma F.C.'s crest until 2012
• 
  Parma's centenary badge
• 
  Parma F.C. logo, 2014–15
• 
  S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 badge, 2015–16

Grounds

Stadio Ennio Tardini, Parma's home stadium

Parma initially had no permanent home and used the Piazza d'Armi, where two wooden posts constituted the frame of each goal. In December 1914, the club began to use land between the Via Emilia, the Eridania refinery and the Ferraguti factory, but it was sold, so the club returned to the Piazza d'Armi before transferring to the Tre Pioppi, the first fenced-off pitch in the city.^[47] Parma moved into the Stadio Ennio Tardini in 1923 and remained there today, although the stadium saw drastic change from the vision of Ennio Tardini, under whose auspices the stadium was to be built, but who died before completion of the venue.^[48][49] Much of the renovation took place after the club's first promotion to Serie A at the start of the 1990s.^[9]

Since 1996, the first team has trained and played friendly matches at the Centro Sportivo di Collecchio in Collecchio, which is located 15 kilometres to the south-west of the stadium. Parma's youth teams also play their home matches in the same complex. Until 2015, younger youth teams trained at Campi Stuard but now train at Collechio.^[48]

Support

The coat of arms of the House of Farnese – creators of the Duchy of Parma – whose colours are the inspiration for many of the club's kits

The supporters of Parma are seen as placid fans, something for which they are derided.^[50] Traditionally, they have been seen as fans who enjoy the spectacle of football and are less partisan, although they have been more characterised by impatience of late.^[11] In Northeast Italy, the team is the fifth best supported, behind Inter Milan, Juventus, A.C. Milan and Bologna, the first three of which are not based in that region.^[51] They are represented by three main groups: il Centro di Coordinamento dei Parma Club (which represents most of the fanbase), l'Associazione Petitot and the club's ultras, Boys Parma, which was established on 3 August 1977 by young fans wanting to split from the Centro di Coordinamento and to encourage meetings with opposition fans.^[52] The Boys Parma occupy the northern end of the home stadium, La Curva Nord, directly opposite to where the away fans sit in the south stand.^[49] In 2008, the Curva Nord was renamed in honour of Boys Parma 1977 member Matteo Bagnaresi, who died when he was run over on the way to the Tardini by a coach which was carrying the opposition Juventus fans.^[53] In a not uncommon practice, the number 12 shirt has been reserved for the Parma fans, meaning no player is registered to play with that number on his kit for the club. The implication is that the supporters, particularly those of the famous Curva Nord, are the twelfth man. The last player to be registered with the number was Gabriele Giroli for the 2002–03 season. Parma's club anthem is Il grido di battaglia, which means The Battle Cry.^[54]

Rivalries

Parma maintains rivalries with regional and national clubs; some of these are keenly fought local derbies. Historically, Derby dell'Enza (or, less commonly, Derby del Grana)^{[nb 1]} opponents Reggiana and Derby d'Emilia^{[nb 2]} opponents Bologna have been the club's bitterest rivals.^[55][56] The ill-feeling with Reggiana comes from a traditional city rivalry between Parma and Reggio Emilia; Bologna and Parma are Emilia-Romagna's two most decorated clubs, winning the region's only domestic titles: 7 Serie A titles and 5 Coppe Italia. Two other local derbies are the Derby dei Ducati,^{[nb 3]} which is contested with neighbours Modena, and the Derby del Ducato,^{[nb 4]} which is played against Piacenza.^[56] Despite their relative obscurity, Lombardian side Cremonese and Tuscan outfit Carrarese, to Parma's north and south, respectively, are both seen as rivals too. Of these local derbies, only the Derby d'Emilia is played regularly because only Bologna play in Serie A alongside Parma.

Juventus is considered a great rival of Parma largely due to their recent duels. The last meetings happened in the 2014-15 season: the first leg in Turin saw Juventus score 7 goals unanswered past the visitors,^[57] while the reverse fixture in April 2015 produced a surprise 1-0 victory for an already relegated Parma. During Marcello Lippi's generally successful spells at the head of the Turin club, Parma often turned out to be his bogey team. In February 1999, the Ducali recorded a shock 4-2 win at the Stadio delle Alpi, thus prompting Lippi's resignation from his post ^[58] and ending his first spell in Turin. Three years later, his second stint with the Bianconeri was marked by a 1-0 loss in Parma which almost derailed his club's title challenge for that season,^[59] although they did become champions in May 2002.

Overall Parma prevailed in the Coppa Italia finals of 1992 and 2002 and the 1995 UEFA Cup final, while Juventus had the upper hand in the 1995 Coppa Italia and the 1995 and 2002 Supercoppa Italiana.^[60][61][62] These six matches comprise nearly half of the fourteen major finals Parma has participated in. In the 1994-95 and 1996-97 Serie A seasons, Parma finished runners-up to the all-conquering Vecchia Signora, the closest they ever got to becoming league champions. Ironically Parma's colours have their origins in those Juventus wears, and the switch from white and black to a yellow and blue home kit in the late 1990s took place in order to distance and distinguish Parma from Juventus. Parma maintain keenly fought rivalries with Vicenza and Genoa.

In Italy, it is common for clubs to be twinned in an arrangement called gemellaggi. This is a practice uncommon elsewhere.^[63] Parma enjoy amicable relations with Empoli in an arrangement that dates back to a game played in foggy conditions in 1984 that ended in the Parma fans congratulating those of Empoli on its win when the full-time whistle was blown without the Azzurri fans' knowledge.^[64][65] Perhaps a more current bond is felt towards the fans of Sampdoria.^[66][67]

Ownership and finances

In 1991, the club was bought by multinational Italian dairy and food corporation Parmalat. This was the platform for success on the pitch but the club eventually succumbed to administration in 2004 due to Parmalat's massive bankruptcy with debts of $20 billion and fraudulent activity at Parmalat worth over €10bn and a €167 million net loss by the club in 2003.^{[19][21][38][68][69]} On 24 January 2007, engineering entrepreneur Tommaso Ghirardi bought the club after three years of administration for $39 million and incorporated Eventi Sportivi as a holding company owning 100% of the club's shares of €20 million nominal value.^[25] Eventi Sportivi Srl (later S.p.A.), at first had a share capital of just €3 million, with Banca Monte Parma, owned 10% of the shares as minority.^[70] By 21 January 2009, Ghirardi's ownership of Eventi Sportivi was 75% with Banca Monte Parma holding 10% and Marco Ferrari, former vice-president Diego Penocchio and Penocchio's company Brixia Incipit each owning 5%.^[71] In July 2011, Ghirardi sold to both Alberto Rossi and Alberto Volpi 5% each of Eventi Sportivi.^[72] On 29 February 2014, Energy T.I. Group bought 10% of the shares in the club from Eventi Sportivi.^[73]

Parma-born motorsport businessman Gian Paolo Dallara was a founding investor in S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913

On 19 December 2014 and as a result of a ruling which barred the club from a first European campaign under Tommaso Ghirardi, Ghirardi sold his 66.55% controlling stake in Eventi Sportivi to Dastraso Holding Ltd, a company based in Cyprus and controlled by Rezart Taçi for €1, at which point the club was $200 million in debt.^[38][74][75] The club became the third Serie A club to become foreign-owned as a result and Albanian Emir Kodra was installed as president.^[76][77]

In February 2015, Taci sold his stake to Giampietro Manenti for the price he bought it, €1, less than two months after buying it, at which point salaries at the financially stricken club had not been paid since the previous summer.^{[38][78][79][80][81][82]} With Parma bottom of Serie A, Manenti was arrested in March 2015 on allegations of money laundering and his involvement in a credit card fraud ring, imperilling the already precarious situation as the club was plunged further into debt.^[38][83]

On 19 March 2015, the club was declared bankrupt with a total liabilities of €218 million (including unpaid wages of €63 million).^[37][84] On 22 April 2015, the intermediate holding company of Parma, Eventi Sportivi SpA, was also declared bankruptcy by the Tribunal of Parma.^[85] The club was then declared legally bankrupt on 22 June 2015 after no new investors willing to refurbish €22.6 million debt in order to trigger Comma 3 of Article 52 of N.O.I.F. to allow the club to remain in Serie B.^[86][87] Other debts of the club were either waived by the footballers or settled by the administrator. New investor was not required to repay the subordinated debt and bank debt of the old company. The medals of Parma, which was owned by the company, as well as Centro Sportivo di Collecchio which was owned by its holding company Eventi Sportivi, were under auction after the bankruptcy.^[88]

The phoenix club S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 S.r.L. was incorporated in 2015 under the ownership of Nuovo Inizio SrL with share capital of €250,000. Nuovo Inizio is owed by a number of backers including representatives of Parmalat and local businessmen Guido Barilla (owner of Barilla Group), Mauro Del Rio and Gian Paolo Dallara.^[38][89] The new owners seek to overhaul the core philosophy of Italian club ownership and formed Parma Partecipazioni Calcistiche SrL to act as a vehicle for fan ownership, so issued a further €89,286 of shares to that company. Fans therefore own approximately 25% of the club at a cost of €500 per share.^[90]

Players

Current squad

As of 5 August 2016^[91] Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Position Player 1 GK Kristaps Zommers 2 DF Michele Canini (on loan from Atalanta) 3 DF Lorenzo Saporetti 4 MF Francesco Corapi 5 MF Crocefisso Miglietta 6 DF Alessandro Lucarelli (captain) 7 FW Pasquale Mazzocchi 8 MF Davide Giorgino 9 FW Manuel Nocciolini 10 MF Yves Baraye 11 FW Daniele Melandri 14 FW Davide Mastaj 15 DF Desiderio Garufo

No. Position Player 17 FW Matteo Guazzo 18 FW Emanuele Calaiò 20 DF Maikol Benassi 21 DF Leonardo Nunzella 22 GK Marijan Ćorić 23 DF Giacomo Ricci 26 DF Mohamed Coly 28 MF Lorenzo Simonetti 29 MF Manuel Scavone 31 DF Michele Messina (on loan from Atalanta) 32 FW Felice Evacuo 33 GK Alioune Fall 34 GK Andrea Panciroli

Out on loan

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Position Player DF Lorenzo Adorni (at Monza)

Reserve squad

As of September 1, 2016 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Position Player 12 DF Simone Dodi 13 MF Cristian Crescenzi 16 FW Salvatore Contu 19 DF Luca Baratta

No. Position Player 24 DF Federico Castagnaro 25 FW Domenico Rispoli 27 DF Davide Messineo 30 FW Gianfranco Viani

Retired numbers

12 – From the 2002–03 season until the present (with the exception of the 2015–16 season in Serie D, where league rules required that the number be assigned to a substitute), Curva Nord of the Stadio Ennio Tardini, as a sign of recognition towards the fans who sit in the Curva Nord, considered the 12th man in the pitch.^[92]

Academy

For information on Parma's youth teams, see S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 youth teams.

Below the first team, the club runs 6 teams at youth level, as well as a ladies' team.^[93]

Former players

For details of former players, see List of S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 players and Category:Parma F.C. players.

Club captains

For a list of club captains, see List of S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 players#Club captains.

Player records

For player records, including player awards, see S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 statistics and records.

Club officials

As of 24 October 2015

• Owner: Nuovo Inizio SrL

Club management

• President: Nevio Scala^[94]
• Vice-president: Marco Ferrari^[94]
• General director: Luca Carra^[94]
• Technical director: Lorenzo Minotti^[94]
• Sporting director: Andrea Galassi^[94]
• Academy director: Fausto Pizzi^[94]

Coaching staff

• Head coach: Luigi Apolloni^[95]
• Assistant head coach: Nicola Campedelli^[95]
• Fitness coach: Renzo Casellato^[95]
• Goalkeeping coach: Ermes Fulgoni^[95]
• Strength and conditioning coach: Paolo Giordani^[95]

Presidential history

Parma has had numerous presidents over the course of its history; here is a complete list of them:^[96]

Name Years Violi, Porcelli and Spaggiari 1913–14 Carlo Melli and Alberto Poletti 1914–15 Ing. Tedeschi 1919–20 Conte L. Lusignani 1920–21 Ennio Tardini 1921–23 Gabbi 1923–24 Giuseppe Muggia and Amoretti 1924–25 Aldo Ortali 1925–26 Giovanni Canali 1926–28 Emilio Grossi 1928–29 Giuseppe Amoretti 1929–30 Cesare Minelli 1930–35 Emilio Grossi 1935–36 Filippo Bonati 1936–37 Nino Medioli 1937–38 Medardo Ghini 1938–40 Giuseppe Scotti 1940–43 Giorgio Zanichelli 1945–46 Raimondo Bortesi 1946–47 Amerigo Ghirardi 1947–48 Bruno Avanzini 1948–51 Bonifazio Lupi di Soragna 1951–53

Name Years Umberto Agnetti, Del Frate, Campanini and Viani 1953–54 Fabrizio Cartolari 1954–58 Giuseppe Agnetti 1958–65 Walter Molinari 1965–66 Gino Camorali 1966–67 Vittorio Blarzino 1967–68 Zanichelli and Pizzighoni 1968–69 Ermes Foglia 1969–73 Arnaldo Musini 1973–76 Ernesto Ceresini 1976–90 Fulvio Ceresini 1990 Giorgio Pedraneschi 1990–96 Stefano Tanzi 1996–04 Enrico Bondi 2004 Guido Angiolini 2004–06 Enrico Bondi 2006–07 Tommaso Ghirardi 2007–2014 Pietro Doca 2014[97] Fabio Giordano 2014[97] Ermir Kodra 2014–2015[77] Giampietro Manenti 2015[98] Nevio Scala 2015–present[89]

Managerial history

Below is a list of Parma managers since the end of the First World War until the present day.^[96]

Name Nationality Years Violi, Porcelli, Spaggiari 1919–20 Percy Humphrey 1920–21 Adolf Riebe 1921–23 Guido Ara 1923–24 Gabbi, Forlivesi 1924–25 Carlo Achatzi 1925–26 Ghini, Stuardt 1926–27 Emilio Grossi 1927–28 Raoul Violi 1928–29 Emilio Grossi 1929–30 Armand Halmos 1930–31 Emilio Grossi 1931–32 Crotti 1932–33 Tito Mistrali 1933–36 Alfredo Mattioli 1936–37 Elvio Banchero 1937–38 Pál Szalaj 1938–39 József Wereb 1939–40 Sam Trevors 1940–42 Italo Defendi 1942–43 Giuseppe Carlo Ferrari 1945–46 Renato Cattaneo, Lombatti, Frione, Mistrali 1946–47 Bruno Dentelli, Giovanni Mazzoni, Dietrich, Tagliani 1947–48 Renato Cattaneo, Giuberti, Mistrali, Giuseppe Carlo Ferrari, Lombatti, Carlo Rigotti 1948–49

Name Nationality Years Carlo Rigotti 1949–50 Giovanni Mazzoni, Boni, Mattioli 1950–51 Paolo Tabanelli 1951–53 Carlo Alberto Quario 1953–54 Ivo Fiorentini 1954–56 Oliveri, Giuberti 1956–57 Čestmír Vycpálek 1956–58 Guido Mazetti 1958–60 Mario Genta 1960–62 Canforini 1962–63 Diotallevi, Arnaldo Sentimenti 1963–64 Oliveri, Giuberti 1956–57 Bruno Arcari 1964–65 Ivano Corghi 1965–66 Dante Boni 1965–67 Giancarlo Vitali 1967–68 Dante Boni 1968–69 Giancarlo Vitali 1969–70 Stefano Angeleri 1970–72 Antonio Soncini 1972 Giorgio Sereni 1973–74 Renato Gei 1974–75 Giovanni Meregalli 1975–76 Tito Corsi 1976–77 Bruno Mora 1977 Gianni Corelli, Giorgio Visconti 1977–78 Graziano Landoni 1978 Cesare Maldini 1978–80 Domenico Rosati 1980–81 Giorgio Sereni 1981 Giancarlo Danova 1981–83

Name Nationality Years Bruno Mora 1983 Marino Perani 1983–85 Silvano Flaborea 1985 Pietro Carmignani 1985 Arrigo Sacchi 1985–87 Zdeněk Zeman 1987 Giampiero Vitali 1987–89 Nevio Scala 1989–96 Carlo Ancelotti 1996–98 Alberto Malesani 1998–01 Arrigo Sacchi 2001 Renzo Ulivieri 2001 Daniel Passarella 2001 Pietro Carmignani 2001–02 Cesare Prandelli 2002–04 Silvio Baldini 2004–05 Pietro Carmignani 2005 Mario Beretta 2005–06 Stefano Pioli 2006–07 Claudio Ranieri 2007 Domenico Di Carlo 2007–08 Héctor Cúper 2008 Andrea Manzo 2008 Luigi Cagni 2008 Francesco Guidolin 2008–10 Pasquale Marino 2010–11 Franco Colomba 2011–12 Roberto Donadoni 2012–2015 Luigi Apolloni 2015–present[89]

Honours

Parma has won eight major titles in its history (as well as one Serie B title), all coming in a period of ten years between 1992 and 2002.^[99] These honours make it the eleventh most successful team in Italian football history in terms of the number of major trophies won, the fourth most successful team in European competition, after A.C. Milan, Juventus and Inter Milan, and one of thirteen Italian clubs to have won multiple major titles.

National

• Coppa Italia:
  • Winners (3): 1991–92, 1998–99, 2001–02
  • Runners-up (2): 1994–95, 2000–01
• Supercoppa Italiana:
  • Winners (1): 1999
  • Runners-up (3): 1992, 1995, 2002
• Serie A:
  • Runners-up (1): 1996–97
• Serie B:
  • Runners-up (1): 2008–09

European

• UEFA Cup:
  • Winners (2): 1994–95, 1998–99
• European Cup Winners' Cup:
  • Winners (1): 1992–93
  • Runners-up (1): 1993–94
• European Super Cup:
  • Winners (1): 1993

Minor

• Prima Divisione:
  • Runners-up (1): 1928–29^{[nb 5]}
• Seconda Divisione:
  • Winners (1): 1924–25^{[nb 6]}
• Promozione:
  • Runners-up (1): 1919–20^{[nb 7]}
• Serie C:
  • Winners (4): 1953–54, 1972–73,^{[nb 8]} 1983–84,^{[nb 9]} 1985–86^{[nb 9]}
  • Runners-up (2): 1942–43,^{[nb 10]} 1978–79^{[nb 9]}
• Serie D:
  • Winners (1): 1969–70, 2015–16 ^{[nb 11]}
• Coppa delle Alpi:
  • Winners (1): 1960–61^{[nb 12]}

Notes

1. Derby dell'Enza translates to Enza Derby. The River Enza is an affluence of Italy's longest river, the Po, and forms the boundary of the provinces of Parma and Reggio Emilia. Derby del Grana translates to Grana Derby. Grana is a type of hard, mature cheese, of which Parmigiano-Reggiano, or Parmesan cheese, is an example. The cheese is named after the producing areas near Parma, Reggio Emilia, Modena and Bologna, all in Emilia-Romagna, and Mantova (in Lombardia), Italy. Under Italian law, only cheese produced in these provinces may be labelled "Parmigiano-Reggiano" and European law classifies the name as a protected designation of origin. Parmigiano is the Italian adjective for Parma. Reggiano is the Italian adjective for Reggio Emilia, Reggiana's home city.
2. Derby d'Emilia would be translated to Emilia Derby. Emilia is a region that approximately corresponds to the western and north-eastern portions of today’s Emilia-Romagna. The region takes its name from the Via Aemilia, a Roman road in 187 BCE.
3. Derby dei Ducati means Derby of the Duchies, the duchies in question being those of Modena and Reggio and Parma. These territories were competing and neighbouring duchies during the Renaissance.
4. Derby del Ducato is the Italian equivalent of Derby of the Duchy. The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 and became the unified Duchies of Parma and Piacenza in 1556.
5. At the time, this was one of 3 parallel regional second tier divisions.
6. At the time, this was one of 2 parallel regional second tier divisions.
7. At the time, this was one of 13 parallel regional second tier divisions.
8. At the time, this was one of 3 parallel regional third tier divisions.
9. At the time, this was one of 2 parallel regional third tier divisions.
10. At the time, this was one of 12 parallel regional third tier divisions.
11. At the time, this was one of 9 parallel regional fourth tier divisions.
12. Parma competed as a representative of Italy.

Footnotes

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Bibliography

• Bellè, Gianfranco; Gandolfi, Giorgio (2003). 90 anni del Parma calcio 1913–2003 [90 Years of Parma Football 1913–2003] (in Italian). Parma: Azzali Editore.
• Dunford, Martin (1 March 2011). The Rough Guide to Italy (10th ed.). Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-84836-717-3. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
• Giulianotti, Richard (16 August 1999). Football: a sociology of the global game. Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-333-94612-1. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
• Melegari, Fabrizio, ed. (2007). Calciatori del Parma (I Crociati nelle figurine Panini) [Parma Players (The Crusaders in Panini Trading Cards)] (in Italian). Modena: Panini Group.
• Morrow, Stephen (30 September 2003). The people's game?: football, finance, and society. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-94612-1. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
• Sappino, Marco (2000). Dizionario del calcio italiano [Dictionary of Italian football] (in Italian). 2. Baldini & Castoldi. ISBN 978-88-8089-862-7. Retrieved 23 February 2012.

External links

• Official website
• Parma at Serie A (English) (Italian)
• Parma at Football Italia
• Parma at ESPN Soccernet