Yale School of Medicine

Yale School of Medicine
Coat of arms of the School
Type	Private medical school
Established	1810
Academic staff	2,451 full time 2,067 adjunct
Students	718 including: • 516 MD • 100 MD/PhD • 102 PA ^[1]
Location	New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.
Dean	Robert J. Alpern
Website	medicine.yale.edu

The Yale School of Medicine is the graduate medical school at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. It was founded in 1810 as The Medical Institution of Yale College, and formally opened in 1813.

The primary teaching hospital for the school is Yale-New Haven Hospital. The school is home to the Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, one of the largest modern medical libraries and also known for its historical collections. The faculty includes 62 National Academy of Sciences members, 40 Institute of Medicine investigators, and 16 Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigators.^[2]

U.S. News and World Report currently ranks the Yale School of Medicine 7th in the country for research, and 72nd in primary care.^[3] Entrance is highly selective; for the class of 2018, the school received 4,374 applications to fill its class of 104 students. The average GPA for Class of 2018 was a 3.81, with an average MCAT of 36.6.^[4]

Education

Yale's medical campus and The Hill neighborhood from the south

The School of Medicine offers the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree and a Master of Medical Science (M.M.Sc.) degree through the Yale Physician Associate Program for prospective physician assistants. Public health degrees are administered through the Yale School of Public Health.

There are also joint degree programs with other disciplines at Yale, including the M.D/Juris Doctor (J.D.) in conjunction with Yale Law School; the M.D./Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.) in conjunction with the Yale School of Management; the M.D./Master of Public Health (M.P.H.) in conjunction with the Yale School of Public Health; science or engineering in conjunction with the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (M.D./Ph.D.); and the M.D./Master of Divinity (M.Div) in conjunction with Yale Divinity School. Students pursuing a tuition-free fifth year of research are eligible for the Master of Health Science degree.

The M.D. program is notable for its assessment of student achievement. In particular, the school employs the so-called "Yale System" established by Dean Winternitz in the 1920s, wherein first- and second-year students are not graded or ranked among their classmates. In addition, course examinations are anonymous, and are intended only for students' self-evaluation. Student performance is thus based on seminar participation, qualifying examinations (if a student fails, it is his or her responsibility to meet with a professor and arrange for an alternative assessment - passing grades are not released), clinical clerkship evaluations, and the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). Prior to graduation, students are required to submit a thesis based on original research. A hallmark of the Yale System is the unusual flexibility that it provides; with this flexibility comes great responsibility for the student to take an active role in directing his or her education according to individual interests.

Other key features of the Yale System include:

commentary-based feedback from small group leaders
an integrated Molecules to Systems course that includes Biochemistry, Physiology, and Cell Biology and the corresponding small group conferences (Biochemistry Conference, Physiology Case Conference, Histology Lab)
early clinical exposure through the two-year Pre-Clinical Clerkship (PCC) course, in which students (in groups of 4) are assigned a physician mentor with whom they will learn the History and Physical Examination
a surgery-based Human Anatomy course that focuses on teaching the principles of anatomy through case-based dissections involving surgical procedures rather than rote memorization
a comprehensive student teaching program (Students Helping Students) in which second-year students review key concepts during optional evening sessions several times each week
the opportunity to take electives that include advanced cell biology and neuroscience, global health, translational research, or any topic being taught through graduate or undergraduate programs at the University

More graduates of the Yale School of Medicine enter medical scholarship (including Ph.D. degrees in Medicine) as professors of medicine than those graduates of other medical schools.

History

Original building of Yale School of Medicine, formerly a hotel built by James Hillhouse at the corner of Grove and Prospect Streets. Originally leased by Yale, the building was later purchased with funds from the Connecticut State Legislature.

In 18th century United States, credentials were not needed to practice medicine. Prior to the founding of the medical school, Yale graduates would train through an apprenticeship in order to become physicians. Yale President Ezra Stiles conceived the idea of training physicians at Yale and ultimately, his successor Timothy Dwight IV helped to found the medical school. The school was chartered in 1810 and opened in New Haven in 1813. Nathan Smith (medicine and surgery) and Benjamin Silliman (pharmacology) were the first faculty members. Silliman was a professor of chemistry and taught at both Yale College and the Medical School. The other two founding faculty were Jonathan Knight, anatomy, physiology and surgery and Eli Ives, pediatrics.^[5]

One of Yale's earliest medical graduates was Dr. Asaph Leavitt Bissell of Hanover, New Hampshire, who graduated in 1815, a member of the school's second graduating class. Following his graduation, Dr. Bissell moved to Suffield, Connecticut, a tobacco-farming community where his parents came from, and where he practiced as a country physician for the rest of his life.^[6] The saddlebags that Dr. Bissell carried in his practice, packed with paper packets and glass bottles, are today in the school's Medical Historical Library.^[7]

Yale medical diploma awarded Asaph Leavitt Bissell, Class of 1815, signed by school's four professors and Timothy Dwight IV

The original building (at Grove and Prospect) later became Sheffield Hall, part of the Sheffield Scientific School (razed in 1931). In 1860, the school moved to Medical Hall on York Street, near Chapel (this building was razed in 1957). In 1925, the school moved to its current campus, neighboring the hospital. This campus includes the Sterling Hall of Medicine, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine (1991, designed by Cesar Pelli), Anlyan Center (2003, designed by Payette and Venturi Scott Brown) and the Amistad Building (2007, designed by Herbert Newman).

Deans

Before 1845, there was no dean. Nathan Smith, followed by Jonathan Knight, provided leadership in the early years.^[5]

Charles Hooker (1845–1863), Professor of Anatomy and Physiology. His practice included surgery, obstetrics, and practical medicine.
Charles Augustus Lindsley (1863–1885), Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics; later of the Theory and Practice of Medicine.
Herbert Eugene Smith (1885–1910), physician and chemist
George Blumer (1910–1920)
Milton Winternitz (1920–1935), pathologist
Stanhope Bayne-Jones (1935–1940), physician and bacteriologist
Francis Gilman Blake (1940–1947)
Cyril Norman Hugh Long (1947–1952), physician and biochemist
Vernon W. Lippard (1952–1967)
Frederick Carl Redlich (1967–1972), psychiatrist
Lewis Thomas (1972–1973), physician and author
Robert Berliner (1973–1984)
Leon Rosenberg (1984–1991)
Robert M. Donaldson (acting) (1991–1992)
Gerard N. Burrow (1992–1997)
David Aaron Kessler (1997–2003), pediatrician, lawyer and former commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Dennis Spencer (acting) (2003–2004), neurosurgeon
Robert Alpern (2004—), nephrologist.

Notable faculty

Current

Gretchen Berland, Physician and filmmaker
Stephen Fleck, Psychiatrist, co-author of "Schizophrenia and the Family"
Joy Hirsch Professor of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Brain Function Laboratory
Arthur L. Horwich (1984–), Sterling Professor of Genetics and Pediatrics, uncovered the action of chaperonins through his study of protein folding
James D. Jamieson (1973–), Cell biologist, established the function of the Golgi apparatus alongside George Palade
James Rothman (2008–), Fergus F. Wallace Professor of Biomedical Sciences, Chairman of the Department of Cell Biology, Winner of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013
Lisa Sanders, The New York Times Diagnosis columnist, technical advisor for T.V. show House, M.D.
Joan Steitz (1970–), Sterling Professor of Biophysics and Biochemistry
Thomas A. Steitz (1970–), Sterling Professor of Biophysics and Biochemistry, 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, atomic structure of ribosome

Past

C. Lee Buxton (1953–1965), Obstetrician, birth control advocate and appellant in Griswold v. Connecticut
Harvey Cushing (1933–1937), Neurosurgeon, pioneer of brain surgery, identified Cushing's syndrome
Russell Henry Chittenden (1900–1922), Physiological Chemist, pioneer of digestion and nutrition
James W. Colbert, Jr., (1950–1953), immunologist, Assistant Dean of Postgraduate Education, and father of comedian Stephen Colbert
Marilyn Farquhar (1973–1990), cell biologist, first woman Sterling Professor at Yale
John Farquhar Fulton (1929–1960), Sterling Professor of Physiology, neurophysiology of primates
Patricia Goldman-Rakic (1979–2003), Neurobiologist, pioneer of studies on the frontal lobe and the cellular basis of working memory
Arnold Gesell (1911–1949), Psychologist and Pediatrician, developed the Yale Child Study Center
Alfred Gilman, Sr. (1935–1943, 1973–1984), pharmacologist, chemotherapy pioneer and co-author of The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
Harry S.N. Greene (1943–1969), Professor of pathology
Dorothy Horstmann, Epidemiologist, virologist, pioneer in the study of polio and the first woman appointed as a professor at the school.^[8]
Samuel C. Harvey in (1920–1950), surgeon, editor of the Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine (1950–1953).^[9]
Orvan Hess, developed the fetal heart monitor and early use of penicillin
Theodore Lidz (1951–1978), Sterling Professor of Psychiatry, researcher of schizophrenia
Lafayette Mendel (1921–1935), Biochemist, discoverer of Vitamin A, Vitamin B and essential amino acids
Sherwin B. Nuland, winner of the National Book Award for How We Die: Reflections on Life's Final Chapter
George E. Palade (1973–1983), Cell biologist, Sterling Professor of Cell Biology, 1974 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine
William Prusoff, discovered idoxuridine, the first antiviral agent approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and discovered the anti-HIV effect of stavudine (D4T).^[10]
Juan Rosai (1985–1991), Professor of pathology and Director of the Department of Anatomic Pathology, author of surgical pathology textbook, discoverer of Rosai-Dorfman disease and Desmoplastic small round cell tumor
Richard Selzer (1960–1985), Surgeon and author
Albert J. Solnit (1952–1990), psychoanalyst, childs rights advocate, and Sterling Professor
Nathan Smith, Founder of Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Vermont College of Medicine
Frans J. Th. Wackers (1977–1981, 1984–), Nuclear cardiologist
Brian K. Kobilka (1977-1981), Physiologist, recipient of the 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

References

↑ Lorimer, Linda Koch (20 July 2012). "School of Medicine". BULLETIN OF YALE UNIVERSITY. 108 (6): 213–222. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
↑ "Facts and Figures". Yale School of Medicine. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
↑ http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/school-of-medicine-04016
↑ http://facts.med.yale.edu/education/index.aspx
1 2 Founding of the Medical Institution at Yale College
↑ Medicine at Yale, 1701–1901, Founding of the Medical Institution of Yale College, Cushing/Whitney Medical Library, med.yale.edu
↑ When House Calls Were Horse Calls, John Curtis, Yale Medicine, Winter/Spring 1998
↑ Altman, Lawrence (January 21, 2001), "Dr. Dorothy Horstmann, 89; Made Strides in Polio Research", The New York Times, p. 36
↑ Taffel, Max (September 1953). "Samuel Clark Harvey, 1886–1953". Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 26 (1): b1–7. PMC 2599352. PMID 13103137.
↑ Curtis, John (Fall 1999 – Winter 2000), "A lifetime making mischief with DNA", Yale Medicine

External links

Yale University

People	Namesake: Elihu Yale President: Peter Salovey (predecessors) Provost: Ben Polak Faculty Sterling Professors People list

Schools	Undergraduate: Yale College Graduate: Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Professional: Architecture Art Divinity Drama Engineering & Applied Science Forestry & Environmental Studies Law Management Medicine Music Nursing Public Health Institute of Sacred Music Defunct: Sheffield Scientific School

Campus	Connecticut Hall Old Campus Memorial Quadrangle Harkness Tower Hewitt Quadrangle Hillhouse Avenue Science Hill Yale-Myers Forest

Residential colleges	Berkeley Branford Calhoun Davenport Ezra Stiles Jonathan Edwards Franklin Morse Pauli Murray Pierson Saybrook Silliman Timothy Dwight Trumbull

Library & museums	Yale University Library Sterling Memorial Library Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library Lillian Goldman Law Library Bass Library Lewis Walpole Library Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University Art Gallery Yale Center for British Art Collection of Musical Instruments

Research centers	Child Study Center Cowles Foundation Haskins Laboratories MacMillan Center Rudd Center Yale Cancer Center

Athletics	Team: Yale Bulldogs Mascot: Handsome Dan Arenas: Yale Bowl (football) Ingalls Rink (hockey) Yale Golf Course Yale Field (baseball) Reese Stadium (soccer & lacrosse) Payne Whitney Gymnasium Rivalries: Harvard–Yale Regatta Harvard–Yale football rivalry

International	Gruber Foundation Jackson Institute for Global Affairs Yale World Fellows Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art Yale-NUS College

Category • Commons • Wikinews

Colleges and universities in Connecticut

Public institutions	Central Connecticut State University Charter Oak State College Eastern Connecticut State University Southern Connecticut State University University of Connecticut Western Connecticut State University

Private institutions	Albertus Magnus Connecticut College Fairfield Goodwin Holy Apostles Lincoln College of New England LACFA Mitchell Paier Post Quinnipiac Rensselaer at Hartford Sacred Heart Saint Joseph Trinity University of Bridgeport University of Hartford University of New Haven Wesleyan Yale

Federal institutions	United States Coast Guard Academy

Community Colleges	Asnuntuck Capital Gateway Housatonic Manchester Middlesex Naugatuck Valley Northwestern Connecticut Norwalk Quinebaug Valley Three Rivers Tunxis

Graduate, professional, and research institutions	Berkeley Divinity School Hartford Seminary Quinnipiac School of Law Quinnipiac School of Medicine University of Connecticut Health Center University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine University of Connecticut School of Law Yale Law School Yale School of Drama Yale School of Medicine

Coordinates: 41°18′10″N 72°56′10″W / 41.3027°N 72.936°W / 41.3027; -72.936

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