Winter of 2010–11 in Great Britain and Ireland

Winter of 2010 and November

Snow falling in Sheffield; 1 December 2010
Formed 24 November 2010
Lowest temperature −21.3 °C (−6.3 °F) (2 December 2010, Altnaharra, Scotland[1])
Maximum snowfall or ice accretion 30 inches (76 cm)
(level snow on ground, 1 December 2010, Sheffield, Peak District and higher ground of Gloucestershire)
Total: 5 feet (1.5 m) (settled on ground) in Sheffield, Peak District, and Scottish Highlands
Areas affected Britain and Ireland

The winter of 2010–2011 was a weather event that brought heavy snowfalls, record low temperatures, travel chaos and school disruption to the islands of Britain and Ireland. It included the UK's coldest December since Met Office records began in 1910, with a mean temperature of -1 °C, breaking the previous record of 0.1 °C in December 1981. Also it was the second-coldest December in the narrower Central England Temperature (CET) record series which began in 1659, falling 0.1 °C short of the all-time record set in 1890.[2]

The winter of 2010 in England saw the earliest widespread winter snowfall since 1993 with snow falling as early as 24 November across Northumberland and North Yorkshire. A maximum snow depth of 30 inches (76 cm) was recorded on 1 December in the Peak District, Sheffield, the Cotswold Hills and the Forest of Dean. In this event Scotland and Northern England were most severely affected. On 9 December temperatures recovered across much of the UK, causing a partial thaw.

Later, on Thursday 16 December a cold front reintroduced a cold, arctic airstream. This cold spell brought further snow and ice chaos back to the British Isles with Southern England, Wales, the Republic of Ireland (excluding the westerly coastal regions) and Northern Ireland bearing the brunt of the wintry conditions. This led to severe disruption to the road and rail network with several airports being closed including London Heathrow Airport for a time. Several local temperature records were broken including a new record low for Northern Ireland of -18.7 °C recorded at Castlederg on 23 December 2010.

By the new year a thaw had begun, and there was no recurrence of the extreme conditions for the remainder of the winter. There was some snowfall in early January, and there was an anticyclonic spell at the end of the month that brought some cold, frosty days. February was above average in temperature and ended on a mild note, although the snow returned in much of Scotland during March.

Background

During the latter part of November, northern blocking established over Greenland which resulted in the Jet Stream moving south, allowing cold air to flow in from the east. Forecasters warned of the potential for severe winter weather from weeks in advance[3] and the Government stated that they were prepared for winter weather after the previous British winter of 2009–2010 caused havoc and widespread disruption. The cold weather arrived in the British Isles on 22 November and by 24 November, snow showers brought by a stiff northerly wind fell over the North East of England and Northern and Eastern Scotland which resulted in 10–20 cm locally and gridlock in many of the major roads within Aberdeen during the evening rush hour of 24 November.

In the following days, the snowfall became far more widespread leading to widespread travel disruption, school closures and cancellation of sporting fixtures. The Met Office confirmed that it was the most widespread snowfall in the United Kingdom for 17 years. By 2 December, most of the United Kingdom and much of the Republic of Ireland was covered with snow, accumulations in the north and east of Scotland and England were over 50 cm in places, with over one metre of snow lying on much of the Scottish mountains. Snow depths elsewhere were between 5 cm–30 cm widely. Temperatures fell widely below −10 °C with some areas staying sub-zero by day. On 2 December there was particularly low temperatures in major towns and cities, particularly in Scotland where it dropped to −18 °C in Aberdeen and on 3 December temperatures in England broke records. However, the lowest temperature of the winter of −21.2 °C was recorded at Altnaharra, Sutherland at 10 am on 2 December and Braemar and Kinbrace both dropped to −20 °C on the night of 2 December. As of 4 December 7 people have been confirmed to have died due to the cold weather.

Reported effects

Deaths

Map of fatalities in the British Isles caused by Windstorm Carmen, Windstorm Becky and other blizzard or storm events between 8 November and 31 December. Click for legend.

Economy

The severe cold spell came in the run up to Christmas and was estimated to cost the British economy up to £1.2 billion a day[14] with a total cost of £13 billion.[15] Retailers were particularly badly hit by lost sales with footfall down nearly 20% compared to the same period the previous year and as much as 30% in the West Midlands and South East.[15] Some experts suggested that it may have a knock on effect in delaying or reversing economic growth.[14]

Transport

Road

On 1 December the M1 motorway was temporarily closed, and the Forth Road Bridge was closed for over ten hours due to heavy snowfall. This was the first time the bridge had been closed because of snow.[16] The same day, the A57 was closed in the evening between Anston and Worksop and over 100 motorists were stranded overnight.[17] Thousands of motorists across Sheffield became stranded on 1–7 December as up to as much as 2 feet of snow fell on the city with severe disruption across the county of South Yorkshire including the suspension of all bus services for 24 hours. On 6 December, vehicles were trapped on the M8 for over 10 hours, and more than 1,000 vehicles became stuck on the M876.[18]

Rail

Eurostar rail services to the continent were cancelled on 20 December causing severe delays with queues at St Pancras station stretching more than half a mile as far back as the British Library. At the same time. services were cancelled on the East Coast main line between London and Peterborough due to damage to overhead power cables caused by accretion of ice.[19]

Air

Other effects

Timeline

November 2010

22–24 November

As the cold weather arrived in the United Kingdom and Ireland, forecasters warned of cold and snowy conditions arriving later in the week and persisting into much of the next. Each day, the temperature dropped and wintry showers began to arrive in some parts of the Highlands.

A snow storm had moved on from southern Sweden on the 22nd to dust both Northumberland and the Scottish Borders Region during the 23rd before being absorbed on the 24th into the main weather system that started advancing from Scandinavia on the 23rd.[22] Light snow fell in Aberdeenshire, Northumberland, parts of Northamptonshire, Oxfordshire and Birmingham on those days as the first storms began to clear up on the 23rd.

Snow began to fall in the early evening on 24 November. Within an hour of the snow beginning to fall around 2 inches was recorded in Newcastle upon Tyne. Snow fell across northern and eastern parts of Scotland and England which caused disruption during the evening, particularly in Aberdeen. The Met Office issued many weather warnings and confirmed that the snowfall was the earliest widespread snowfall since 1993. A minimum temperature of -5.5 °C was recorded in Benson, Oxfordshire. The Met Office issued warnings for Northern Scotland, the Borders, North East England and Yorkshire and the Humber.

Snow in Northumberland on 25 November

25 November

During the day, snow showers affected the North and North-East of Scotland and England. A minimum temperature of -7.0 °C was recorded in Woodford. Snow caused problems to the Grampian district and Borders forcing over 120 schools in Aberdeenshire to close. The Met Office issued further warning of snow to much of the eastern districts of Scotland. Roads closed due to the snow were the B974, the A939 at the Lecht, the A93 at the Cairnwell and the B976 Crathie to Gairnside.

26 November

On the 26th night time temperatures plummeted well below 0 °C, with the Welsh towns of Sennybridge and Trawscoed being among the coldest places at –10.2 °C. The village of Dalwhinnie in the Scottish Highlands saw the temperatures fall to –8.2 °C and Chesham in Buckinghamshire fell to -7 °C, and Preston in Lancashire recorded -5.8 °C. The cold snap heralded the earliest winter snow fall for 17 years.[23]

A minimum temperature of -9.1 °C was recorded at Redesdale Camp, Northumberland. Ireland was hit by snowfall. Overnight, a front brought by a north easterly wind brought 5–10 cm of fresh snow to many parts of Scotland, with 10–15 cm in North East England. The AA dealt with an estimated 15,500 calls regarding breakdowns on the 26th.[24]

The night of the 26th/27th saw a thunder storm damage electrical systems and flood roads, causing disruption transport services on the 27th with trains in Dublin worst hit.[25]

27 November

The morning of Saturday 27 November saw Ireland freezing in what could be a rather costly cold snap as it emerged that the extreme weather earlier this year cost a colossal €297 million in insurance payouts due to the snow causing damage was also caused to homes and other buildings all over the country. The Irish Insurance Federation revealed there were 22,450 claims from the public, the vast majority of which involved snow or ice damage to people's homes.[25] The DART and the northern commuter and Maynooth commuter lines were not running and Belfast and Rosslare train services out of Dublin were also affected. The main runway at Dublin Airport due to snow and ice for most of the day.[25] The extreme weather was reminiscent of the winter storms of 2009–2010, which were the worst in recent Irish history.[25]

The Met Office severe weather warnings remained in place across much of the UK, with Scotland and North East England predicted to have the heaviest snowfalls, with new warnings are also in place for icy roads in Northern Ireland and Wales as forecasters reckon it could remain cold and snowy for up to 2 weeks.[26] Some FA Cup second round football matches, could be affected with Saturday horse racing at Newcastle upon Tyne the first to be called off. Snow was causing problems on the M6 through Staffordshire so gritters were out in force as temperatures dipped to -3 °C (27 °F).[24]

By the middle of the 27th up to 1.5 inches of snow fell in parts of Staffordshire overnight while residents in the Black Country also woke up to a covering today with warnings of way with blizzards expected in the region with a predicted snow fall of 8 inches over the next few days.[24] Snow was causing problems on the M6 through Staffordshire so gritters were out in force as temperatures dipped to -3 °C (27 °F).[24] The Met Office warned that most of the snowfall during last night was in Staffordshire, but with showers in the West Midlands and Shropshire at around dawn.[24]

By the afternoon the AA had faced a 40% rise on a normal Saturday in November, a spokesman said. The worst affected areas were around Newcastle upon Tyne, Mid Wales, North Wales, Norwich, Leeds and Bradford.[27] Motorists in Wales and Northern Ireland struggled with icy roads while Scotland was facing more heavy snow and drifts thanks to a biting wind.[27]

The Met Office warned of icy roads in Greater London and the South East, the South West, the East Midlands, Yorkshire and Humber and North East England. North East England, Yorkshire and the Humber, the East Midlands and the South West were also braced for heavy snow. About 10 inches of snow was expected over the higher parts of the country, with a light dusting in Greater London and lower lying parts of the English Midlands. They reckoned that the cold snap would continue, with snow blanketing swathes of the country by the middle of this week.[27] A minimum of -10.2 °C at Trawsgoed, Wales was recorded. Further snow showers gave additional accumulations in the North and East.

Ocado online supermarket had seen a surge in demand for de-icer with sales while the cold weather had also brought a 42% increase in sales of cough medicine. Tesco had also seen a rise in the sales of de-icer and table salt.[27]

28 November

The CET (Central England Temperature) mean of -4.0 °C was of note on this day, due to it being the lowest November CET mean since -4.6 °C was recorded on 24 November 1904.[28] The lowest temperature of the month was also recorded today, of -17.5 °C at Llysdinam, Wales. Heavy wet snow affected Southern and Eastern Scotland widely giving 10–20 cm, but 20–30 cm in places. Thundersnow was reported around Dundee.

29 November

Minimum of -16.1 °C at Altnaharra, Scottish Highlands. The Met Office at RAF Linton-on-Ouse in North Yorkshire recorded a record low for November of -11.2 °C; earlier that month on the 4th it had recorded a record maximum for November of 17.6 °C.[29] The heavy wet snow which had been affecting Scotland the day before gave thundersnow to North East England, and further accumulations of 10–15 cm. Accumulations widely exceeded a foot across Southern and Eastern Scotland and North East England by this point.

30 November

Minimum of -15.0 °C at Altnaharra, Scottish Highlands. After a dry night snow showers returned to the North and East. North West England, most notably Greater Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire had their first snowfall of the winter overnight which caused many disruptions.

December 2010

According to the Manley Central England Temperature record (beginning in 1659), the second-coldest December ever recorded in central England. Also the coldest December in the UK since UK records began in 1890, and the coldest December in the Republic of Ireland since official records began.

1 December

Photograph of snow in Ireland taken by the NASA Aqua satellite on 2 December 2010

A minimum of -21.1 °C was recorded at Altnaharra, Scottish Highlands. A band of snow moving north affected Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, South and West Yorkshire, giving significant accumulations here, with further frequent heavy snow showers to North East England and Eastern Scotland. Up to 40 cm of snow was recorded in Rotherham and Sheffield, 20 cm of fresh snow in Mansfield[30] (bringing total depths to over 30 cm), 20 to 30 cm in Leeds, 30 cm in Pontefract and up to 40 cm in parts of Lincolnshire.

2 December

Very heavy snow that had fallen in Sheffield on 1 December 2010

During the night of 1–2 December an extremely heavy belt of snow affected Southern England. Heavy and persistent snow started falling on the South Coast at around 8pm and on the morning of 2 December there were large snow depths reported widely all across East and West Sussex and parts of Kent, Surrey, Gloucestershire and Hampshire. Snow Depths:

Kent

Meopham: 45 cm (18 in)

Sussex

Brighton: 32 cm (13 in)

South Downs: 60 cm (24 in)

Burgess Hill: 35 cm (14 in)

Crawley: 30 cm (12 in)

Horsham: 35 cm (14 in)

Gloucestershire

Drybrook: 56 cm (22 in)

Surrey

Redhill: 25 cm (10 in)*

Epsom: 33 cm (13 in)*

Kenley: 37 cm (15 in)*

Selsdon: 36 cm (14 in)*

Hampshire

Southampton: 20 cm (8 in)

Petersfield: 25 cm (10 in)

* - Total from 30 November to 2 December

Snow also affected Lincolnshire and Yorkshire, with accumulations locally reaching 30–40 cm (12–16 in). Level snow depths of up to 70 cm (28 in) were reported in places in Scotland, with 71 cm (28 in) at Bathgate, West Lothian.

3 December

An all-time record low of -17.9 °C recorded at RAF Leeming (since records began at Leeming in 1945) and -19.0 °C at RAF Topcliffe in North Yorkshire.[31]

6 December

Heavy snowfall in the Central Belt in Scotland led to the closure of the M8 motorway for two days with hundreds of motorists stranded overnight. The resulting political furore led to the resignation of Scottish Minister for Transport, Stewart Stevenson.[32]

9 December

Milder north westerly winds initiated a rapid thaw; this was to be a sudden end to a dramatic cold spell for most until cold conditions returned later in the month.

15 December

From late evening, a cold front reached the Shetland Isles and moved southwards across Scotland overnight. Mild air preceded the front, with cold air straight from the Arctic following it, resulting in some rapid temperature drops throughout Scotland and its Isles overnight. An unofficial temperature of 11.6 °C, the highest of the month so far, was recorded near Lairg, Scottish Highlands at around 7pm in the milder air.[33]

16 December

The cold front continued to move southwards across the UK passing Northern Ireland and Northern England during the morning and into midday, and reaching central and then southern parts of the UK during the afternoon and into the evening. However, relatively little snow actually settled across most of the UK, due to the short-lived nature of the snow showers associated with the front. Areas of Northern Scotland in particular did receive upwards of 30 cm of snow during the day, resulting in many school closures and disruption to transport.

17 December

The Met Office issued an extreme weather warning for Northern Ireland and North Wales as very heavy snow showers brought by a northerly wind made conditions dangerous and dumped over 30 cm of snow in many places. Heavy snow began to fall in Devon and approximately 8 cm of heavy snow also fell in Manchester.

18 December

A blizzard on 18 December 2010, at Leamington Spa, Warwickshire.
The ungritted roads in the town centre in Banbury, Oxfordshire, on 18 December 2010.

Following overnight snow showers, a band of snow organised itself over the West Midlands during the day, resulting in 10–15 cm (4–6 inches) lying in a wide area from Shropshire to around Coventry, and south into Warwickshire and parts of Worcestershire and Gloucestershire. 20 cm (8 inches) was reported from higher ground south of Birmingham. The M5 was gridlocked, and shops in the Birmingham area closed early on the last Saturday before Christmas. A number of passengers travelling by coach had to spend the night at Birmingham Coach Station due too not only coaches for onwards destinations being unable to depart and arrive Birmingham, but also widespread disruption to train services making onwards alternatives impossible.

Snow also fell to the southeast, including London and Oxfordshire, with Heathrow Airport closing its runways for a time leading to long delays. On one of the busiest Christmas shopping days of the season, Brent Cross Shopping Centre was closed. Overnight, temperatures plunged to as low as -8 °C in parts of South East England and Greater London.[34]

19 December

The Oxford Canal in Banbury, frozen solid on 19 December 2010.

A minimum temperature of -19.6 °C was recorded in Shawbury, Shropshire.[35] Heathrow airport continued to be affected with only 20 flights from a scheduled 1300 taking off.[36] Heavy snow affected North East England, with 10–15 cm in south Northumberland.

20 December

A minimum temperature of -17.6 °C was recorded at Castlederg, a new record for Northern Ireland and -19.6 °C was recorded at Chesham, Buckinghamshire.[36] Heavy snow fall was also reported over large parts of Devon causing major travel disruption.[37]

21 December

Bretch Hill and Dover Avenue children’s play park in on 21 December 2010.

Dublin Airport and City of Derry Airport were forced to fully close, 15 cm (6 inches) of snow was recorded at Dublin Airport.[38] The band of snow dumped several more centimeters over an area stretching from North Wales, through parts of Cheshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire and into the West Midlands by the morning of the 22nd.

23 December

Only three days after breaking the record minimum for Northern Ireland, Castlederg broke the record again with a low of -18.7 °C.[39] Meanwhile, further snow showers affected North East England, but fresh accumulations only reached around 5 cm.

24 December

On the 24th, it was decided to cancel the 27th IRFU's Magners League meeting with Leinster as Ulster's Ravenhill pitch froze under heavy snow. Both northern and southern Ireland were under heavy snow.[40] Bitterly cold with thick snow fall in many places, and scattered, mainly light snow showers in the North and East. Later in the day, a band of more persistent and heavy snow reached northern and western Scotland, resulting in further accumulations of several cm of snow. 63 cm of lying snow was reported at Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

25 December

Snow covering Pontprennau, Cardiff, Wales, 25 December 2010
A very heavy frost deposit (over 1 cm thick) on privet (and adult index finger for scale), deposited overnight 25–26 December 2010

Snow fell in many parts of Scotland giving the country two consecutive White Christmases. Venus well elongated as a morning star provided a bright Christmas star. It was also the coldest Christmas Day, with a CET of -5.9 °C, since Christmas Day 1830.

The Republic of Ireland's lowest-ever December temperature on record was recorded on this date. The mercury plummeted to -17.5 °C at Straide, County Mayo.

27 centimetres of lying snow are recorded at Casement Aerodrome weather station in Dublin.

28 December

Thousands of homes and businesses in Northern Ireland and Wales were without water as melting snow and ice revealed many burst pipes. Northern Ireland Water said it was alternating supplies from reservoirs in order to help alleviate the crisis in which some properties had been without supplies since before Christmas.[41]

January 2011

January again was colder than average across the UK, though much milder than December, with a mean temperature across the UK of 3.1 °C.[42] In contrast to December, it was dry across most of the country (except South East England which was wetter than average[43]). It had more frost than average across most of the UK.[44] However, freezing rain caused disruption in Shropshire, and Greater Manchester experienced heavy overnight snow which affected travel on the morning of the 4th.[45] and snow fell in the West Midlands and parts of Wales, Cheshire and Lancashire on 7 January.[46]

Welsh flood warnings stay in place in four areas, with roads closed after heavy bursts of rain affecting Conwy and Gwynedd. By 15.55 GMT, there were four flood warnings and six flood alerts 16 January 2011.[47]

February 2011

February was a mild month (the 9th mildest in the last 100 years[48]) with very little frost and much of the country having its first snow-free February since 1998. The only significant wintry weather came on the 18th-21st when some overnight dustings of snow fell as far south as the Midlands.

March 2011

Heavy snow once again started to cover parts of Scotland, affecting travel from 9 March,[49] with fresh snowfalls bringing more travel disruption on 12 March.[50] Persistent snow affected much of the Highlands of Scotland during the 12th-13th of the month, with reports of 40 cm of lying snow near Fort William and 60 cm of lying snow to the north of Aviemore, with severe drifting.[51]

December 2010 temperatures

The epicentre of the cold wave was seen in December, as seen in the station data from Met Office. All data is sourced from the two sources below with the averages being the official 1981–2010 climate normals.[52] [53] Inclusion is limited to stations that had average nights below freezing, in effect everywhere except ultra-maritime stations such as Camborne and Tiree.

City Country/Island December avg high December avg low December 2010 high December 2010 low
Armagh  Northern Ireland 7.7 °C (45.9 °F) 2.1 °C (35.8 °F) 3.0 °C (37.4 °F) −3.8 °C (25.2 °F)
Bradford  England 6.8 °C (44.2 °F) 1.7 °C (35.1 °F) 2.3 °C (36.1 °F) −3.7 °C (25.3 °F)
Braemar  Scotland 4.6 °C (40.3 °F) −1.5 °C (29.3 °F) 0.8 °C (33.4 °F) −8.1 °C (17.4 °F)
Cambridge  England 7.5 °C (45.5 °F) 1.9 °C (35.4 °F) 2.8 °C (37.0 °F) −2.7 °C (27.1 °F)
Cardiff  Wales 8.7 °C (47.7 °F) 2.6 °C (36.7 °F) 3.9 °C (39.0 °F) −3.4 °C (25.9 °F)
Durham  England 6.7 °C (44.1 °F) 1.1 °C (34.0 °F) 2.7 °C (36.9 °F) −3.4 °C (25.9 °F)
Eastbourne  England 8.9 °C (48.0 °F) 4.3 °C (39.7 °F) 4.8 °C (40.6 °F) −0.5 °C (31.1 °F)
Eskdalemuir  Scotland 5.2 °C (41.4 °F) −0.6 °C (30.9 °F) 1.4 °C (34.5 °F) −6.8 °C (19.8 °F)
Glasgow  Scotland 6.9 °C (44.4 °F) 1.7 °C (35.1 °F) 1.6 °C (34.9 °F) −4.4 °C (24.1 °F)
Lerwick  Shetland 6.3 °C (43.3 °F) 2.2 °C (36.0 °F) 3.7 °C (38.7 °F) −1.2 °C (29.8 °F)
Leuchars  Scotland 6.7 °C (44.1 °F) 0.6 °C (33.1 °F) 2.3 °C (36.1 °F) −4.1 °C (24.6 °F)
London  England 8.3 °C (46.9 °F) 2.7 °C (36.9 °F) 3.9 °C (39.0 °F) −1.5 °C (29.3 °F)
Nairn  Scotland 6.9 °C (44.4 °F) 1.0 °C (33.8 °F) 3.3 °C (37.9 °F) −3.7 °C (25.3 °F)
Oxford  England 7.7 °C (45.9 °F) 2.3 °C (36.1 °F) 2.7 °C (36.9 °F) −2.2 °C (28.0 °F)
Shawbury  England 7.2 °C (45.0 °F) 0.9 °C (33.6 °F) 2.0 °C (35.6 °F) −5.9 °C (21.4 °F)
Sheffield  England 6.9 °C (44.4 °F) 2.3 °C (36.1 °F) 2.7 °C (36.9 °F) −1.9 °C (28.6 °F)
Stornoway  Scotland 7.6 °C (45.7 °F) 2.7 °C (36.9 °F) 5.1 °C (41.2 °F) −0.7 °C (30.7 °F)
Sutton Bonington  England 7.3 °C (45.1 °F) 1.7 °C (35.1 °F) 2.4 °C (36.3 °F) −4.0 °C (24.8 °F)
Wick  Scotland 6.7 °C (44.1 °F) 1.7 °C (35.1 °F) 3.5 °C (38.3 °F) −2.9 °C (26.8 °F)
Yeovilton  England 8.6 °C (47.5 °F) 1.8 °C (35.2 °F) 3.5 °C (38.3 °F) −4.5 °C (23.9 °F)

Weather statistics and records

In the UK it was the coldest December ever, since Met Office records began in 1910, with a mean temperature of -1 °C. It broke the previous record of 0.1 °C in December 1981.

December 2010 has the lowest CET, -0.7 °C,[54] since a CET of -1.1 °C was recorded for February 1986. December 2010 can also be confirmed to be the coldest December for 120 years, since a monthly CET of -0.8 °C was recorded for December 1890 and the second-coldest December since records began in 1659. Probably the most notable record of the winter is the new all-time record low for Northern Ireland, of -18.7 °C recorded on 23 December at Castlederg, County Tyrone. In addition, all of these sites recorded their all-time record lows since recording began, this winter:[55]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Climate summaries". Met Office. 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
  2. ↑ http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcet/mly_cet_mean_sort.txt
  3. ↑ A.Maidens, A. Arribas, A.A. Scaife, C. MacLachlan, D. Peterson, and J. Knight. "The Influence of Surface Forcings on Prediction of the North Atlantic Oscillation Regime of Winter 2010/11". American Meteorological Society. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-13-00033.1.
  4. ↑ Bingham, John (30 November 2010). "'No let-up' for blizzard Britain as snow heads south". The Daily Telegraph. London.
  5. ↑ Helen Carter. "Two Cumbria pensioners found dead in their frozen gardens | UK news". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
  6. ↑ "Families pay tribute to women killed in A595 crash". Cumbria.police.uk. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
  7. ↑ "Man's body found in snow at Cleethorpes caravan park". BBC News. 2010-12-06. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
  8. ↑ "UK Drivers Continue To Face The Freeze - UK Broadcast Film and Television News". 4rftv.co.uk. 6 December 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Corbishley, Christopher (18 December 2010). "Coldest December on record puts brakes on start of the big getaway". The Independent. London.
  10. 1 2 "Dad dies in frozen lake plunge while walking dog". Mirror.co.uk. 20 December 2010.
  11. ↑ "Gardaí investigate Cork sledding accident". RTÉ.ie. 19 December 2010.
  12. ↑ "Investigation into fatal Louth car crash". RTÉ.ie. 19 December 2010.
  13. ↑ "Man found at Bangor park died from hypothermia". BBC News. 23 December 2010.
  14. 1 2 Wallop, Harry (22 December 2010). "UK snow: bad weather costing economy £1bn a day". London: Telegraph.co.uk.
  15. 1 2 Brown, Jonathan (20 December 2010). "Economy feels chill as UK grinds to a halt". London: Independent.co.uk.
  16. ↑ Brown, Angie (1 December 2010). "Forth Road Bridge reopens after 'unprecedented' snow". BBC News Edinburgh, East & Fife. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
  17. ↑ "Drivers stranded on A57 after heavy snowfall". BBC News South Yorkshire. 1 December 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
  18. ↑ "M8 motorway in Scotland reopens after big freeze". BBC News Scotland. 8 December 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
  19. ↑ "Thousands of passengers stranded as power failure closes East Coast Main Line 'indefinitely'". London: Daily Mail. 20 December 2010.
  20. ↑ "Holiday plane overshoots landing at Newcastle Airport". BBC News. 2010-11-26. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
  21. ↑ "Snow shuts nearly 7,000 schools across the UK". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
  22. ↑ "The big chill: Your stories of UK snow". BBC News. 28 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  23. ↑ "UK On Snow Alert: Severe Weather Warnings In Place For Most Of UK With Heavy Snow Forecast | UK News | Sky News". News.sky.com. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 "Snow hits West Midlands « Express & Star". Expressandstar.com. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Cormac Murphy (27 November 2010). "and it's Novembrrr as snow blankets the city". Herald.ie. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  26. ↑ "Snow and ice predicted for Scotland and Northern England". BBC News. 27 November 2010.
  27. 1 2 3 4 Harrison, David (27 November 2010). "Big freeze causes chaos on the roads". The Daily Telegraph. London.
  28. ↑ "UK CLIMATE". Hadobs.metoffice.com. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
  29. ↑ "Records tumble as winter tightens its grip". BBC.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
  30. ↑ "In pictures: Snow in December 2010". BBC News. 1 December 2010.
  31. ↑ "Winter temperature records tumble across Yorkshire". BBC.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
  32. ↑ "Transport minister resigns over Scotland's snow chaos". London: Guardian.co.uk. 11 December 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
  33. ↑ "PWS - Station Observations for IV274DH". Pwsweather.com. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  34. ↑ "Gatwick Airport reopens but flights still cancelled". BBC News. 18 December 2010.
  35. ↑ Ingham, John. "Now grit is running out | UK | News". Daily Express. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  36. 1 2 "Snow causes travel chaos, as temperatures fall to minus 20c". Channel4.com. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
  37. ↑ "Heavy snow causes major disruption across Devon,". bb.co.uk. 20 December 2010. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
  38. ↑ "Dublin Airport closed until Wednesday morning". RTÉ News. 21 December 2010.
  39. ↑ "Record low temperature of -18.7 for NI". BBC.co.uk. 27 December 2010.
  40. ↑ "Humphreys to miss Leinster contest". The Irish Times.
  41. ↑ "Water chaos affects thousands in Northern Ireland". BBC News. BBC. 28 December 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  42. ↑ "Regional values - January 2011". Met Office. 13 June 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  43. ↑ "UK climate: January 2011". Met Office. 19 November 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  44. ↑ "UK climate - Anomalies". Met Office. 2011-08-31. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
  45. ↑ "Icy New Year begins with spate of car crashes « Shropshire Star". Shropshirestar.com. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
  46. ↑ "The Midlands - Cold Spell Discussion Part 20 - Page 16 - Weather Discussion and Chat - Netweather Community Forums". Forum.netweather.tv. 7 January 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  47. ↑ "BBC News - Flooding closes roads in Conwy and Powys". Bbc.co.uk. 16 January 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  48. ↑ "UK climate: February 2011". Met Office. 19 November 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  49. ↑ "Spring snow fall covers Highlands and Islands". BBC News. BBC Online. 9 March 2011. Heavy snow has hit many parts of the Highlands and has led to disruption at Inverness Airport. ... In the Borders, the A68 and A7 had been affected by snow along with higher routes in Berwickshire.
  50. ↑ "Scotland hit by fresh snowfalls". BBC News. BBC Online. 12 March 2011. Heavy snow has covered much of Scotland as Arctic conditions returned to the country. ... Freezing conditions caused disruption to roads, with routes in Stirling, Perth and the Highlands affected.
  51. ↑
  52. ↑ "United Kingdom climate information". Met Office. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  53. ↑ "Historic station data for the United Kingdom". Met Office. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  54. ↑ "Met Office Hadley Centre observations datasets". Hadobs.metoffice.com. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  55. ↑ "Climate United Kingdom - Historical weather records". Tutiempo.net. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  56. ↑ "Day temperatures in Carlisle hit record low". BBC News. 9 December 2010.
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