Ty Cobb

For the Soundgarden song, see Ty Cobb (song).

Ty Cobb
Center fielder / Manager
Born: (1886-12-18)December 18, 1886
Narrows, Georgia
Died: July 17, 1961(1961-07-17) (aged 74)
Atlanta, Georgia
Batted: Left Threw: Right
MLB debut
August 30, 1905, for the Detroit Tigers
Last MLB appearance
September 11, 1928, for the Philadelphia Athletics
MLB statistics
Batting average .367
Hits 4,191
Home runs 117
Runs batted in 1,938
Stolen bases 892
Managerial record 479–444
Winning % .519
Teams

As player

As manager

Career highlights and awards
Member of the National
Baseball Hall of Fame
Inducted 1936
Vote 98.2% (first ballot)
Ty Cobb
Allegiance United States
Service/branch United States Army
Years of service 1918
Rank Captain
Unit Chemical Warfare Service
1st Gas Regiment
Battles/wars World War I
Western Front

Tyrus Raymond "Ty" Cobb (December 18, 1886 – July 17, 1961), nicknamed "The Georgia Peach", was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder. He was born in rural Narrows, Georgia. Cobb spent 22 seasons with the Detroit Tigers, the last six as the team's player-manager, and finished his career with the Philadelphia Athletics. In 1936 Cobb received the most votes of any player on the inaugural Baseball Hall of Fame ballot, receiving 222 out of a possible 226 votes (98.2%); no other player received a higher percentage of votes until 1992. In 1999, editors at the Sporting News ranked Ty Cobb 3rd on their list of "Baseball's 100 Greatest Players".[1]

Cobb is widely credited with setting 90 MLB records during his career.[2][3][4][5] He still holds several records as of the end of the 2016 season, including the highest career batting average (.366 or .367, depending on source) and most career batting titles with 11 (or 12, depending on source).[6] He retained many other records for almost a half century or more, including most career hits until 1985 (4,189 or 4,191, depending on source),[7][8] most career runs (2,245 or 2,246 depending on source) until 2001,[9] most career games played (3,035) and at bats (11,429 or 11,434 depending on source) until 1974,[10][11] and the modern record for most career stolen bases (892) until 1977.[12] He still holds the career record for stealing home (54 times) and for stealing second base, third base, and home in succession (5 times), and as the youngest player ever to compile 4,000 hits and score 2,000 runs. Cobb ranks fifth all-time in number of games played and committed 271 errors, the most by any American League (AL) outfielder.

Cobb's legacy as an athlete has sometimes been overshadowed by his surly temperament and aggressive playing style,[13] which was described by the Detroit Free Press as "daring to the point of dementia."[14] Cobb himself wrote shortly before his death, "In legend I am a sadistic, slashing, swashbuckling despot who waged war in the guise of sport."[15] Cobb was notorious for sliding into bases feet first, with his spikes high.[16][17]

Cobb's legacy, which includes a large college scholarship fund for Georgia residents financed by his early investments in Coca-Cola and General Motors, has been tarnished by allegations of racism and violence, largely stemming from a couple of biographies that were released following his death.[18][19] Cobb's reputation as an extremely violent man was fanned by his first biographer, sportswriter Al Stump, whose stories about Cobb have been discredited as sensationalized, and in some part proven to be entirely fictional,[20] while Cobb's views on race evolved and mellowed after his retirement from baseball.[19]

Early life

Cobb was born in 1886 in Narrows, Georgia, a small rural community of farmers that was not an official city or village at the time. He was the first of three children born to William Herschel Cobb (1863–1905) and Amanda Chitwood Cobb (1871–1936).[21] Cobb's father was a state senator.[22]

When he was still an infant, his parents moved to nearby Royston, where he was raised.[23] By most accounts, he became fascinated with baseball as a child, and decided he wanted to play professional ball one day; his father was vehemently opposed to this idea, but by his teen years, he was trying out for area teams.[24] He played his first years in organized baseball for the Royston Rompers, the semi-pro Royston Reds, and the Augusta Tourists of the South Atlantic League who released him after only two days.[25] He then tried out for the Anniston Steelers of the semipro Tennessee–Alabama League, with his father's stern admonition ringing in his ears: "Don't come home a failure!"[26][27] After joining the Steelers for a monthly salary of $50,[28] Cobb promoted himself by sending several postcards written about his talents under different aliases to Grantland Rice, the sports editor of the Atlanta Journal. Eventually, Rice wrote a small note in the Journal that a "young fellow named Cobb seems to be showing an unusual lot of talent."[29] After about three months, Cobb returned to the Tourists and finished the season hitting .237 in 35 games.[30] In August 1905, the management of the Tourists sold Cobb to the American League's Detroit Tigers for US$750 (equivalent to approximately $19,786 in today's funds[31]).[32][33][34][35][36]

On August 8, 1905, Cobb's mother fatally shot his father with a pistol that his father had purchased for her.[37] Court records indicate that Mr. Cobb had suspected his wife of infidelity[38] and was sneaking past his own bedroom window to catch her in the act. She saw the silhouette of what she presumed to be an intruder and, acting in self-defense, shot and killed her husband.[39] Mrs. Cobb was charged with murder and then released on a $7,000 recognizance bond.[40] She was acquitted on March 31, 1906.[41] Cobb later attributed his ferocious play to his late father, saying, "I did it for my father. He never got to see me play... but I knew he was watching me, and I never let him down."[42]

In 1911, Cobb moved to Detroit's architecturally significant and now historically protected Woodbridge neighborhood, from which he would walk with his dogs to the ballpark prior to games. The Victorian duplex in which Cobb lived still stands.[43]

Major league career

The early years

Three weeks after his mother killed his father, Cobb debuted in center field for the Detroit Tigers. On August 30, 1905, in his first major league at bat, he doubled off of Jack Chesbro of the New York Highlanders. Chesbro had won a record 41 games the previous season. Cobb was 18 years old at the time, the youngest player in the league by almost a year.[44] Although he hit .240 in 41 games, he signed a lucrative $1,500 contract from the Tigers for 1906.

Although rookie hazing was customary, Cobb could not endure it in good humor and soon became alienated from his teammates. He later attributed his hostile temperament to this experience: "These old-timers turned me into a snarling wildcat."[14] Tigers manager Hughie Jennings later acknowledged that Cobb was targeted for abuse by veteran players, some of whom sought to force him off the team. "I let this go for a while because I wanted to satisfy myself that Cobb has as much guts as I thought in the very beginning", Jennings recalled. "Well, he proved it to me, and I told the other players to let him alone. He is going to be a great baseball player and I won't allow him to be driven off this club."[45]

Cobb signs a $5,000 contract in 1908 (equivalent to $132,000 today) after a bitter holdout

The following year, 1906, Cobb became the Tigers' full-time center fielder and hit .316 in 98 games, setting a record for the highest batting average (minimum 310 plate appearances) for a 19-year-old (later bested by Mel Ott's .322 average in 124 games for the 1928 New York Giants).[46] He never hit below that mark again. After being moved to right field, he led the Tigers to three consecutive American League pennants in 1907, 1908 & 1909. Detroit would lose each World Series (to the Cubs twice and then the Pirates), however, with Cobb's postseason numbers much below his career standard. Cobb did not get another opportunity to play on a pennant-winning team.

In 1907, Cobb reached first and then stole second, third and home. He accomplished the feat four more times during his career.[47][48] He finished the 1907 season with a league-leading .350 batting average, 212 hits, 49 steals and 119 runs batted in (RBI).[36] At age 20, he was the youngest player to win a batting championship and held this record until 1955, when fellow Detroit Tiger Al Kaline won the batting title twelve days younger than Cobb when he did it.[47][49] Reflecting on his career in 1930, two years after retiring, he told Grantland Rice, "The biggest thrill I ever got came in a game against the Athletics in 1907 [on September 30]... The Athletics had us beaten, with Rube Waddell pitching. They were two runs ahead in the 9th inning, when I happened to hit a home run that tied the score. This game went 17 innings to a tie, and a few days later, we clinched our first pennant. You can understand what it meant for a 20-year-old country boy to hit a home run off the great Rube, in a pennant-winning game with two outs in the ninth."[50]

Cobb and Honus Wagner, 1909

Despite great success on the field, Cobb was no stranger to controversy off it. As described in Smithsonian Magazine, "In 1907 during spring training in Augusta, Georgia, a black groundskeeper named Bungy Cummings, whom Cobb had known for years, attempted to shake Cobb's hand or pat him on the shoulder."[19] The "overly familiar greeting infuriated" Cobb, who attacked Cummings. When Cummings' wife tried to defend him, Cobb allegedly choked her. The assault was only stopped when catcher Charles "Boss" Schmidt knocked Cobb out.[51] However, aside from Schmidt's statement to the press, no other corroborating witnesses to the assault on Cummings ever came forward and Cummings himself never made a public comment about it. Author Charles Leerhsen speculates that the assault on Cummings and his wife never occurred and that Schmidt likely made it up completely. Cobb had spent the previous year defending himself on several occasions from assaults by Schmidt, with Schmidt often coming out of nowhere to blindside Cobb. On that day, several reporters did see Cummings, who appeared to be "partially under the influence of liquor", approach Cobb and shout "Hello, Carrie!" (the meaning of which is unknown) and go in for a hug. Cobb then pushed him away, which was the last interaction that anyone saw between Cobb and Cummings. Shortly thereafter, hearing a fight, several reporters came running and found Cobb and Schmidt wrestling on the ground. When the fight was broken up and Cobb had walked away, Schmidt remained behind and told the reporters that he saw Cobb assaulting Cummings and his wife and had intervened. Leerhsen speculates that this was just another one of Schmidt's assaults on Cobb and that once discovered, Schmidt made up a story that made him sound like he had assaulted Cobb for a noble purpose.[52] In 1908, Cobb attacked a black laborer in Detroit who complained when Cobb stepped into freshly poured asphalt; Cobb was found guilty of battery but the sentence was suspended.[19]

In September 1907, Cobb began a relationship with The Coca-Cola Company that lasted the remainder of his life. By the time he died, he held over 20,000 shares of stock and owned bottling plants in Santa Maria, California, Twin Falls, Idaho, and Bend, Oregon. He was also a celebrity spokesman for the product.[53] In the offseason between 1907 and 1908, Cobb negotiated with Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina, offering to coach baseball there "for $250 a month, provided that he did not sign with Detroit that season." This did not come to pass, however.[54]

The following season, the Tigers finished ahead of the Chicago White Sox for the pennant. Cobb again won the batting title with a .324 average, but Detroit suffered another loss in the World Series. In August 1908, Cobb married Charlotte ("Charlie") Marion Lombard, the daughter of prominent Augustan Roswell Lombard.[55] In the offseason, the couple lived on her father's Augusta estate, The Oaks, until they moved into their own house on Williams Street in November 1913.[56]

The Tigers won the AL pennant again in 1909. During that World Series, Cobb's last, he stole home in the second game, igniting a three-run rally, but that was the high point for him, finishing with a lowly .231, as the Tigers lost to Honus Wagner and the powerful Pirates in seven games. Although he performed poorly in the postseason, he won the Triple Crown by hitting .377 with 107 RBI and nine home runs, all inside the park, thus becoming the only player of the modern era to lead his league in home runs in a season without hitting a ball over the fence.[57]

Conlon's famous picture of Cobb stealing third base during the 1909 season

In the same season, Charles M. Conlon snapped the famous photograph of a grimacing Cobb sliding into third base amid a cloud of dirt, which visually captured the grit and ferocity of his playing style.[58]

1910: Chalmers Award controversy

Main article: 1910 Chalmers Award

Going into the final days of the 1910 season, Cobb had a .004 lead on Nap Lajoie for the American League batting title. The prize for the winner of the title was a Chalmers automobile. Cobb sat out the final games to preserve his average. Lajoie hit safely eight times in a doubleheader, but six of those hits were bunt singles. Later it was rumored that the opposing manager had instructed his third baseman to play extra deep to allow Lajoie to win the batting race over the generally disliked Cobb. Although Cobb was credited with a higher batting average, it was later discovered that one game had been counted twice so that Cobb actually lost to Lajoie.

As a result of the incident, AL president Ban Johnson was forced to arbitrate the situation. He declared Cobb the rightful owner of the title, but car company president Hugh Chalmers chose to award one to both Cobb and Lajoie.[59]

1911 season and onward

Cobb and Joe Jackson in Cleveland

Cobb regarded baseball as "something like a war", future Tiger second baseman Charlie Gehringer said. "Every time at bat for him was a crusade."[60] Baseball historian John Thorn said, "He is testament to how far you can get simply through will... Cobb was pursued by demons."

Cobb was having a tremendous year in 1911, which included a 40-game hitting streak. Still, "Shoeless" Joe Jackson led him by .009 points in the batting race late in the season. Near the end of the season, Cobb's Tigers had a long series against Jackson's Cleveland Naps. Fellow Southerners Cobb and Jackson were personally friendly both on and off the field. Cobb used that friendship to his advantage. Cobb ignored Jackson when Jackson tried to say anything to him. When Jackson persisted, Cobb snapped angrily back at him, making him wonder what he could have done to enrage Cobb. Cobb felt that it was these mind games that caused Jackson to "fall off" to a final average of .408, twelve points lower than Cobb's .420, a twentieth-century record which stood until George Sisler tied it and Rogers Hornsby surpassed it with .424, the record since then except for Hugh Duffy's .438 in the nineteenth century.[4]

"I often tried plays that looked recklessly daring, maybe even silly. But I never tried anything foolish when a game was at stake, only when we were far ahead or far behind. I did it to study how the other team reacted, filing away in my mind any observations for future use."

—Ty Cobb in The New York Times[61]

Cobb led the AL that year in numerous other categories, including 248 hits, 147 runs scored, 127 RBI, 83 stolen bases, 47 doubles, 24 triples and a .621 slugging percentage. Cobb hit eight home runs but finished second in that category to Frank Baker, who hit eleven. He was awarded another Chalmers car, this time for being voted the AL MVP by the Baseball Writers' Association of America.

On May 12, 1911, Cobb's play illustrated his combination of skill and cunning. Playing against the New York Highlanders, he scored from first base on a single to right field, then scored another run from second base on a wild pitch. In the seventh inning, he tied the game with a two-run double. The Highlanders catcher vehemently argued the safe call at second base with the umpire in question, going on at such length that the other Highlanders infielders gathered nearby to watch. Realizing that no one on the Highlanders had called time, Cobb strolled unobserved to third base, and then casually walked towards home plate as if to get a better view of the argument. He then suddenly broke into a run and slid into home plate for the eventual winning run.[4] It was performances like this that led Branch Rickey to say later that Cobb "had brains in his feet."[62]

Describing his gameplay strategy in 1930, he said, "My system was all offense. I believed in putting up a mental hazard for the other fellow. If we were five or six runs ahead, I'd try some wild play, such as going from first to home on a single. This helped to make the other side hurry the play in a close game later on. I worked out all the angles I could think of, to keep them guessing and hurrying."[50] In the same interview, Cobb talked about having noticed a throwing tendency of first baseman Hal Chase, but having to wait two full years until the opportunity came to exploit it. By unexpectedly altering his own baserunning tendencies, he was able to surprise Chase and score the winning run of the game in question.

On May 15, 1912, Cobb assaulted a heckler, Claude Lucker (often misspelled as Lueker), in the stands in New York's Hilltop Park where his Tigers were playing the Highlanders (now the Yankees). Lucker and Cobb had traded insults with each other through the first couple of innings. Cobb at one point went to the Highlander dugout to look for the Highlander's owner to try to have Lucker ejected from the game, but his search was in vain.[63] The situation finally climaxed when Lucker allegedly called Cobb a "half-nigger."[64] Cobb, in his discussion of the incident in the Holmes biography,[65] avoided such explicit words but alluded to Lucker's epithet by saying he was "reflecting on my mother's color and morals." He went on to state that he warned Highlander manager Harry Wolverton that if something wasn't done about that man, there would be trouble. No action was taken. At the end of the sixth inning, after being challenged by teammates Sam Crawford and Jim Delahanty to do something about it, Cobb climbed into the stands and attacked Lucker, who it turned out was handicapped (he had lost all of one hand and three fingers on his other hand in an industrial accident). When onlookers shouted at him to stop because the man had no hands, he reportedly retorted, "I don't care if he got no feet!"[66] Though such an incident seems outrageous in the 21st century, attacking fans was not so unusual an activity in the early years of baseball. Other notable baseball stars who assaulted heckling fans include Babe Ruth, Cy Young, Rube Waddell, Kid Gleason, Sherry Magee, and Fred Clarke.[67]

Cobb in 1916

The league suspended him, and his teammates, though not fond of Cobb, went on strike to protest the suspension, and the lack of protection of players from abusive fans, before the May 18 game in Philadelphia.[68] For that one game, Detroit fielded a replacement team made up of hastily recruited college and sandlot players plus two Tiger coaches and (not surprisingly) lost, 24–2, thereby setting some of Major League Baseball's modern-era (post-1900) negative records, notably the 26 hits in a nine-inning game allowed by Allan Travers, who pitched one of the sport's most unlikely complete games.[69] The pre-1901 record for the most hits and runs given up in a game is held by the Cleveland Blues' Dave Rowe. Primarily an outfielder, Rowe pitched a complete game on July 24, 1882, giving up 35 runs on 29 hits.[70] The current post-1900 record for most hits in a nine-inning game is 31, set in 1992 by the Milwaukee Brewers against Toronto; however, the Blue Jays used six pitchers.[71]

The strike ended when Cobb urged his teammates to return to the field. According to him, this incident led to the formation of a players' union, the "Ballplayers' Fraternity" (formally, the Fraternity of Professional Baseball Players of America), an early version of what is now called the Major League Baseball Players Association, which garnered some concessions from the owners.[72][73]

Cobb, during his career, was involved in numerous other fights, both on and off the field, and several profanity-laced shouting matches. For example, Cobb and umpire Billy Evans arranged to settle their in-game differences through fisticuffs under the grandstand after the game. Members of both teams were spectators, and broke up the scuffle after Cobb had knocked Evans down, pinned him and began choking him. In 1909, Cobb was arrested for assault for an incident that occurred in a Cleveland hotel. Cobb got into an argument with the elevator operator around 2:15 a.m. when the man refused to take him to the floor where some of his teammates were having a card game. The elevator operator stated that he could only take Cobb to the floor where his room was. As the argument escalated, a night watchman approached and he and Cobb eventually got into a physical confrontation. During the fight, Cobb produced a pen knife and slashed the watchman across the hand. Cobb later claimed that the watchman, who had the upper hand in the fight, had his finger in Cobb's left eye and that Cobb was worried he was going to have his sight ruined. The fight finally ended when the watchman produced a gun and struck Cobb several times in the head, knocking him out.[74] Cobb would later plead guilty to simple assault and pay a $100 fine. This incident has often been retold with the elevator operator and the watchman both being black. However, recent scholarship has shown that all parties involved were white.[75]

1915–21

In 1915, Cobb set the single-season record for stolen bases with 96, which stood until Dodger Maury Wills broke it in 1962.[76]

Babe Ruth (left) and Ty Cobb

That year, he also won his ninth consecutive batting title, hitting .369.

In 1917, Cobb hit in 35 consecutive games, still the only player with two 35-game hitting streaks (including his 40-game streak in 1911).[77] He had six hitting streaks of at least 20 games in his career, second only to Pete Rose's seven.[78]

Also in 1917, Cobb starred in the motion picture Somewhere in Georgia for a sum of $25,000 plus expenses (equivalent to approximately $462,532 today [31]).[79] Based on a story by sports columnist Grantland Rice, the film casts Cobb as "himself", a small-town Georgian bank clerk with a talent for baseball.[80] Broadway critic Ward Morehouse called the movie "absolutely the worst flicker I ever saw, pure hokum."[79]

In October 1918, Cobb enlisted in the Chemical Corps branch of the United States Army and was sent to the Allied Expeditionary Forces headquarters in Chaumont, France.[81] He served approximately 67 days overseas before receiving an honorable discharge and returning to the United States.[81] He was given the rank of captain underneath the command of Major Branch Rickey, the president of the St. Louis Cardinals. Other baseball players serving in this unit included Captain Christy Mathewson and Lieutenant George Sisler.[81] All of these men were assigned to the Gas and Flame Division, where they trained soldiers in preparation for chemical attacks by exposing them to gas chambers in a controlled environment,[81] which was eventually responsible for Mathewson's contracting tuberculosis which led to his premature death on the eve of the 1925 World Series.

On August 19, 1921, in the second game of a doubleheader against Elmer Myers of the Boston Red Sox, Cobb collected his 3,000th hit. Aged 34 at the time, he is still the youngest ballplayer to reach that milestone, and in the fewest at-bats (8,093).[82][83]

By 1920, Babe Ruth, newly sold to the newly named New York Yankees from the Boston Red Sox, had established himself as a power hitter, something Cobb was not considered to be. When his Tigers showed up in New York to play the Yankees for the first time that season, writers billed it as a showdown between two stars of competing styles of play. Ruth hit two homers and a triple during the series, compared to Cobb's one single.

As Ruth's popularity grew, Cobb became increasingly hostile toward him. He saw the Babe not only as a threat to his style of play, but also to his style of life. While Cobb preached ascetic self-denial, Ruth gorged on hot dogs, beer and women.[84][85][86] Perhaps what angered him the most about Ruth was that despite Babe's total disregard for his physical condition and traditional baseball, he was still an overwhelming success and brought fans to the ballparks in record numbers to see him challenge his own slugging records.

After enduring several years of seeing his fame and notoriety usurped by Ruth, Cobb decided that he was going to show that swinging for the fences was no challenge for a top hitter. On May 5, 1925, he began a two-game hitting spree better than any even Ruth had unleashed. Sitting in the Tiger dugout, he told a reporter that, for the first time in his career, he was going to swing for the fences. That day, he went 6 for 6, with two singles, a double and three home runs.[87] The 16 total bases set a new AL record, which stood until May 8, 2012 when Josh Hamilton of the Texas Rangers hit four home runs and a double for a total of 18 bases.[88] The next day he had three more hits, two of which were home runs. The single his first time up gave him nine consecutive hits over three games. His five homers in two games tied the record set by Cap Anson of the old Chicago NL team in 1884.[87] Cobb wanted to show that he could hit home runs when he wanted, but simply chose not to do so. At the end of the series, the 38-year-old veteran superstar had gone 12 for 19 with 29 total bases and then went happily back to his usual bunting and hitting-and-running. For his part, Ruth's attitude was that "I could have had a lifetime .600 average, but I would have had to hit them singles. The people were paying to see me hit home runs."[89] Even so, when asked in 1930 by Grantland Rice to name the best hitter he'd ever seen, Cobb answered, "You can't beat the Babe. Ruth is one of the few who can take a terrific swing and still meet the ball solidly. His timing is perfect. [No one has] the combined power and eye of Ruth."[50]

Cobb as player/manager

Cobb slides into third base, August 16, 1924

Tiger owner Frank Navin tapped Cobb to take over for Hughie Jennings as manager for the 1921 season, a deal he signed on his 34th birthday for $32,500 (equivalent to approximately $431,898 in today's funds[31]). The signing surprised the baseball world. Although Cobb was a legendary player, he was disliked throughout the baseball community, even by his own teammates; and he expected as much from his players since he set a standard most players couldn't meet.[90]

The closest Cobb came to winning another pennant was in 1924, when the Tigers finished in third place, six games behind the pennant-winning Washington Senators. The Tigers had also finished third in 1922, but 16 games behind the Yankees. Cobb blamed his lackluster managerial record (479 wins against 444 losses) on Navin, who was arguably even more frugal than he was, passing up a number of quality players Cobb wanted to add to the team. In fact, he had saved money by hiring Cobb to both play and manage.

In 1922, Cobb tied a batting record set by Wee Willie Keeler, with four five-hit games in a season. This has since been matched by Stan Musial, Tony Gwynn and Ichiro Suzuki. On May 10, 1924, Cobb was honored at ceremonies before a game in Washington, D.C., by more than 100 dignitaries and legislators. He received 21 books, one for each year in professional baseball.[91]

At the end of 1925 Cobb was once again embroiled in a batting title race, this time with one of his teammates and players, Harry Heilmann. In a doubleheader against the St. Louis Browns on October 4, 1925, Heilmann got six hits to lead the Tigers to a sweep of the doubleheader and beat Cobb for the batting crown, .393 to .389. Cobb and Brownie player-manager George Sisler each pitched in the final game, Cobb pitching a perfect inning.

Move to Philadelphia

Cobb announced his retirement after a 22-year career as a Tiger in November 1926, and headed home to Augusta, Georgia.[4] Shortly thereafter, Tris Speaker also retired as player-manager of the Cleveland Indians. The retirement of two great players at the same time sparked some interest, and it turned out that the two were coerced into retirement because of allegations of game-fixing brought about by Dutch Leonard, a former pitcher managed by Cobb.[92]

Cobb baseball card, American Tobacco Company, 1909–11

Leonard accused former pitcher and outfielder Smoky Joe Wood and Cobb of betting on a Tiger-Indian game played in Detroit on September 25, 1919, in which they allegedly orchestrated a Tiger victory to win the bet. Leonard claimed proof existed in letters written to him by Cobb and Wood.[4] Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis held a secret hearing with Cobb, Speaker and Wood.[4] A second secret meeting among the AL directors led to the unpublicized resignations of Cobb and Speaker; however, rumors of the scandal led Judge Landis to hold additional hearings[4] in which Leonard subsequently refused to participate. Cobb and Wood admitted to writing the letters, but claimed that a horse-racing bet was involved and that Leonard's accusations were in retaliation for Cobb's having released him from the Tigers, thereby demoting him to the minor leagues.[4] Speaker denied any wrongdoing.[4]

On January 27, 1927, Judge Landis cleared Cobb and Speaker of any wrongdoing because of Leonard's refusal to appear at the hearings.[4] Landis allowed both Cobb and Speaker to return to their original teams, but each team let them know that they were free agents and could sign with any club they wanted.[4] Speaker signed with the Washington Senators for 1927, and Cobb with the Philadelphia Athletics. Speaker then joined Cobb in Philadelphia for the 1928 season. Cobb said he had come back only to seek vindication and say he left baseball on his own terms.

Cobb played regularly in 1927 for a young and talented team that finished second to one of the greatest teams of all time, the 110–44 1927 Yankees, returning to Detroit to a tumultuous welcome on May 11 and doubling his time up to the cheers of Tiger fans. On July 18, Cobb became the first member of the 4000 hit club when he doubled off former teammate Sam Gibson, still pitching for the Tigers, at Navin Field.[4]

1927 was also the final season of Washington Senators pitcher Walter Johnson's career.[93] With their careers largely overlapping, Cobb faced Johnson more times than any other batter-pitcher matchup in baseball history. Cobb also got the first hit ever allowed by Johnson. After Johnson hit Detroit's Ossie Vitt with a pitch in August 1915, seriously injuring him, Cobb realized that Johnson was fearful of hitting opponents. He used this knowledge to his advantage by standing closer to the plate.[94]

Cobb returned for the 1928 season, but played less frequently due to his age and the blossoming abilities of the young A's, who were again in a pennant race with the Yankees. On September 3, Ty Cobb pinch-hit in the ninth inning of the first game of a doubleheader against the Senators and doubled off Bump Hadley for his last career hit although his last at-bat wasn't until September 11 against the Yankees, popping out off Hank Johnson and grounding out to shortstop Mark Koenig.[4] He then announced his retirement, effective the end of the season,[4] after batting .300 or higher in 23 consecutive seasons (the only season under .300 being his rookie season), a major league record not likely to be broken.[36]

He also ended his career with a rather dubious record. When Cobb retired, he led AL outfielders for most errors all-time with 271, which still stands today.[95] Nineteenth-century player Tom Brown holds the major league record with 490 errors committed as an outfielder, while the National League record is held by nineteenth-century player George Gore with 346 errors.[96][97] Cobb ranks 14th on the all-time list for errors committed by an outfielder.

Post professional career

Cobb's plaque in the Baseball Hall of Fame

Cobb retired a very rich and successful man.[98] He toured Europe with his family, went to Scotland for some time and then returned to his farm in Georgia.[98] He spent his retirement pursuing his off-season avocations of hunting, golfing, polo and fishing.[98] His other pastime was trading stocks and bonds, increasing his immense personal wealth.[99] He was a major stockholder in the Coca-Cola Corporation, which by itself would have made him wealthy.

In the winter of 1930, Cobb moved into a Spanish ranch estate on Spencer Lane in the millionaires' community of Atherton outside San Francisco, California. At the same time, his wife Charlie filed the first of several divorce suits;[100] but withdrew the suit shortly thereafter.[101] The couple eventually divorced in 1947[102] after 39 years of marriage; the last few of years of which Mrs. Cobb lived in nearby Menlo Park. The couple had three sons and two daughters: Tyrus Raymond Jr, Shirley Marion, Herschel Roswell, James Howell and Beverly.[35][56][103]

Cobb never had an easy time as husband and father. His children found him to be demanding, yet also capable of kindness and extreme warmth. He expected his sons to be exceptional athletes in general and baseball players in particular. Tyrus Raymond, Jr. flunked out of Princeton[104] (where he had played on the varsity tennis team), much to his father's dismay.[105][106] The elder Cobb subsequently traveled to the Princeton campus and beat his son with a whip to ensure against future academic failure.[105] Tyrus Raymond, Jr. then entered Yale University and became captain of the tennis team while improving his academics, but was then arrested twice in 1930 for drunkenness and left Yale without graduating.[105] Cobb helped his son deal with his pending legal problems, but then permanently broke off with him.[105] Even though Tyrus Raymond, Jr. finally reformed and eventually earned an M.D. from the Medical College of South Carolina and practiced obstetrics and gynecology in Dublin, Georgia until his premature death at 42 on September 9, 1952 from a brain tumor, his father remained distant.[107][108]

In February 1936, when the first Hall of Fame election results were announced, Cobb had been named on 222 of 226 ballots, outdistancing Babe Ruth, Honus Wagner, Christy Mathewson and Walter Johnson, the only others to earn the necessary 75% of votes to be elected that first year.[109] His 98.2 percentage stood as the record until Tom Seaver received 98.8% of the vote in 1992. Those incredible results show that although many people disliked him personally, they respected the way he had played and what he had accomplished. In 1998, Sporting News ranked him as third on the list of 100 Greatest Baseball Players.[110]

By the time he was elected to the Hall of Fame, Cobb had become a heavy smoker and drinker, and spent a great deal of time complaining about modern-day players' lack of fundamental skills.[14] He had positive things to say about Stan Musial, Phil Rizzuto and Jackie Robinson, but few others.[111] Even so, he was known to help out young players. He was instrumental in helping Joe DiMaggio negotiate his rookie contract with the New York Yankees.

Cobb's competitive fires continued to burn after retirement. In 1941, he faced Babe Ruth in a series of charity golf matches at courses outside New York, Boston and Detroit and won two out of three. At the 1947 Old-Timers' Day game in Yankee Stadium, he warned catcher Benny Bengough to move back, claiming he was rusty and hadn't swung a bat in almost 20 years. Bengough accordingly stepped back to avoid being struck by Cobb's backswing. Having repositioned the catcher, Cobb cannily laid down a perfect bunt in front of the plate and easily beat the throw from a surprised Bengough.[4]

Another bittersweet moment in Cobb's life reportedly came in the late 1940s, when he and sportswriter Grantland Rice were returning from the Masters golf tournament. Stopping at a Greenville, South Carolina liquor store, Cobb noticed that the man behind the counter was none other than "Shoeless" Joe Jackson, who had been banned from baseball almost 30 years earlier following the Black Sox scandal. But Jackson did not appear to recognize him, and after making his purchase an incredulous Cobb asked, "Don't you know me, Joe?" "I know you", replied Jackson, "but I wasn't sure you wanted to speak to me. A lot of them don't."[112]

Cobb was mentioned in the poem "Line-Up for Yesterday" by Ogden Nash:

Line-Up for Yesterday

C is for Cobb,
Who grew spikes and not corn,
And made all the basemen
Wish they weren't born.

— Ogden Nash, Sport magazine (January 1949)[113]

Later life

At the age of 62, Cobb married a second time in 1949. His new wife was 40-year-old Frances Fairbairn Cass, a divorcee from Buffalo, New York.[114][115] Their childless marriage also failed, ending with a divorce in 1956.[116] At this time, Cobb became generous with his wealth, donating $100,000 in his parents' name for his hometown to build a modern 24-bed hospital, Cobb Memorial Hospital, which is now part of the Ty Cobb Healthcare System. He also established the Cobb Educational Fund, which awarded scholarships to needy Georgia students bound for college, by endowing it with a $100,000 donation in 1953 (equivalent to approximately $885,945 in current year dollars [31]).[99]

He knew that another way he could share his wealth was by having biographies written that would both set the record straight on him and teach young players how to play. John McCallum spent some time with Cobb to write a combination how-to and biography titled The Tiger Wore Spikes: An Informal Biography of Ty Cobb that was published in 1956.[117][118] In December 1959, he was diagnosed with prostate cancer, diabetes, high blood pressure, and Bright's disease.[14][119] He did not trust his initial diagnosis and went to Georgia to seek a second opinion who confirmed that his prostate was indeed cancerous. They removed it at Emory University Hospital in Atlanta, but it did not check the spread of the disease.

It was also during his final years that Cobb began work on his autobiography, My Life in Baseball: The True Record, with writer Al Stump. Later Stump would claim the collaboration was contentious and after Cobb's death Stump published two more books and a short story giving what he claimed was the "true story". One of these later books was used as the basis for the 1994 film Cobb (a box office flop, starring Tommy Lee Jones as Cobb and directed by Ron Shelton). In 2010, an article by William R. "Ron" Cobb (no relation to Ty) in the peer-reviewed The National Pastime (the official publication of the Society for American Baseball Research) accused Stump of extensive forgeries of Cobb-related documents and diaries. The article further accused Stump of numerous false statements about Cobb in his last years, most of which were sensationalistic in nature and intended to cast Cobb in an unflattering light.[20]

Death

In his last days, Cobb spent some time with the old movie comedian Joe E. Brown, talking about the choices he had made in his life. He told Brown that he felt that he had made mistakes, and that he would do things differently if he could. He had played hard and lived hard all his life, had no friends to show for it at the end, and regretted it. Publicly, however, he claimed to have no regrets: "I've been lucky. I have no right to be regretful of what I did."[120]

He checked into Emory Hospital for the last time in June 1961. His first wife, Charlie, his son Jimmy and other family members came to be with him for his final days. He died a month later, on July 17, 1961, at Emory University Hospital.[14]

"...the most sensational player of all the players I have seen in all my life..."

—Casey Stengel, The New York Times, July 18, 1961[121] regarding Ty Cobb shortly after Cobb's death

Approximately 150 friends and relatives attended a brief service in Cornelia, Georgia, and drove to the Cobb family mausoleum in Royston for the burial. Baseball's only representatives at his funeral were three old-time players, Ray Schalk, Mickey Cochrane and Nap Rucker, along with Sid Keener, the director of the Baseball Hall of Fame, but messages of condolences numbered in the hundreds.[122][123] Family in attendance included Cobb's former wife Charlie, his two daughters, his surviving son Jimmy, his two sons-in-law, his daughter-in-law Mary Dunn Cobb and her two children.

At the time of his death, Cobb's estate was reported to be worth at least $11.78 million (equivalent to $93.4 million today)[31], including $10 million worth of General Motors stock and $1.78 million in The Coca-Cola Company stock.[124] His will left a quarter of his estate to the Cobb Educational Fund, and distributed the rest among his children and grandchildren. Cobb is interred in the Rose Hill Cemetery in Royston, Georgia. As of July 2015, the Ty Cobb Educational Foundation has distributed $15.8 million in college scholarships to needy Georgians.[125]

Legacy

Ty Cobb was honored alongside the retired numbers of the Detroit Tigers in 2000.
Cobb sliding into an opposing catcher

"The greatness of Ty Cobb was something that had to be seen, and to see him was to remember him forever."

—George Sisler[126]

He is regarded by some historians and journalists as the best player of the dead-ball era, and is generally seen as one of the greatest players of all time.[127][128]

Efforts to create a Ty Cobb Memorial in Royston initially failed, primarily because most of the artifacts from his life were sent to the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York and the Georgia town was viewed as too remote to make a memorial worthwhile. But ultimately, on July 17, 1998, the 37th anniversary of Cobb's death, the Ty Cobb Museum and the Franklin County Sports Hall of Fame opened its doors in Royston. On that day, Cobb was one of the first members to be inducted into the Franklin County Sports Hall of Fame.

On August 30, 2005, his hometown hosted a 1905 baseball game to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Cobb's first major league game. Players in the game included many of Cobb's descendants as well as many citizens from his hometown of Royston. Another early-20th-century baseball game was played in his hometown at Cobb Field on September 30, 2006, with Cobb's descendants and Roystonians again playing. Cobb's personal batboy from his major league years was also in attendance, and threw out the first pitch.

In addition to the aforementioned film, Ty Cobb's legacy also includes legions of collectors of his early tobacco card issues, as well as game used memorabilia and autographs. Perhaps the most curious item is a 1909 Ty Cobb Cigarettes pack, leaving some to believe Cobb either had, or attempted to have, his own brand of cigarettes. Very little about the card is known other than its similarity to the 1909 T206 Red Portrait card published by the American Tobacco Company, and until 2005 only a handful were known to exist. That year, a sizable cache of the cards was brought to auction by the family of a Royston, Georgia man who had stored them in a book for almost 100 years.[129].

The new baseball stadium at Hampden–Sydney College is named Ty Cobb Ballpark.

Rivalry with Sam Crawford

Sam Crawford and Ty Cobb were teammates for parts of thirteen seasons. They played beside each other in right and center field, and Crawford followed Cobb in the batting order year after year. Despite the physical closeness, the two had a complicated relationship.[130]

Initially, they had a student-teacher relationship. Crawford was an established star when Cobb arrived, and Cobb eagerly sought his advice. In interviews with Al Stump, Cobb told of studying Crawford's base stealing technique and of how Crawford would teach him about pursuing fly balls and throwing out base runners. Cobb told Stump he would always remember Crawford's kindness.[131]

Sam Crawford and Ty Cobb clown around with a camera, c. 1908

The student-teacher relationship gradually changed to one of jealous rivals.[132] Cobb was not popular with his teammates, and as Cobb became the biggest star in baseball, Crawford was unhappy with the preferential treatment given to Cobb. Cobb was allowed to show up late for spring training and was given private quarters on the road – perks not offered to Crawford. The competition between the two was intense. Crawford recalled that, if he went three for four on a day when Cobb went hitless, Cobb would turn red and sometimes walk out of the park with the game still on. When it was reported that Nap Lajoie had won the batting title, Crawford was alleged to have been one of several Tigers who sent a telegram to Lajoie congratulating him on beating Cobb.[133][134]

In retirement, Cobb wrote a letter to a writer for The Sporting News accusing Crawford of not helping in the outfield and of intentionally fouling off balls when Cobb was stealing a base. Crawford learned about the letter in 1946 and accused Cobb of being a "cheapskate" who never helped his teammates. He said that Cobb had not been a very good fielder, "so he blamed me." Crawford denied intentionally trying to deprive Cobb of stolen bases, insisting that Cobb had "dreamed that up."[135]

When asked about the feud, Cobb attributed it to jealousy. He felt that Crawford was "a hell of a good player", but he was "second best" on the Tigers and "hated to be an also ran." Cobb biographer Richard Bak noted that the two "only barely tolerated each other" and agreed with Cobb that Crawford's attitude was driven by Cobb's having stolen Crawford's thunder.[136]

Although they may not have spoken to each other, Cobb and Crawford developed an uncanny ability to communicate non-verbally with looks and nods on the base paths. They became one of the most successful double steal pairings in baseball history.[137]

After Cobb died, a reporter found hundreds of letters in Cobb's home that Cobb had written to influential people lobbying for Crawford's induction into the Hall of Fame. Crawford was reportedly unaware of Cobb's efforts until after Cobb had died.[138] Crawford was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1957, four years before Cobb's death.

Reported violence and bigotry

Cobb circa 1918

As Smithsonian magazine stated, "Violent confrontations were a recurring theme in Cobb's life."[19] He is thought to have committed several violent assaults during his playing time. Reported victims of his sudden uncontrollable rages through the years included a black groundskeeper who attempted to shake Cobb's hand, along with his wife, though this story (see above) is now considered dubious at best; as well as a handicapped fan. As he attacked the handicapped man, "someone screamed for Cobb to stop, pointing out that the man had no hands. 'I don't care if he has no feet!' Cobb yelled back, stomping Leuker until park police pulled him off."[19] Cobb reported in his autobiography that the handicapped man incurred Cobb's ire by "reflecting on my mother’s color and morals."

While there are many stories centering around Cobb's alleged racial intolerance during his playing years, there are scant documented incidents of racially motivated acts.

Five years after Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier, Cobb publicly supported blacks and whites playing baseball together, adding, "Certainly it is okay for them to play. I see no reason in the world why we shouldn't compete with colored athletes as long as they conduct themselves with politeness and gentility. Let me say also that no white man has the right to be less of a gentleman than a colored man; in my book that goes not only for baseball but in all walks of life."[19] Using even stronger language, Cobb told the Sporting News in 1952 that "the Negro should be accepted and not grudgingly but wholeheartedly."[139] In 1953, black newspapers cited his praise for Brooklyn Dodgers' catcher Roy Campanella, who Cobb said was "among the all-time best catchers" in baseball.[140] Following Campanella's accident that left him paralyzed, the Dodgers staged a tribute game where tens of thousands of spectators silently held lit matches above their heads. Cobb wrote the Dodgers owner to show appreciation "for what you did for this fine man."[141] Cobb also stated that Willie Mays was the "only player I'd pay money to see."[141] In the obituaries that ran in the black press following Cobb's death, he was praised for "[speaking] in favor of racial freedom in baseball." [142]

Some historians, including Wesley Fricks, Dan Holmes, and Charles Leerhsen have defended Cobb against unfair portrayals of him in popular culture since his death. A noted case is the book written by sportswriter Al Stump in the months after Cobb died in 1961. Stump was later discredited when it became known that he had stolen items belonging to Cobb and also betrayed the access Cobb gave him in his final months. As a result of the movie Cobb which starred Tommy Lee Jones, there are many myths surrounding Cobb's life, including one that he sharpened his spikes to inflict wounds to opposing players.[143] Leerhsen's book Ty Cobb: A Terrible Beauty presents primary evidence in contradiction to some of the more negative charges against Cobb.[22]

In 2013, Cobb's grandson, Herschel Cobb, published a book about his grandfather titled Heart of a Tiger, Growing Up With My Grandfather, Ty Cobb.[144] In this book, Herschel Cobb provides an inside view of his grandfather's kindness and generosity. There is also an interesting chapter where teenager Herschel Cobb confronts Al Stump and provides a first-hand account of Stump's dishonesty.

Regular season statistics

Both official sources, such as Total Baseball, and a number of independent researchers, including John Thorn, have raised questions about Cobb's exact career totals. Hits have been re-estimated at between 4,189 and 4,191, due to a possible double-counted game in 1910. At-bats estimates have ranged as high as 11,437. The numbers shown below are the figures officially recognized on MLB.com.[145]

G AB R H 2B 3B HR RBI SB CS BB SO BA OBP SLG TB SH HBP
3,035 11,429 2,246 4,191 723 297 117 1,938 892 --- 1,249 357 .367 .433 .513 5,859 295 94

The figures on Baseball-Reference.com are as follows.[36] Other private research sites may have different figures. Caught Stealing is not shown comprehensively for Cobb's MLB.com totals, because the stat was not regularly recorded until 1920.

G AB R H 2B 3B HR RBI SB CS BB SO BA OBP SLG TB SH HBP
3,034 11,434 2,244 4,189 724 295 117 1,933 897 212 1,249 681 .366 .433 .512 5,854 291 94

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Baseball's 100 greatest players". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved 2016-07-21.
  2. ↑ Peach, James (June 2004). "Thorstein Veblen, Ty Cobb, and the evolution of an institution". Journal of Economic Issues. Retrieved January 30, 2007. (Abstract Only)
  3. ↑ Zacharias, Patricia. "Ty Cobb, the greatest Tiger of them all". The Detroit News. Retrieved February 26, 2007. (Abstract Only)
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Wolpin, Stewart. "The Ballplayers – Ty Cobb". BaseballLibrary.com. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
  5. ↑ Schwartz, Larry. "He was a pain ... but a great pain". ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved January 30, 2007.
  6. ↑ "Most Times Leading League". Sports Reference, Inc. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
  7. ↑ "Career Leaders for Hits (Progressive)". Sports Reference, Inc. Retrieved March 19, 2007.
  8. ↑ Holmes, Dan (2004). Ty Cobb: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 136. ISBN 0-313-32869-2. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  9. ↑ "Career Leaders for Runs (Progressive)". Sports Reference, Inc. Retrieved March 19, 2007.
  10. ↑ "Career Leaders for Games (Progressive)". Sports Reference, Inc. Retrieved March 19, 2007.
  11. ↑ "Career Leaders for At Bats (Progressive)". Sports Reference, Inc. Retrieved March 19, 2007.
  12. ↑ "Career Leaders for Stolen Bases". Sports Reference, Inc. Retrieved January 30, 2007.
  13. ↑ "Page 2 mailbag – Readers: Dirtiest pro players". ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved January 30, 2007.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Hill, John Paul (November 18, 2002). "Ty Cobb (1886–1961)". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 30, 2007.
  15. ↑ Schwartz, Larry. "He was a pain ... but a great pain". ESPN. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  16. ↑ "Readers: Dirtiest Pro Players".
  17. ↑ Photo of Cobb sliding with spikes
  18. ↑ Fricks, Wesley. "Ty Cobb's label as racist is undeserved, baseball historian says". Augusta Chronicle. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Gilbert King (August 30, 2011). "The Knife in Ty Cobb's Back". Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
  20. 1 2 Cobb 2010
  21. ↑ James, Bill (2003). The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-7432-2722-3.
  22. 1 2 Leerhsen, Charles (2016). "Who was Ty Cobb?The history we know that's wrong". Hillsdale College.
  23. ↑ H. G. Salsinger. "Ty Cobb Not Extraordinary Ballplayer as Boy." Bridgeport (CT) Telegram, November 5, 1924, p. 18.
  24. ↑ John Paul Hill. "Ty Cobb." New Georgia Encyclopedia, 2002 edition
  25. ↑ Stump (1994), page 57
  26. ↑ Kanfer, Stefan (April 18, 2005). "Failures Can't Come Home". Time. Retrieved February 26, 2007.
  27. ↑ Stump (1994), p. 63
  28. ↑ Stump (1994), p. 64
  29. ↑ Cobb & Stump, page 48
  30. ↑ Stump (1994), p. 69
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
  32. ↑ "Ty Cobb". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
  33. ↑ ", Cobb still revered, reviled 100 years after first game". Associated Press. August 29, 2005.
  34. ↑ "Ty Cobb, Baseball Great, Dies; Still Held 16 Big League Marks". The New York Times. July 18, 1961. pp. 1, 21.
  35. 1 2 Woolf, S. J. (September 19, 1948). "Tyrus Cobb – Then and Now; Once the scrappiest, wiliest figure in baseball, 'The Georgia Peach' views the game as played today with mellow disdain". The New York Times. p. SM17 (Magazine section).
  36. 1 2 3 4 "Ty Cobb Career Statistics". Sports Reference, Inc. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
  37. ↑ Cobb 2010, p. 12
  38. ↑ "Ty Cobb: Death In The Dark". Blue Ridge Country. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
  39. ↑ Holmes, Dan (2004). Ty Cobb: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 13. ISBN 0-313-32869-2. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  40. ↑ State of Georgia vs. Amanda Cobb (bond hearing), vol2 1281p.478 9 (Franklin County, Georgia, Superior Court September 29, 1905).
  41. ↑ State of Georgia vs. Amanda Cobb (murder trial verdict), vol2 1282p040 1 (Franklin County, Georgia, Superior Court March 31, 1906).
  42. ↑ Stump (1994), p. 27
  43. ↑ "Ty Cobb as Detroit". Grantland.com. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
  44. ↑ "1905 American League Awards, All-Stars, & More Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved October 8, 2010.
  45. ↑ Kashatus (2002), pp. 72–73.
  46. ↑ "Batting Leaders Before, During and After Age 19". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved October 8, 2010.
  47. 1 2 "Ty Cobb". The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  48. ↑ "Ty Cobb – Baseball Legend". BBC. July 22, 2003. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  49. ↑ "Facts and Figures – Baseball batting champions". Baseball Digest. November 2000. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  50. 1 2 3 "Film from Baseball's Past". Baseballspast.com. March 19, 1930. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  51. ↑ When Cobb Met Wagner: The Seven-Game World Series of 1909 by David Finoli, McFarland, 2010, page 230.
  52. ↑ Ty Cobb: A Terrible Beauty by Charles Leerhsen, Simon & Schuster, 2015, pages 151-152.
  53. ↑ Holmes, Dan. "Ty Cobb Sold Me a Soda Pop: Hall of Fame Outfielder Ty Cobb and Coca-Cola". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006. Retrieved January 30, 2007.
  54. ↑ Bryan, Wright, "Clemson: An Informal History of the University 1889–1979", The R. L. Bryan Company, Columbia, South Carolina, 1979, Library of Congress card number 79-56231, ISBN 0-934870-01-2, page 214.
  55. ↑ Stump (1994), pp. 158-160
  56. 1 2 Price, Ed (June 21, 1996). "Aggressive play defined Ty Cobb". The Augusta Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 9, 2007. Retrieved February 7, 2007.
  57. ↑ "Year in Review: 1909 American League". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved May 28, 2007.
  58. ↑ "Ty Cobb". Times Mirror Co. 1998. Retrieved February 25, 2007.
  59. ↑ Gillette, Gary; Palmer, Pete (2007). The ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia (Fourth ed.). New York: Sterling Publishing Co. pp. 1764–1765. ISBN 978-1-4027-4771-7.
  60. ↑ Honig, Donald (1975). Baseball When the Grass Was Real. University of Nebraska Press. p. 42. ISBN 0-8032-7267-7.
  61. ↑ Daley, Arthur (August 15, 1961). "Sports of The Times: In Belated Tribute". The New York Times. p. 32 (food fashions family furnishings section).
  62. ↑ Holmes, Dan. "First Five: The Original Members of the Hall of Fame". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. Retrieved June 15, 2007.
  63. ↑ Ty Cobb: A Terrible Beauty by Charles Leerhsen, Simon & Schuster, 2015, page 259.
  64. ↑ Holmes, Dan (2004). Ty Cobb: a biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-313-32869-5.
  65. ↑ Cobb & Stump, pp.131-135
  66. ↑ "ESPN.com's 10 infamous moments". Retrieved August 26, 2007.
  67. ↑ Ty Cobb: A Terrible Beauty by Charles Leerhsen, Simon & Schuster, 2015, pages 258.
  68. ↑ Stump (1994), pp. 208-209
  69. ↑ Charlton, James. "Al Travers from the Chronology". BaseballLibrary.com. Retrieved June 15, 2007.
  70. ↑ "1882 Year in Review". Baseball Reference.
  71. ↑ "Milwaukee gets 31 hits". Baseball Reference.
  72. ↑ "Baseball Players' Fraternity". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  73. ↑ Stump (1994), pp. 209-210
  74. ↑ Ty Cobb: A Terrible Beauty by Charles Leerhsen, Simon & Schuster, 2015, pages 218.
  75. ↑ Ty Cobb: A Terrible Beauty by Charles Leerhsen, Simon & Schuster, 2015, pages 219-220.
  76. ↑ "Single-Season Leaders for Stolen Bases". Sports Reference, Inc. Retrieved February 7, 2007.
  77. ↑ "Consecutive Games Hitting Streaks". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved June 6, 2007.
  78. ↑ "Player Pages: Pete Rose". Retrieved February 7, 2007.
  79. 1 2 Stump (1994), pp 254-255
  80. ↑ "Somewhere in Georgia". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved February 7, 2007.
  81. 1 2 3 4 Gurtowski, Richard (July 2005). "Remembering baseball hall of famers who served in the Chemical Corps". CML Army Chemical Review. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
  82. ↑ "The 3000 Hit Club: Ty Cobb". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc. Archived from the original on February 9, 2007. Retrieved February 10, 2007.
  83. ↑ "Inside the numbers: 3,000 hits". Sporting News. August 6, 1999. Retrieved February 10, 2007.
  84. ↑ Zirin, Dave (May 8, 2006). "Bonding With the Babe". The Nation. Retrieved March 1, 2007.
  85. ↑ Kalish, Jacob (October 2004). "Fat phenoms: are hot dogs and beer part of your training regimen? Maybe they should be". Men's Fitness. Retrieved March 1, 2007.
  86. ↑ Klinkenberg, Jeff (March 24, 2004). "Thanks, Babe". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved March 1, 2007.
  87. 1 2 "May 1925". Baseballlibrary.com. Retrieved February 8, 2007.
  88. ↑ "Total Bases Records". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
  89. ↑ Frommer, Harvey (July 13, 2004). "The 90th Anniversary of Babe Ruth's Major-League Debut". Harvey Frommer on Sports. Retrieved February 10, 2007.
  90. ↑ "Tyrus Raymond "Ty" Cobb: a North Georgia Notable". About North Georgia. Retrieved February 27, 2007.
  91. ↑ Salsinger, H.G. (2012). Ty Cobb. US: McFarland. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-7864-6546-0.
  92. ↑ "Ty Cobb". BaseballLibrary.com. Retrieved November 24, 2007.
  93. ↑ "Walter Johnson". BaseballLibrary.com. Retrieved February 27, 2007.
  94. ↑ "Ossie Vitt". BaseballLibrary.com. Retrieved February 27, 2007.
  95. ↑ Lyons, Jeffrey; Lyons, Douglas (2001). Curveballs and Screwballs. Random House Puzzles & Games. ISBN 978-0812933154.
  96. ↑ "Fielding Errors: Errors Committed as an OF". BaseballReference.com. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  97. ↑ "George Gore". Baseball-Reference.com.
  98. 1 2 3 "Champion". Time. May 10, 1937. Retrieved February 27, 2007.
  99. 1 2 "Cobb's philanthropy". The Ty Cobb Museum. Retrieved February 10, 2007.
  100. ↑ "Milestones". Time. April 27, 1931. Retrieved February 27, 2007.
  101. ↑ "Milestones". Time. May 11, 1931. Retrieved February 27, 2007.
  102. ↑ "Milestones". Time. June 30, 1947. Retrieved February 27, 2007.
  103. ↑ "Biography for Ty Cobb". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved February 10, 2007.
  104. ↑ Maslin, Janet (December 2, 1994). "FILM REVIEW; A Hero Who Was a Heel, Or, What Price Glory?". The New York Times. Retrieved February 6, 2007.
  105. 1 2 3 4 Stump (1994), p. 405
  106. ↑ Kossuth, James. "Cobb Hangs 'em Up ...eventually". Retrieved February 6, 2007.
  107. ↑ Stump (1994), pp 405-406, 412
  108. ↑ "Ty Cobb's Son Dies at 42". The New York Times. September 10, 1952. p. 29.
  109. ↑ "Hall of Fame Voting: Baseball Writers Elections 1936". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc. Archived from the original on August 29, 2007. Retrieved October 26, 2007.
  110. ↑ "100 Greatest Baseball Players". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
  111. ↑ Kossuth, James. "Cobb Hangs 'em Up". Retrieved April 18, 2008.
  112. ↑ Frommer, Harvey (1992). Shoeless Joe and Ragtime Baseball. University of Nevada Press. p. 1. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
  113. ↑ Nash, Odgen. "Line-Up For Yesterday". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved October 8, 2010.
  114. ↑ "The Old Gang". Time. September 26, 1949. Retrieved February 10, 2007.
  115. ↑ Stump (1994), p. 412
  116. ↑ "Milestones". Time. May 21, 1956. Retrieved February 10, 2007.
  117. ↑ McCallum, John (1956). The Tiger Wore Spikes: An Informal Biography of Ty Cobb. New York: A. S. Barnes. pp. 240 pages.
  118. ↑ Daley, Arthur (June 17, 1956). "Baseball with Brains". The New York Times Book Review. p. 231.
  119. ↑ "Did You Know?". The Ty Cobb Museum. Retrieved February 26, 2007.
  120. ↑ "How to Dominate the Diamond". Newsweek. LVIII: 54. July 31, 1961.
  121. ↑ "Cobb, Hailed as Greatest Player in History, Mourned by Baseball World: Passing of Area is Noted by Frick". The New York Times. July 18, 1961. p. 21 (Food Fashions Family Furnishings section).
  122. ↑ Alexander, C. (1985). Ty Cobb. Oxford University Press. p. 235. ISBN 0-19-503598-4.
  123. ↑ "Funeral Service Held for Ty Cobb". The New York Times. July 20, 1961. p. 20.
  124. ↑ "Cobb Said to Have Left At Least $11,780,000". The New York Times. September 3, 1951. p. S3 (Sports section).
  125. ↑ "Ty Cobb Educational Foundation". Retrieved January 30, 2007.
  126. ↑ "Ty Cobb". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc. Archived from the original on December 5, 2006. Retrieved January 30, 2007.
  127. ↑ Zacharias, Patricia. "Ty Cobb, the greatest Tiger of them all". Retrieved August 25, 2007.
  128. ↑ Povich, Shirley (July 24, 1998). "Best Player-Not Best Man". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 25, 2007.
  129. ↑ Kossuth, James. "Ty Cobb. The Georgia Peach". Retrieved April 18, 2008.
  130. ↑ Blaisdell, L.D. (1992). "Legends as an Expression of Baseball Memory" (PDF). Journal of Sport History. 19 (3). Retrieved April 17, 2008.
  131. ↑ Stump (1994), pp. 58–60
  132. ↑ Bak, Richard (2005). Peach: Ty Cobb In His Time And Ours. Sports Media Group. ISBN 1-58726-257-6.
  133. ↑ "The Strangest Batting Race Ever". Retrieved August 26, 2007.
  134. ↑ Burgess, Bill. "Did all of Ty Cobb's teammates hate him?". Retrieved August 26, 2007.
  135. ↑ Stump (1994), pp. 190–191
  136. ↑ Bak (2005), p. 38
  137. ↑ Bak (2005), p. 177
  138. ↑ Bak (2005), p. 176
  139. ↑ Ty Cobb: A Terrible Beauty by Charles Leerhsen, Simon & Schuster, 2015, pages 304.
  140. ↑ "One of the Game's Top Catchers." Philadelphia Tribune, August 8, 1953, p. 11.
  141. 1 2 Ty Cobb: A Terrible Beauty by Charles Leerhsen, Simon & Schuster, 2015, page 305.
  142. ↑ "Ty Cobb Backed Negroes." Los Angeles Sentinel, August 3, 1961, B11.
  143. ↑ Holmes, Dan. "Five Mthys About Ty Cobb".
  144. ↑ Cobb, Herschel (2013). "Heart of a Tiger, Growing Up With my Grandfather, Ty Cobb". ECW Press.
  145. ↑ "Historical Player Stats: Ty Cobb". Major League Baseball. Retrieved March 16, 2012.

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Ty Cobb
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/22/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.