Pseudo-anglicism

Pseudo-anglicisms are words in languages other than English which were borrowed from English but are used in a way native English speakers would not readily recognize or understand. Pseudo-anglicisms often take the form of compound words, combining elements of multiple English words to create a new word that appears to be English but is unrecognisable to a native speaker of English. It is also common for a genuine English word to be used to mean something completely different from its original meaning.

Pseudo-anglicisms are related to false friends or false cognates. Many speakers of a language which employs pseudo-anglicisms believe that the relevant words are genuine anglicisms and can be used in English, which may cause misunderstandings.

When many English words are incorporated into many languages, language enthusiasts and purists often look down on this phenomenon, terming it (depending on the importing language) Denglisch, Franglais or similar neologisms.

In various languages

Multiple languages

Air-Condition (German, Greek, Serbo-Croatian, Swedish) – air conditioning
Apart (Japanese アパート, Korean 아파트) – apartment
Autostop (or in some languages stop) (Bulgarian, Czech, French, Greek, Hungarian, Italian,^[1] Polish, Romanian, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Spanish, Turkish) – hitchhiking
Basket (Arabic, Danish, French, Indonesian, Italian,^[2] Greek, Persian, Serbo-Croatian (one-hoop variant), Spanish, Swedish, Turkish) – basketball
Baskets (French, Romanian) – sneakers
Beamer (Dutch, German, Romanian) – (digital) video projector
Beefsteak (French bifteck, Spanish bistec, Serbo-Croatian, Turkish biftek) – from beefsteak, but steak in general
Beauty farm (Dutch, German Beauty-Farm and Beautyfarm, Italian^[3]) – spa
Black Music (French, German) – urban music
Body (Hungarian, Turkish) – bodybuilding
Body (for dancing) (German, Finnish, French, Italian,^[4] Romanian) – leotard
Body (for infants) (German, Finnish, French, Italian,^[4] Polish, Spanish, Turkish badi, Serbo-Croatian bodi) – infant bodysuit
Body (Estonian, Serbo-Croatian, Swedish) – bodysuit
Box (for toddlers) (Dutch, Italian) – playpen
Box (for vehicles) (French, Italian) – garage
Box (in motorsports) (German, Italian, Croatian variety of Serbo-Croatian, Spanish) – place on a race track where pit stops are conducted
Break (French, Romanian brec) – station wagon (American English) or estate car (British English) – cf. shooting-brake
Camera (Greek, Vietnamese, Russian, Polish kamera) – camcorder
Camping (Croatian variety of Serbo-Croatian, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Spanish) – campsite
Camping-car (French, Japanese キャンピングカー) – campervan or "recreational vehicle"
Car (French, Swiss German) – coach, tour bus or inter-city bus
Catch (French; now considered old-fashioned in German and Italian) – professional wrestling
Classic music (Japanese クラシック音楽, Korean 클래식 음악, Turkish klasik müzik) – classical music
Clip (most languages) – short film
Closet (Serbo-Croatian, Russian, Turkish klozet) – watercloset
Coffee (some Arabic dialects) – café
Cornflakes (Arabic, Greek, Turkish) – any breakfast cereal
Cunning (Japanese カンニング, Korean 커닝) – cheating
Dancing (Belgian Dutch, French, Italian, Polish) – dance hall or dancing-house or nightclub
Discount (Diskont) (German, Polish, Serbo-Croatian) – a store
Dress (Estonian, Serbo-Croatian, Polish) – athletic garments
Evergreen (Dutch, German, Italian, Serbian variety of Serbo-Croatian, Swedish) – an enduringly popular song
Feeling (Brazilian Portuguese, French, Italian, Spanish) – personal chemistry, common bond^[5]
Fitness (Brazilian Portuguese, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish, Turkish) – fitness training as a kind of gymnastics
Flipper (Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Brazilian Portuguese, Serbo-Croatian, Swedish) – pinball machine
Footing (French, Italian, Spanish) – jogging
Fotoshooting (German, Romanian) – photo session, photo shoot
Fotoshop (Brazilian Portuguese, Chinese, Hungarian, Serbo-Croatian, Russian, Turkish) – manipulated photo (from the name of Adobe Photoshop)
Frac (French, Italian, Serbian variety of Serbo-Croatian), from "frock coat" – evening tailcoat
Fuel (various languages) – Diesel fuel
Full (French, Hungarian, Italian, Serbo-Croatian, Turkish, Polish) – full house (in poker)
Full (Spanish, Slovenian) – 'very'
Goalman (German Goalmann, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian) – Goalkeeper
Handyphone (Indonesian, Korean 핸드폰) – mobile phone (compare German Handy)
Happy end (Brazilian Portuguese, Danish, Dutch, French, German Happyend and Happy End, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese ハッピーエンド, Korean 해피엔드, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Serbo-Croatian hepiend) – happy ending
Homepage (Danish, German, Japanese ホームページ Korean 홈페이지,H.P ) – website
Hometrainer (Dutch, German, Portuguese) – exercise bicycle or other low-level consumer fitness machine
IC (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) – interchange
Jolly (Italian, Romanian) – joker or wild card
Killer (Croatian variety of Serbo-Croatian, German, Italian, Polish, Russian) – hitman, contract killer
K-Way (French [kawe], Italian) – windbreaker
Lifting (Brazilian Portuguese, French, Swiss German, Greek, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish, Turkish, Russian) – facelift
Limousine or limousine bus (Japanese リムジンバス, Korean 리무진 버스) – airport shuttle
Limousine (some Arabic dialects) – taxi
Living (European Portuguese, Belgian Dutch, French, Japanese リビング, Romanian, Argentinian Spanish) – living room or set of living room furniture
Looping (French, German) – vertical loop in a roller coaster
Luna park (Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Polish, Serbian variety of Serbo-Croatian, Turkish, Russian) – amusement park (derived from the name of an amusement park in New York)
Mail (Danish, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Japanese メール, Norwegian, Spanish, Serbo-Croatian, Swedish mejl, Turkish, Russian) – email
Marketing (Arabic, German, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish) – advertising
Mobbing (German, Norwegian, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Swedish) – bullying
Montgomery (Greek, Italian) – duffle coat
MV (Chinese, Korean) – music video
Open space (French, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Russian) – open plan office
Overall (Czech, Dutch, German, Norwegian, Polish, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish) – a full body boilersuit or jumpsuit, but not an overall.
Panty or panti (Dutch, Spanish) – pantyhose
Parking (Arabic, Belgian Dutch, French, Swiss German, Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian паркинг, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish) – parking lot / car park
Peeling (French, Romanian, German, Russian, Polish, Portuguese, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish, Swedish) – facial or body scrub
Pickup (Dutch, Greek) – turntable
PK (Chinese) – play-kill (this term usually refers to a lighthearted competition/conflict and originates from arcade games)
Playback (Arabic, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish) – lip sync (in songs) / lip-synching in music
Poker (French, Hungarian, Italian [ˈpɔker], Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Russian) – either the game or straight flush
Pressing (Swiss German, Italian, Polish, Russian) – forcing (in sport)
Pullman (Greek, Italian) – motor coach, tour or inter-city bus, not a railway vehicle
Puzzle (Arabic, Croatian variety of Serbo-Croatian, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Swedish pussel, Spanish puzle, Turkish) – jigsaw puzzle (rather than puzzle in general)
Reality (Brazilian Portuguese, Danish, Greek, Italian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish) – reality show
Recordman (French, Greek, Italian, Romanian, Russian recordsman, Turkish) – record holder in sports*
Roastbeef (sometimes dropping the 't') (Danish, German, Portuguese, Serbian variety of Serbo-Croatian, Spanish rosbif) – cut of beef located roughly at the short loin (US) or sirloin (UK)
Rolling stone – vagrant (from the proverb A rolling stone gathers no moss)
Scotch (French, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Russian) – clear adhesive tape of any brand
Service (Japanese サービス, Korean 서비스, Taiwanese sa-bi-su) – free, complimentary, from 'self service'
Sharp pencil (Japanese シャープペンシル, Korean 샤프펜슬) – mechanical pencil
Sig (French, Italian) – sigh (in cartoons)
Skilift (Croatian variety of Serbo-Croatian, German, Italian) – platter lift
Slip (Dutch, French, German, Greek, Italian, Spanish, Turkish) – briefs
Smoking (Danish, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian smoching, Russian смокинг, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish esmoquin, Swedish, Turkish) – dinner jacket or tuxedo, rather than a smoking jacket in the Edwardian sense
Speaker (French, Italian, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Turkish) – announcer, news anchor; also French feminine speakerine
String (Dutch, French, German, Greek, Polish, Russian стринги, Swedish, Turkish) – g-string
Strip (Dutch, Serbo-Croatian) – comics, comic book or comic strip
Telefilm (Croatian variety of Serbo-Croatian, Italian) – filmed TV series
Tennis (Portuguese tênis, Spanish tenis) – both the sport and tennis shoes, trainers, and sneakers
Toast (Croatian variety of Serbo-Croatian, Danish, Finnish, Greek, Italian [tɔst], Korean "토스트", Polish, Swedish, Turkish, Russian) – toasted sandwich
Top (for women) (most languages) – sports bra
Topfit (Dutch, German) – perfectly physically fit
Training (Hebrew טריינינג, Hungarian, Romanian, Korean "츄리닝") – tracksuit
Tramway (French, Russian трамвай, Serbo-Croatian tramvaj) – tram
Trench (French, Italian, Russian) – trench coat
Tuning (French, Portuguese, Italian, Russian) – car tuning
Videoclip (or in some languages clip) (Arabic, Brazilian Portuguese, Dutch, Greek, Italian, Indonesian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian видеоклип, Serbo-Croatian, Turkish) – music video
Volley (Arabic, Brazilian Portuguese vôlei, Danish, French [vɔle], Greek, Italian [ˈvɔllei], Japanese バレー) – volleyball
Wellness (Croatian variety of Serbo-Croatian, German, Hungarian) – a holistic sense of mental and physical well-being; feeling well by expensive means, especially in a chic hotel near a spa
Zapping (French, German zappen (verb), Greek, Italian [ˈdzappiŋɡ], Dutch zappen, Swedish zappa) – (TV) channel-surfing, channel-hopping

Belarusian

Box (бокс) – boxing
Break (брэйк) – breakdance
Camping (кемпінг) – camping site
Cross (крос) – cross-country race
File (файл) – punched pocket
Player (плэер) – portable media player
Shop tour (шоп-тур) – an organized tour to a foreign country for shopping

Chinese

ABC – American-born Chinese, also CBC = Canadian-born Chinese, BBC = British-born Chinese, etc.
BB call – pager
BBS – web forum, as opposed to an actual bulletin board system
DM – flyer, brochure, junk mail (from "direct mail")
KTV – a karaoke establishment with private rooms. Called karaoke box in Japan.
MIT – Made in Taiwan
VC – Vitamin C

Czech

Big beat (bigbít) – beat, rock'n'roll, pop-rock
Centropen – felt-tip pen, marker pen (from the registered trademark Centropen)
Czech POINT – Czech public administration contact point
Fix – felt-tip pen, marker pen
Luncheon meat, Lunch meat (lančmít) – spam (food)
Lux – vacuum cleaner (from AB Lux, contemporary Electrolux)
Magnetophone (magnetofon) – tape recorder (from Magnetophon)
Minimarket – convenience store
Mister Minit - quick (shoe) repair (from the words Mr. and minute)
Mobile (mobil) – Mobile phone
Nightclub – brothel, erotic club
Notebook – laptop
Rifle – denim or jeans (from the registered trademark Rifle Jeans)
Second hand – used clothing store
Xerox – photocopier (from Xerox Corporation)

Danish

Babylift ([beɪ̯bilifd]) – baby transport/carrycot
Bake-off – parbaking
Butterfly – a bow tie
Cottoncoat – trench coat
Cowboytoast – minced meat sandwich
Grillparty – a barbecue party
Monkeyclass – economy class
Rocker – biker
Sixpence – a flat cap or cloth cap
Smoking – a dinner jacket
Speeder – an automobile pedal
Speedmarker – a felt-tip pen
Stationcar – a contraction of station wagon (US) and estate car (UK)
"Strips" – a cable tie
Timemanager – a calendar or notebook in which you write down appointments (from the registered trademark Time Manager)

Dutch

Agenda – calendar
Airco – air conditioning
Beamer – video projector
Boiler – a water heater and not a central heating boiler
Box – a loudspeaker
Coffeeshop – a bar or cafe selling cannabis
Dumpstore – an army surplus store
Junk – junkie, a drug addict
(Koffie)pad – (coffee) pod
Loverboy – a pimp who grooms (often very young) women to fall in love with him, in order to force them into prostitution.
Mobile home – Belgian Dutch for a campervan
Occasion – bargain (especially a car sold at a favourable price), or even: second-hand car. Originally a French loanword with the meaning of "bargain" and pronounced as in French, it is now often pronounced as in English
Pocket – small book, usually paperback, that fits in a pocket
Sheets – transparencies or computer presentation slides
Shovel – a loader
Songtekst – lyrics
Sweater – sweatshirt
Touringcar – a motor coach; not a touring car, which is either an obsolete automobile body shape or a classification of racing car.

Finnish

College – sweater/jumper

French

Note: In Europe, '-ing' (/ɪŋ/) is usually pronounced [iŋg].

Baby-foot (m, pronounced [ba.bi.fut]) – table football
Box (f) – internet access device, following the trend of brand naming initiated with Free Telecom's "Freebox", then imitated by others (Livebox, Neufbox...)
Brushing (m) – blow dry
Building (m) – skyscraper
Caddie (m, [kadi]) – shopping trolley, from a brand name
Clip (m) – short film
Dressing (m) – dressing room
Fashion – as an adjective rather than a noun
Foot (m) – Football (soccer) (In Canadian French, this would refer to Canadian football, or sometimes in context to American football. Association football is le soccer .)
Forcing as in faire le forcing^[6] or faire du forcing^[7] – to pressure
de grand standing – high class (of property), luxury (flat, apartment)
Jogging (m) – Tracksuit (jogging suit)
Mailing (m) – direct mail advertising, email marketing (campaign)(replaced by publipostage)
Night shop (m, Belgium) – late-opening grocery shop
Paper board (m) – flip chart
People (sometimes spelled pipeuls, pipoles to reflect the pronunciation [pi.pœl] or [pi.pɔl]) – celebrities, also used as adjective (ex. "Il est très people"), derived from the US celebrity magazine People
Planning (m) – schedule, to-do list
Pressing (m) – dry cleaning shop
Pull (m, pronounced [pyl])– pullover, sweater
Punching ball (m) – punching bag
Recordman/Recordwoman – record holder in sports
Relooking (m) – makeover (also: relooker – give a makeover to)
Rollers (m) − Roller skates
Rosbif – English person, especially a man, mildly derogatory (from roast beef)
Rugbyman – rugby player
Self (m) – self-service restaurant
Shampooing (m, pronounced /ʃɑ̃.pwɛ̃/), also spelled shampoing – shampoo
Smoking (m) – dinner jacket
Star (f, even referring to a man) – a celebrity
Surf (m) – surfboard
Sweat (m, pronounced [swit] or [swɛt]) – sweater
Tennisman – tennis player
Top (adj.) – brilliant, great
Tramway (m) – tram
Warning(s) (m) – (car) hazard-lights
Zoning (Belgium) – industrial estate

German

Many of the following examples may be found in several words (Fun Sport), hyphenated (Fun-Sport), in one word (Funsport) or CamelCase (FunSport).

Basecap – baseball cap
Beamer – projector
Best Ager – a person over the age of 50 (German Wikipedia)
Body-Bag – a type of Messenger Bag. The bag which is slung across the midriff in English is called cross-body bag. In Germany, the term Body Bag was after its invention a registered trademark.^[8]
Box – box, but also loudspeaker
Casting-Show – talent search television series
Catchen – wrestling
Containern – Dumpster diving
Controlling – managerial accounting or management control system
Cutter – film editor
Discounter – discount store
DJane – female disc jockey
Dressman – male model
Drive-in – drive-through
Ego-Shooter — first-person shooter (FPS)
(to do) Fitness – workout in a gym
Fitness-Studio or Fitnessstudio – gym
Foil – PowerPoint slide
Fun-Sport – a sport primarily practised in leisure time and for fun without organized competitions or rules, especially when it is risky, extravagant, modern and suitable to express an independent young lifestyle, e.g. Free climbing, Snowboarding or Surfing
Gospel – Gospel music
Handy – mobile phone, cell[ular] phone
Happy End or Happyend – a happy ending
Highboard – a table-high cupboard
Homeoffice – a place at one's home where one works for an employer (e.g. via internet)
Horrortrip – bad trip
Inboard-Kamera – onboard camera
Inliner – inline skates (shoes)
Kicker – table football ("foosball" in American English, a variation on the German word "Fußball" (football))
Leader(innen)board – provisional ranking; in English leader board is only used in professional golf
Leader(s)box – Platform or site, where the provisional leader(s) of a current event is displayed to the public; in English leader's box stands for a collection of important rules and statements of a Christian sect—e.g., the United Church of Christ
Lifting – taking the ski lift uphill. Common term in Kühtai region in Austria
Logical – riddle/puzzle to be solved by logical thought (German Wikipedia)
Longseller – long-term (best)seller (German Wikipedia)
Lowlight – opposite of "highlight" (used in business environment in management reporting)
Lowrider – a pair of luggage carrier, which are fixed at both sides of a bicycles frontwheel near its axis (German Wikipedia)
Mailbox – voicebox
Musicbox/Musikbox – jukebox
No-Go – taboo
Pocketbook – paperback (derived from the German "Taschenbuch", "Tasche" = pocket, "Buch" = book)
Public Viewing – outdoor screening
Pullunder, often Pollunder or Polunder – sweater vest
Punker – a punk (dated: punker)
Shooting – photo or film shoot
Shootingstar – (successful) newcomer (sports, music, literature, business, politics...)
Slipper – lace-less shoes
Showmaster – show host
Sprayer – graffiti artist, tagger
Steadyseller – a book that sells consistently over a long term (variant of bestseller)
Tabletop – miniature wargame
Talkmaster – talk show host
Trainer – manager (in sports)
Training – without any specification it means to workout in a gym, synonym to do Fitness or Training; with a (implicitly) given specification it means exercising under practicing conditions even if the results of this have consequences for a following competition, e.g. Qualifikationstraining means Qualifying Session or Balltraining means exercises with a ball
Trainings- – in compound terms such as Trainingsanzug, -hose, and -jacke for tracksuit, -trousers, and -top
Trampen; Tramper – hitchhiking; hitchhiker
Twen – a person in his or her twenties, or the time period of one's twenties
Vote – a poll

Greek

Barwoman – barmaid
Jean (τζιν) – denim
Trafficator – indicator

Hebrew

Back-Axe (בק-אקס) – rear axle
Chaser (צ'ייסר) – small shot glass
Coacher (קואוצ'ר) – practitioner of life-coaching, a coach. ("Coacher" is a valid, but rare, English variant)
Combinator (קומבינטור) – a swindler/cheater/con-artist, but also less negatively just someone who's good at smooth talking and getting out of trouble, or finding quick-fix solutions to problems.
Front Back-Axe (פרונט בק-אקס) – front axle
Golf (גולף) – turtleneck sweater/jersey
Maniac (manyak מניאק) – an undesirable person, akin to "asshole" or "son of a bitch" in English. (Probably derived from Arabic, where it has some negative sexual connotation)
Money time (מאני טיים) – crunch time (in sports)
Nylon (ניילון) – any form of flexible plastic
Patent (patent פטנט) – an improvisation/innovation
Presenter (פרזנטור) – celebrity endorser
Punch (פאנצ׳) – a short joke, one-liner (not the punch line!)
Puncture (pancher פנצ'ר) – any mishap causing a delay
Scouter (סקאוטר) – talent scout. ("Scouter" is a valid, but rare, English variant)
Selector (סלקטור) – airport security screener, club bouncer
Snappling (snepling סנפלינג) – abseiling
Talkback (tokbek טוקבק) – A comment on a blog or an internet news site
V (וי) – check mark (✓). Used in the expression "לעשות וי" ("to do a V") meaning "to check off, indicate as done".

Hungarian

Drill – three of a kind in poker.
Farmer – denim or jeans
Winchester – computer hard drive

Indonesian

Mini Market – Convenience store

Italian

Autogrill (Italian pronunciation: [autoˈɡril])^[9] – motorway snack bar (used for any brand, not only for Autogrill chain)
Baby killer, or babykiller – juvenile murderer
Bar^[10] – café (the English "bar" is called "pub" in Italy)
Beauty case or Beauty^[11] – vanity bag
Block-Notes or Bloc-notes (Italian pronunciation: [blɔkˈnɔtes]) ^[12] – notebook
Body rental – temporary staffing firm
Box doccia – shower cubicle
Cargo^[13] – cargo-boat (or cargo aircraft)
Cotton fioc – Cotton swab
Charleston (instrument)^[14] – Hi-hat
Custom – custom motorcycle, but very often used to indicate cruisers instead.
Discount^[15] – discount store
Fiction^[16] – TV miniseries
Golf^[17] (diminutive: golfino) – sweater/jumper
Hostess^[18] – female flight attendant, stewardess
Job on call – sort of casual employment, whose intermittent working times are based, from day to day, on the needs of the employer (compare Zero hours contract in the United Kingdom)
Mister^[19] – football coach
Night – nightclub
Plum cake – loaf cake
Pullman – coach
Pungiball – punching bag
Sexy shop – sex shop
Social – social network, using the English adjective as a noun
Spot – (TV) advert
Stage (Italian pronunciation: [staʒ] from French stage "internship", but also [steidʒ] via erroneous connection to the English stage^[20]) – internship
Talent – talent show
Ticket^[21] – cost associated to a service provided by National health care system
Tight^[22] – morning suit^[23]
Trolley^[24] (Italian pronunciation: [ˈtrɔllei]) – trolley case
Tutor or Safety tutor – SPECS (speed camera)
Videobar – a cafe or bar focused on entertainment based on music videos
Water (Italian pronunciation: [ˈvater]^[25]) – shortened form for water closet^[25]
Writer – graffiti writer

Japanese

Main article: Wasei-eigo

Live (ライブ, raibu) – any sort of performance-related live thing; e. g. a live band, live concert, live recording, etc.
Love hotel (ラブホテル, rabu hoteru) – a type of short-stay hotel
Lolicon (ロリコン, rorikon) – pedophile (adjective), portmanteau of "lolita" and "complex"
Mansion (マンション, manshon) – a condominium apartment
New-half (ニューハーフ, nyūhāfu) – a transgender or transsexual woman
OL or Office Lady (オフィスレディー, ofisu redī) – A female office worker
Revenge (リベンジ, ribenji) – to try again in spite of previous failure
Salaryman (サラリーマン, sararīman) – a white collar employee (salaried worker)
Style (スタイル, sutairu) – a woman's figure (particularly if slim or skinny)

Korean

Main article: Konglish

Further information: List of Konglish terms

Apart (아파트) – this word is used to mean not only individual suites, but "apartment building" or "apartment complex"^[26]
Fighting (화이팅 or 파이팅) – a Korean cheer that can roughly be translated as "Victory!" but can also be used as a word of encouragement (a la "Courage!")^[27]^[28]
Note (노트) – a notebook
Officetel (오피스텔) – this word is a portmanteau of "office" and "hotel" and means office and hotel combined
One room (원룸) – a bachelor-style studio apartment
One shot (원샷) – a form of toast, roughly equivalent to "bottoms up". It challenges the drinker to finish his drink in one gulp^[29]
Skin scuba (스킨스쿠버) – scuba diving

Persian

Machine – is used for Vehicle and Automobile beside general use for describing machines.
Traffic (ترافیک) – traffic jam.

Polish

Boks – boxing^[30]
Deweloper – real estate developer^[31]
Dres – tracksuit;^[32] sometimes also chav(s) (short for dresiarz)

Portuguese

Except when the English pronunciation is obviously indicated by widely known spelling rules, such as "ee", "ay", "oo", "ou" and "a+consonant+e" standing for [i], [eɪ], [u], [aʊ], and [eɪC] (only in Portugal; Brazilians will pronounce the vowels near-correctly but the consonants always in the way they would pronounce them in Portuguese), instead of the expected [eɪ], [aj], [ow], [ow], [aCi ~ aCɨ] (non-nasal consonant) and [ɜ̃Ci ~ ɐCɨ] (nasal), all Lusophone Latin Americans and Africans and most Portuguese and Macanese will invariably use spelling pronunciations for pseudo-anglicisms as those that know proper English pronunciation and spelling rules would naturally be expected to know that those words are not real English, so that soda and tuning come out as [ˈsɔðɐ] (roughly like "sawtha" or "soth-a") and [ˈtũɲĩ] (roughly like "toonyeen'"), much as English-like filler (used mainly in Brazil, in the context of anime episodes not derived from the storyline of the manga from which they derive) and nylon would be [ˈfileʁ] (roughly "feel-egh") and [ˈnajlõ] (roughly "nye lon'") in non-affected pronunciations, though tupperware is rather similar to a native form ([tɐpɐˈwɛɾ], [-ˈwɛʁ]).

Phonotactic and phonological rules of Portuguese or of certain Portuguese dialects, such as specific palatalization and vowel reduction patterns, also apply, so that while e.g. nice in São Paulo would become [ˈnajs], a native English form, in Rio de Janeiro it would become [ˈnajsi] (roughly "nicie") or [naj s̩] ("nye, sss!"), as [s] at the end of a syllable in the local dialect is non-existent – the local pronunciation of the archiphoneme /coda sibilant/ is palatalized [ɕ], the hushing second consonant in Japanese sushi. Brazilians, and some Africans and rural Portuguese with archaic dialects resembling Brazilian Portuguese, are known to insert an epenthetic [i] after virtually every final closed syllable to break them into two different open syllables, so that hippie and hip (as [i]star and estar/está, similar to Spanish) would sound wholly or nearly homophonous as [ˈʁipi], in the same way flirt became flerte ([ˈfleʁtʃi], [ˈflɛɾt(ɨ)] in Portugal) with time. Words that are not slang anymore tend to be adapted to Portuguese orthography.

Agroboy (Brazil) – a non-urban Brazilian playboy or yuppie, generally with its wealth earned by agricultural businesses
Beauty case – vanity case
Box – a stall containing a shower or a toilet, as in a public restroom
Coffeeshop (a loanword from Dutch) – a store selling cannabis
Cooper – to jog
Fashion (Brazil) – as an adjective rather than a noun, slang for a cool fashion style. Used mainly in relation to female fashion styles (or that of males in a jocose way). Example: Ela está muito fashion agora! meaning "she is so cool now [with this makeover]!"
Funk – a musical genre from Rio de Janeiro, local spin-off from Miami bass, completely unrelated to American funk music
Grill (Brazil) – steak house. Most often the native name churrascaria is used
Hipster (Brazil) – slang for either the correct English usage (scenesters of underground and indie music scenes) or a contemporary hippie-derived subculture there prevalent
Hockey – icehockey (other varieties of hockey are virtually unknown)
Ice Tea – generic trademark for iced tea, informally more common than the direct translation chá gelado
Night (Brazil) – nightlife, particularly dating
Novo look – a makeover (hair, clothing, makeup, etc.)
Open House – housewarming party
Outdoor – billboard, using the English adjective as a noun
Playboy (Brazil) – while in first it had the same usage as in English, from the 1990s to the 2010s it changed its meaning to a local version of yuppie. Stereotypes of the Brazilian playboys include being classist, womanizer and sexist, at least way more than their yuppie counterparts from more developed nations, which in turn is result of social anxieties of the poor and the lower middle class against the upper middle and upper classes, or being great seekers of social status and influence. They also, contrary to yuppies, do not fashionize intellectuality, and can or can not be socially liberal (social divisions between liberals and conservatives, specially in the upper classes, makes much less sense in Brazil)
Shopping – shopping mall or shopping centre using the English gerund as a noun
Show – concert, particularly a pop music concert ("concerto" is used mainly for classical music, nevertheless it is the standard usage in European Portuguese for all kinds of concert and also used in Brazilian Portuguese by language purists)
Soda – short for soda limonada, lime-flavored soft drink (refrigerante sabor limão, lime and lemon are regarded as two variants of the same fruit in Brazil; not lime-lemon, ironically known in Brazil by the literal translation lima-limão) rather than soft drink in general; soda is also a native Portuguese word that conveys the chemical sense of soda (compounds that contain sodium), as well as a saltwort or a kelp
Style (Brazil) – as an adjective rather than a noun, slang for someone whose fashion, or for the said fashion in itself, is deemed as innovative, cool or unique. Unlike fashion, this slang is regarded as adequate for males (actually, this term is a stereotypical part of the vocabulary of urban worker class males lacking in education and refinement). Example: Deborah e Giovanni ficam tão style de calças skinny, óculos escuros e franja! (meaning "Deborah and Giovanni got so cool wearing skinny jeans and dark glasses, and cutting the hair in bangs!")
Top (Brazil) – using the English noun as an adjective, means genius, greatest, awesome. Another example of slang stereotypically associated with stigmatized speech registers of those of lower social standing. Probably itself a loanword from French
Video game ([ˈvidʒo ˈɡejmi]; [ˈvidʒu ˈɡẽjmi] in less cultivated registers) (Brazil) – also written vídeo-game, game console, although the term "console" is also used, the video games themselves are simply called "games", "jogos" (the standard translation for "game") or less ambiguously "jogos de videogame" (console games)

Romanian

Blugi – jeans, denim fabric (whether blue or not)
Tenisman – tennis player (feminine is tenismană)

Russian

Break (брейк) – breakdance
Business lunch (бизнес-ланч) – table d'hôte
Clipmaker (клипмейкер) – music video director
Creative (креатив) – inventiveness, creativity, the results of creative work
Cross (кросс) – cross-country race
Face control (фейсконтроль) – checking whether a person looks appropriate (a common practice at Russian night clubs)
File (файл) – punched pocket
Folk history (фолк-хистори) – a widespread type of pseudoscientific historical writing, often politically engaged, sensationalistic, or negationist in nature; in more broad terms, pseudohistory
Killer (киллер) – assassin, contract killer
Metallist (металлист) – fan of heavy metal subculture
Pampers (памперс) – diaper of any brand
Parking (паркинг) – parking lot
Player (плеер) – portable media player
Rocker (рокер) – member of a biker gang
Puzzle (паззл) – jigsaw
Safing (сейфинг) – providing safe deposit boxes
Shop tour (шоп-тур) – an organized tour to a foreign country for shopping
Showman (шоумен) – entertainer, host of an entertainment-oriented show (TV or otherwise)
Smoking (смокинг) – dinner jacket
Strings (стринги) – thong
Xerox (ксерокс) – copier of any brand

Serbo-Croatian

Drugstore (Dragstor) (Serbia) – a corner store that is open in evenings or overnight. They do not offer pharmacy services.
Insert (Serbia) – Movie clip
Recorder (Rekorder) (Serbia) – record holder (in sports)
Spot (Serbia) – Music video

Slovak

Nightclub – brothel/erotic club

Slovenian

Dbest [dəˈbɛst] – slang term meaning 'cool'
Full [ful] – slang term meaning 'very'

Spanish

Blue (Argentina) – grey market
Body – bodice
Casting – a screen test
Estárter – choke valve
Heavy – awesome, excellent, great, etc., in slang; also hard, strong, excessive. In the first sense, this word is used in the same way English speakers use the slang term "cool" (which is also used in Spanish). It also refers to the heavy metal subculture. Most likely from British slang word "Heavy" meaning "Cool".
Inbox – email, chat or messenger message.
KOM (Kick Off Meeting) – planning meeting, Project launch meeting.
Nuevo look – a makeover (hair, clothing, makeup etc.)
Planning – plan, program
Play, Hipermegaplay (in Colombia) – Used in the same way American English speakers would use the slang term "Cool".
Puenting (from puente "bridge", with English -ing added) – a sport that involves jumping from a bridge similar to bungee jumping, but the cord is non-elastic and the jump ends in a pendulum-like movement
Rolling stone – a celebrity
Round Point (in Colombian Spanish) – roundabout (from French rond-point)
Shopping – refers to both a shopping mall and to the activity of browsing available goods or services, regardless if products are actually purchased or not
Snow – in some countries and regions, snowboarding. A snowboard is called a tabla de snow
Stalker – a hitman
Web – refers to both a website and to the Internet itself

Swedish

After work – A meeting for drinks after the workday is finished^[33]
Babysitter – seat made for infants
Backslick – slick-back hairdo
Brat – pejorative for a spoilt youth or young adult from the upper class who wears backslick and expensive clothes and exhibit extravagant behavior
Clicks – Bicycle cleats
Freestyle – personal stereo; originally a marketing term
Homestyling – Home staging, making a home look better when presenting for sale, when done by professionals. Homestyling is used in the UK when helping residents fix their home for their own well-being.
Pocketbok or just Pocket – paperback book (mix of English and Swedish spelling)
Relax – Spa
Trafficking – Illegal international commerce, especially sexual trafficking with females being forced into prostitution.^[34]

Thai

Check-bin – A combination of the US English "check" and the British English "bill" (adapted to Thai pronunciation), meaning the bill presented in a restaurant or bar.
Freshy – A college fresher or freshman.
Hi-so – High Society describing someone who insists on designer labels
In-tren – Trendy. The word "trend" is usually pronounced in Thai accent as "tren" because final consonants are not as pronounced in Thai as in English.
Too fast to sleep – Too early to sleep. The Thai word /rēw/ (เร็ว) means either fast or early, depending on context.
Wer or O-wer – Exaggerated or overstated.
Inter – means "international". "I am so inter" means the person has been abroad and is interested in foreign, mostly western things.
Goal – means "Goal keeper". "No goal" means to play football without goal keepers.
Air – means "Air conditioner". "Room has air" means "The room is air conditioned".

Turkish

Flört – from English "flirt" but generally means dating
Fragman – trailer
Klasik Müzik – classical music
Klozet – public toilet or flush toilet
Pasta – cake (from Italian pasta, "paste, pasta, dough, cake")
Spiker – from English "speaker" but applying to announcers, media commentators, and news presenters
Stoper – in association football: Centre-back
Trafik – can mean "traffic jam" based on the context
Tramvay – tram
Web – Internet (also used as "İnternet")
Web Sayfası – Website (From webpage)

Vietnamese

Coca (cô ca) – Coca-Cola
Dollar (đô la) – explicitly United States dollar
Film (phim) – both movies and soap opera
Photo (phô tô) – photocopy
Sex (sét) – wearing revealing clothes that make the wearer appear lustful
Style (xì tin) – appearing teenage, active, playful and modern
Vest (vét) – Western suit in clothing

Yiddish

cherry lights (טשערי לייץ) – red headlights
payday (פּיידיי) – salary/payment

References

↑ «Autostop» , Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
↑ «Basket» , Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
↑ «Beauty farm» , Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
1 2 «Body» , Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
↑ According to linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann, this pseudo-anglicism might have "been influenced by Italian fili 'threads' (plural of Italian filo 'thread'.) Italian feeling is used in Italian pop music, for example in the song Pensami per te (‘Think about me for your sake’) (by Cogliati/Ciani/Cassano), sung by Anna Oxa, which includes Tra di noi c'é uno strano feeling che ci lega ormai ‘Between us there is a strange feeling that binds us from now on’."See p. 102 of Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 2003, ‘‘Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew’’, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). ISBN 1-4039-1723-X.
↑ "Définitions : forcing - Dictionnaire de français Larousse". www.larousse.fr. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
↑ "faire du forcing : définition de faire du forcing et synonymes de faire du forcing (français)". dictionnaire.sensagent.com. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
↑ The trademark Body-Bag was abandoned on 1. Dec. 2009, because the term became the general name for all kinds of cross-body bags.
↑ «Autogrill» , Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
↑ «Bar» , Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
↑ «Beauty-Case», Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
↑ «Bloc-Notes» , Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
↑ «Cargo» , Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
↑ «Charleston» (in the 2nd meaning), Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
↑ «Discount», Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
↑ «Fiction», Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
↑ «Golf» (in the 2nd meaning), Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
↑ «Hostess», Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
↑ «Mister», Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
↑ But in particular contexts it is also used in some of the original senses of the English stage: see «stage», Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
↑ «Ticket», Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
↑ «Tight», Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
↑ «tight», Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
↑ «Trolley» (in the 2nd meaning), Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
1 2 «Water-Closet», Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
↑ Desa Philadelphia (26 November 2001). "Local English". Time. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
↑ Kim Hyo-jin (10 June 2002). "English? Konglish? Purists concede to 'fighting' cheer". JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
↑ "Korea Fighting!". JoongAng Daily. 18 June 2006. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
↑ "외국어 공식 포탈 – e4u.com". E4u.ybmsisa.com. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
↑ "boks". Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
↑ "developer". Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
↑ "dres". Słownik wyrazów obcych (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
↑ "After work ett svenskt påhitt" (in Swedish). Dagens Nyheter. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
↑ "SAOL" (in Swedish). Svenska Akademiens ordlista. Retrieved 27 March 2015.

Sources

James Stanlaw 2004, Japanese English: Language And The Culture Contact, Hong Kong University Press.
Laura Miller 1997, "Wasei eigo: English ‘loanwords' coined in Japan" in The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright, edited by Jane Hill, P.J. Mistry and Lyle Campbell, Mouton/De Gruyter: The Hague, pp. 123–139.
Geoff Parkes and Alan Cornell 1992, 'NTC's Dictionary of German False Cognates', National Textbook Company, NTC Publishing Group.
Ghil'ad Zuckermann 2003, ‘‘Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew’’, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). ISBN 1-4039-1723-X.

140.

External links

Examples of Japanese pseudo-anglicisms

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