List of wars involving Russia

The following is an incomplete list of major wars fought by Russia, by Russian people, from antiquity to the present day. It also includes wars fought outside of Russia by Russian military.

Grand Duchy of Moscow (1480–1547)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–72)	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Grand Duchy of Lithuania Principality of Tver	Inconclusive Treaty of Lyubutsk
Battle of Shelon (July 14, 1471)	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Novgorod Republic	Victory Novgorod was absorbed by Muscovy in 1478.
Great stand on the Ugra river (8 October 1480)	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Golden Horde	Victory End of Mongol rule
Capture of Tver (1485)	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Principality of Tver	Victory End of Principality of Tver
First Muscovite-Lithuanian War (1492-1494)	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Grand Duchy of Lithuania	Victory
Russo-Swedish War (1495–1497)	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Sweden	Inconclusive
Second Muscovite-Lithuanian War (1500-1503)	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Grand Duchy of Lithuania Livonian Order	Victory
Russo-Kazan War (1505-07)	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Khanate of Kazan	Inconclusive
Third Muscovite-Lithuanian War (1507-1508)	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Grand Duchy of Lithuania Crimean Khanate	Inconclusive
Fourth Muscovite-Lithuanian War (1512-1522)	Grand Duchy of Moscow Livonian Order	Grand Duchy of Lithuania Kingdom of Poland Crimean Khanate	Victory
Fifth Muscovite-Lithuanian War (1534-1537)	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Grand Duchy of Lithuania Kingdom of Poland Crimean Khanate	Indecisive

Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
Russo-Swedish War (1554–57)	Tsardom of Russia	Kingdom of Sweden	Inconclusive Treaty of Novgorod (1557)
Livonian War (1558-1583)	Tsardom of Russia Kingdom of Livonia	Livonian Confederation Denmark–Norway Kingdom of Sweden Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (before 1569 the Polish–Lithuanian union)	Defeat Truce of Jam Zapolski Treaty of Plussa
Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)	Tsardom of Russia	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate	Victory Treaty of Constantinople (1570)
Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)	Tsardom of Russia	Swedish Empire	Defeat Treaty of Teusina
Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)	Tsardom of Russia Kingdom of Sweden (1609–1610)	Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth	Inconclusive; Russian independence secured Truce of Deulino
Ingrian War (1610-1617)	Tsardom of Russia	Swedish Empire	Defeat Treaty of Stolbovo
Smolensk War (1632-1634)	Tsardom of Russia	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth	Defeat Treaty of Polyanovka
Russo-Persian War (1651-1653)	Tsardom of Russia	Persian Empire	Inconclusive
Russian–Manchu border conflicts (1652-1689)	Tsardom of Russia Cossacks	Qing Empire Joseon Dynasty	Defeat Treaty of Nerchinsk
Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)	Tsardom of Russia Ukrainian Cossacks	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Crimean Khanate	Victory Truce of Andrusovo
Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658)	Tsardom of Russia	Swedish Empire	Inconclusive Treaty of Valiesar Treaty of Cardis
Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)	Tsardom of Russia	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate	Indecisive[1] Treaty of Bakhchisarai
Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) Part of the Great Turkish War	Tsardom of Russia Habsburg Empire Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Cossack Hetmanate	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate	Victory Treaty of Constantinople (1700)
Great Northern War (1700-1721)	Tsardom of Russia Denmark–Norway (1700, 1709–)  Electorate of Saxony (1700–6, 1709–) Poland–Lithuania (1700–4, 1709–) Cossack Hetmanate (1700–8)  Prussia (1715–) Hanover (1715–)  Great Britain (1717–19)	Swedish Empire Holstein-Gottorp Poland–Lithuania (1704–9) Ottoman Empire (1710–4) Cossack Hetmanate (1708–9)  Great Britain (1700, 1719–21)	Victory Victory against Sweden Treaty of Nystad Defeat against Ottoman Empire Treaty of the Pruth
Kazakh-Russian conflicts (1717-1847)	Russian Empire Bashkirs Cossack rebels	Kazakh Khanate Kyrgyz tribes Khanate of Khiva	Eventual Victory Russia annexes the Kazakhs.

Russian Empire (1721–1917)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)	Russia Ukrainian Cossacks Armenia Georgia	Safavid Persian Empire  Ottoman Empire	Victory Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723)
War of the Polish Succession (1733-1738)	Poland under     Augustus III of Poland  Russia  Habsburg Empire of Austria  Saxony  Prussia	Poland under   Stanisław Leszczyński  France (Bourbons)  Spain (Bourbons)  Kingdom of Sardinia	Indecisive Treaty of Vienna (1738)
Russo-Austrian-Turkish War (1735–1739)	Russia Cossack Hetmanate (Protectorate of Russian Empire)  Habsburg Monarchy	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate (Ottoman protectorate)	Victory Victory for the Russian Empire Defeat for the Habsburg Monarchy Treaty of Niš (1739)
Bashkir Rebellion (1735-1740)	Russia	Bashkirs	Victory
Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) Part of the War of the Austrian Succession	Russia	Sweden	Victory Treaty of Åbo
War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)	Habsburg Monarchy  Great Britain Hanover  Dutch Republic  Saxony (1743–45)  Kingdom of Sardinia	Kingdom of Prussia (1740–42) (1744–45) Kingdom of Spain (1740–1746)  Russia  Kingdom of France Bavaria (1741–45)  Saxony (1741–42) Naples and Sicily  Republic of Genoa Sweden (1741–43)	Defeat Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)
Seven Years' War (1756-1763) Russian involvement until 1762	France  Habsburg Monarchy  Spain  Sweden  Russia  Saxony	Prussia  Great Britain Hanover Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Portugal Hesse-Kassel Schaumburg-Lippe Iroquois Confederacy	White peace Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762) Defeat of Russia's former allies
War of the Bar Confederation (1768-1772)	Russia	Kingdom of France Bar Confederation	Victory Treaty of Kuçuk Kainarji
Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)	Russia	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate (Ottoman protectorate)	Victory Treaty of Kuçuk Kainarji
Pugachev's Rebellion (1773-1775)	Russia	Ural Cossacks Peasant rebels  Ottoman Empire	Victory Rebellion defeated.
Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)	Russia	Ottoman Empire	Victory Treaty of Jassy
Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)	Russia	Sweden	Inconclusive
Polish–Russian War of 1792 (1792)	Russia Targowica Confederates	Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth	Victory Second Partition of Poland
Persian Expedition of 1796 (1796)	Russia	Persian Empire	Victory
War of the Second Coalition (1799-1802) Russia left the coalition in 1799	Habsburg Monarchy  Holy Roman Empire  Great Britain  Russia French Royalists Portugal  Two Sicilies  Ottoman Empire	French Republic  Spain Denmark-Norway Polish Legions French client states	Defeat
War of the Third Coalition (1803-1806)	Austrian Empire  Russia  United Kingdom Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Naples Portugal  Sweden	First French Empire French client states	Defeat Peace of Pressburg
Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)	Russia	Persian Empire	Victory Treaty of Gulistan
War of the Fourth Coalition (1806-1807)	Prussia  United Kingdom  Saxony  Sweden  Russia Sicily	French Empire French client states  Spain Confederation of the Rhine  Bavaria  Württemberg Italy Naples Polish Legions	Defeat Treaties of Tilsit
Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)	Russia	Ottoman Empire	Victory Treaty of Bucharest
Finnish War (1808-1809)	Russia	Sweden	Victory Treaty of Fredrikshamn
War of the Fifth Coalition (1809) Galician campaign: minimal Russian involvement	French Empire Confederation of the Rhine Italy Spain Duchy of Warsaw  Russia	Austria  United Kingdom Sicily  Sardinia	Victory Treaty of Schönbrunn
French invasion of Russia (1812)	Russia	French Empire French client states	Victory
War of the Sixth Coalition (1813-1814)	Austrian Empire  Prussia  United Kingdom  Sweden  Russia Spain Portugal Sicily  Sardinia	First French Empire French client states	Victory Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)
War of the Seventh Coalition (1815)	Austrian Empire  Prussia  United Kingdom  Russia Hanover Nassau Brunswick  Sweden  United Netherlands  Spain Portugal  Sardinia Sicily Tuscany Switzerland French Royalists	First French Empire Naples	Victory Treaty of Paris (1815)
Caucasian War (1817-1864)	Russian Empire Principality of Mingrelia Principality of Guria	Caucasian Imamate Circassia Abkhazian insurgents Big Kabarda (to 1825) Principality of Svaneti Khanate of Kazi-Kumukh Dagestan free people Avar Khanate (1829–1859)	Victory Caucasus annexed into Russia. Surrender of Imam Shamil Ethnic cleansing of Circassians
Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)	Russia	Persian Empire	Victory Treaty of Turkmenchay
Battle of Navarino (1827) Part of the Greek War of Independence	United Kingdom First French Empire  Russia	Ottoman Empire Eyalet of Egypt Vilayet of Tunisia	Victory
Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)	Russia	Ottoman Empire	Victory Treaty of Adrianople (1829)
November Uprising (1830-1831)	Russia	Congress Poland	Victory
Second Egyptian-Ottoman War (1839–1841)	British Empire Austrian Empire Russian Empire Ottoman Empire	Egypt Kingdom of the French Spain	Victory Egypt renounced its claim to Syria.
Invasion of Northern Kyrgyzstan (1847)	Kyrgyz tribe of Ormon Khan  Russian Empire	Kazakh Khanate	Victory Death of Kenesary Khan.
Crimean War (1853-1856)	Russia	French Empire  Ottoman Empire  British Empire  Kingdom of Sardinia	Defeat Treaty of Paris (1856)
January Uprising (1863-1864)	Russian Empire	Polish, Lithuanian and Ukrainian insurgents	Victory
Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)	Russian Empire Bulgarian volunteers Romania Serbia  Montenegro	Ottoman Empire	Victory Treaty of San Stefano Treaty of Berlin (1878) Reestablishment of the Bulgarian state. De jure independence of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro from Ottoman Empire. Kars Oblast and Batumi Oblast become a part of the Russian Empire.
Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)	Eight-Nation Alliance:  Japan  United Kingdom  Russia France  United States  Germany  Austria-Hungary  Italy	Righteous Harmony Society  Qing Empire	Victory
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)	Russia  Principality of Montenegro	Empire of Japan	Defeat Treaty of Portsmouth
World War I (1914-1918)	Allies:  France  United Kingdom  Russian Empire  United States China  Italy  Japan  Canada  Australia  New Zealand  India  South Africa  Serbia  Romania  Belgium  Greece  Portugal  Brazil	Central Powers:  German Empire  Austria-Hungary  Ottoman Empire  Kingdom of Bulgaria	Defeat Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, terminated after eventual Allied victory
Basmachi revolt (1916-1934)	Soviet Russia Turkestan ASSR Kirghiz ASSR	Basmachi Khiva Bukhara Afghanistan	Victory

Russian SFSR (1917–1922)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
Russian Civil War (1917–1922)	Russian SFSR  Far Eastern Republic Mongolian Communists Makhnovshchina Left SR Green armies	White Movement Mountain Republic Black Army Left SR Green armies  British Empire  Empire of Japan  Czechoslovakia  Greece  United States  France  Serbia  Romania  Italy  China Mongolia	Victory Victory for the Red Army in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, South Caucasus, Central Asia, Tuva, and Mongolia Victory for pro-independence movements in Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland
Ukrainian War of Independence (1917–1921)	Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Makhnovshchina	Ukrainian People's Republic West Ukrainian People's Republic  German Empire (1918) Poland (1920-1921) Hetmanate of Ukraine White Movement  German Empire (1917–1918) Romania (1918) Poland (1918–1919) France (1919) Greece (1919)	Victory Formation of the Ukrainian SSR
Kazakhstan Campaign (1917–1920)	Russian SFSR	Alash Autonomy	Victory Incorporation of Kazakhstan into the Soviet Union
Finnish Civil War (1918)	Russian SFSR Red Guard	White Guard Germany	Defeat Independence of Finland
Latvian War of Independence (1918–1920)	Russian SFSR  Latvian SSR	Latvian Army  Estonia Lieven  Poland  Lithuania Supported by the Allied Powers VI Reserve Corps: Baltische Landeswehr Freikorps merged into the West Russian Volunteer Army in September 1919	Defeat Independence of Latvia
Estonian War of Independence (1918–1920)	Russian SFSR Commune of Estonia	Estonia  Latvia  United Kingdom White Movement Finnish, Danish, and Swedish volunteers Baltische Landeswehr	Defeat Independence of Estonia Tartu Peace Treaty
Lithuanian–Soviet War (1918–1919)	Russian SFSR LBSSR	Republic of Lithuania  Saxon Volunteers	Defeat Expulsion of Bolshevik forces from Lithuania
Georgian-Ossetian Conflict (1918–1920)	Russian SFSR Ossetian rebels	Transcaucasian Federation Georgia	Defeat Crushing of the Ossetian rebellion
Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921)	Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR	Poland  Ukraine	Defeat Peace of Riga
Turkish War of Independence (1919-1923)	Turkey  Soviet Russia[2]	Greece Armenia	Victory Overthrow of the Ottoman Sultanate Establishment of the Republic of Turkey
Invasion of Azerbaijan (1920)	Russian SFSR  Azerbaijan SSR	Azerbaijan	Victory Overthrow of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic government
Invasion of Georgia (1921)	Russian SFSR  Armenian SSR  Azerbaijan SSR  Turkey	Georgia	Victory Establishment of the Georgian SSR
February Uprising (1921)	Russian SFSR	Armenia	Victory Re-annexation of Yerevan by Bolshevik forces
Battle of Mountainous Armenia (1921)	Russian SFSR  Turkey Azerbaijan SSR	Armenia	Defeat Republic of Mountainous Armenia united with Armenian SSR
East Karelian Uprising (1921–1922)	Russian SFSR	Forest Guerrillas Finnish volunteers	Victory Crushing of the uprising

Soviet Union (1922–1991)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
August Uprising (1924)	Soviet Union	Damkom	Victory Consolidation of Soviet rule in Georgian SSR
Tatarbunary Uprising (1924)	Soviet Union	Kingdom of Romania	Defeat Crushing of the Soviet-inspired rebellion
Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)	Soviet Union	Republic of China	Victory Upholding of the provisions of 1924 agreement
Soviet–Japanese border conflicts (1932–1941)	Soviet Union  Mongolia	Empire of Japan  Manchukuo	Victory Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
Islamic Rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)	Republic of China Xinjiang  Soviet Union White Movement	Republic of China	Victory Establishment of the rule of Sheng Shica's regime over the whole territory of Xinjiang province
Spanish Civil War (1937-1939)	Second Spanish Republic  Soviet Union  Mexico  France	Nationalist Spain  Nazi Germany  Kingdom of Italy  Portugal	Defeat End of the Second Spanish Republic Rise of Francoist Spain
Invasion of Poland (1939)	Germany Slovakia Soviet Union	Poland	Victory Division of Polish territory between Third Reich, Soviet Union, Lithuania and Slovakia
Winter War (1939–1940)	Soviet Union	Finland	Limited Victory Limited Strategic Defeat Signing of Moscow Peace Treaty Expulsion of the Soviet Union from the League of Nations Finland retains its independence
Continuation War (1941–1944)	Soviet Union	Finland Nazi Germany	Limited Victory Tactical Defeat Limited Strategic Defeat Moscow Armistice Lapland War Finland retains its independence
Lapland War (1944–1945)	Finland Soviet Union	Nazi Germany	Victory German retreat from Finnish territory.
Occupation of the Baltic states (1940)	Soviet Union	Estonia  Latvia  Lithuania	Victory Occupation of the Baltic states by the Red Army
World War II (1939–1945)	Allies of World War II  Soviet Union  United States  United Kingdom  China  France  Poland  Canada  Australia  New Zealand  British Malaya  British Burma  India  South Africa  Yugoslavia  Greece  Denmark  Norway  Netherlands  Belgium  Luxembourg  Czechoslovakia  Brazil  Mexico  Ethiopia  Cuba  Mongolian People's Republic  Commonwealth of the Philippines Viet Minh KLA	Axis powers  Nazi Germany  Empire of Japan  Kingdom of Italy  Italian Social Republic Vichy France  Kingdom of Hungary  Kingdom of Romania  Kingdom of Bulgaria  Kingdom of Iraq  Finland  Thailand  Manchukuo  Mengjiang  Independent State of Croatia  Slovak Republic (1939-1945) Burma Azad Hind  KHM Kingdom of Kampuchea  Laos Kingdom of Laos Empire of Vietnam  Second Philippine Republic White Movement  Albania	Victory Destruction of the Third Reich Dissolution of Japanese and Italian Empires Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers Beginning of the Cold War
Operation Barbarossa (1941)	Soviet Union	Nazi Germany  Kingdom of Romania  Kingdom of Hungary  Kingdom of Italy  Kingdom of Bulgaria  Slovak Republic (1939-1945)  Finland	Victory Destruction of the Eastern and Northern Europe See Aftermath
Eastern Front (World War II) (1941–1945)	Soviet Union  Second Polish Republic  Yugoslavia  Czechoslovakia	Nazi Germany  Kingdom of Romania  Kingdom of Hungary  Kingdom of Italy  Kingdom of Bulgaria  Slovak Republic (1939-1945)	Victory Division of Soviet territory between Third Reich from Soviet Union,
Soviet–Japanese War (1945)	Soviet Union	Empire of Japan	Victory
Soviet invasion of Manchuria (1945)	Soviet Union	Empire of Japan	Victory
Guerilla war in the Baltic states (1944–1956)	Soviet Union	Estonia  Latvia  Lithuania	Victory Defeat of national partisans
First Indochina War (1946–1954)	Viet Minh Pathet Lao Khmer Issarak  Soviet Union  East Germany	France  French Indochina Cambodia (1953–1954)  Laos (1953–1954) State of Vietnam  United States	Victory Vietnam is partitioned between North (controlled by the Viet Minh) and South (controlled by the State of Vietnam). Geneva Conference Departure of the French from Indochina. State of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia gain official independence.
Korean War (1950–1953)	North Korea  China  Soviet Union	United Nations  South Korea  United States  United Kingdom	Ceasefire (limited involvement) Establishment of the Korean Demilitarized Zone Minor territorial changes
Hungarian Revolution (1956)	Soviet Union ÁVH	Revolutionaries	Victory Crushing of the revolution
Invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968)	Soviet Union Bulgaria  East Germany Hungary Poland	Czechoslovakia	Victory Moscow Protocol Soviet military presence in Czechoslovakia until 1991
Zhenbao Island Incident (1969)	Soviet Union	China	Status quo ante bellum Strategic Victory[3] Tactical Soviet victory[4] Strategic Soviet victory: Ceasefire Agreement Signed.[5] 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement[6]
War of Attrition (1969–1970)	Egypt  Soviet Union	Israel	Inconclusive Both sides claimed victory Continuation of Israeli occupation of Sinai
Eritrean War of Independence (1974–1991)	Ethiopia  Cuba (until 1989)  Soviet Union (until 1990)  South Yemen	ELF EPLF	Withdrawal (limited involvement) Independence of Eritrea after the fall of the communist government in Ethiopia
Angolan Civil War (1975–1991)	MPLA  Cuba  Soviet Union SWAPO MK	South Africa UNITA FNLA FLEC	Stalemate (limited involvement) Three Powers Accord Withdrawal of all foreign forces from Angola Independence of Namibia
Ethio-Somali War (1977–1978)	Ethiopia  Cuba  South Yemen  Soviet Union	Somalia WSLF	Victory Somalia broke all ties with the Second World except for China and Romania
Soviet-Afghan War (1979–1989)	Soviet Union Afghanistan	Afghan Mujahideen	Defeat[7] Failed Soviet attempt to quell Afghan Mujahedeen insurgency Geneva Accords of 1988 Withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan Continuation of the Afghan Civil War

Russian Federation (1991–present)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
War in Abkhazia (1991-1993)	Russia  Abkhazia	Georgia	Victory Abkhazia gained de facto independence
War of Transnistria (1992)	Transnistria  Russia	Moldova	Victory Transnistria gained de facto independence
East Prigorodny Conflict (1992)	Russia  South Ossetia North Ossetian militia[8]	Ingush militia	Victory Ethnic cleansing of ethnic Ingush from Prigorodny by Ossetian militia
Civil War in Tajikistan (1992–1997)	Tajikistan  Russia  Uzbekistan	United Tajik Opposition Taliban factions	Stalemate United Nations-sponsored armistice
Georgian Civil War (1991–1993)	Georgia  Russia	Zviadists	Victory Zviadist revolt crushed
First Chechen War (1994–1996)	Russia	Ichkeria Mujahideen	Defeat[9] Withdrawal of Russian forces from Chechnya Khasav-Yurt Accord De facto independence of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, but de jure it remained a part of the Russian Federation
War of Dagestan (1999)	Russia	IIPB	Victory Start of the Second Chechen War
Second Chechen War (1999–2009)	Russia	Ichkeria Caucasian Front Mujahideen	Victory Russia regained control over Chechnya
Russo-Georgian War (2008)	Russia  South Ossetia  Abkhazia	Georgia	Victory Expansion of Abkhazia and South Ossetia
North Caucasus Insurgency (2009–)	Russia	Caucasus Emirate  ISIL (from 2015)	Ongoing Ongoing insurgency
War in Donbass (2014–)	Russia	Ukraine	Ongoing Minsk II
Intervention in Syria (2015–)	Russia Syrian Government Hezbollah  Iran  Iraq	ISIL Army of Conquest Syrian Opposition	Ongoing Russian military intervention in support of the Syrian government

See also

• History of Russia
• Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
• Military history of Russia

References

1. David R. Stone, A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya, (Greenwood Publishing, 2006), 41.
2. Jelavich, Barbara (1983). History of the Balkans: Twentieth century. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-27459-3.
3. http://www.ibiblio.org/chinesehistory/contents/03pol/c04s05.html#1969%20Border%20Conflict
4. Kuisong p.29
5. http://www.ibiblio.org/chinesehistory/contents/03pol/c04s05.html#1969%20Border%20Conflict
6. http://www.ibiblio.org/chinesehistory/contents/03pol/c04s05.html#1969%20Border%20Conflict
7. "Soviet Defeat in Afghanistan". GlobalSecurity.org.
8. http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/ingushi/Chapt10.htm
9. "Why the Russian Military Failed in Chechnya". Foreign Military Studies Office.