Frederick VI of Denmark

Frederick VI

Portrait by Hans Hansen, 1824
King of Denmark (more...)
Reign 13 March 1808 – 3 December 1839
Coronation 31 July 1815
Frederiksborg Palace Chapel
Predecessor Christian VII
Successor Christian VIII
King of Norway
Reign 13 March 1808 – 17 May 1814
Predecessor Christian VII
Successor Christian Frederick
Born (1768-01-28)28 January 1768
Christiansborg Palace, Copenhagen
Died 3 December 1839(1839-12-03) (aged 71)
Amalienborg Palace, Copenhagen
Burial Roskilde Cathedral
Consort Marie of Hesse-Kassel
Issue Caroline, Hereditary Princess of Denmark
Vilhelmine, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
House Oldenburg
Father Christian VII of Denmark
Mother Caroline Matilda of Great Britain
Religion Lutheranism

Frederick VI (Danish and Norwegian: Frederik; 28 January 1768 – 3 December 1839) was King of Denmark from 13 March 1808 to 3 December 1839 and King of Norway from 13 March 1808 to 7 February 1814. From 1784 until his accession, he served as regent during his father's mental illness and was referred to as the "Crown Prince Regent" (kronprinsregent). For his motto he chose God and the just cause (Danish: Gud og den retfærdige sag) and since the time of his reign, succeeding Danish monarchs have also chosen mottos in the Danish language rather than the formerly customary Latin.[1][2]

Early life

The newborn prince with his mother Queen Caroline Matilda

Frederick was born at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen. Frederick belonged to the House of Oldenburg. His parents were King Christian VII and Caroline Matilda of Great Britain. He was born after 15 months of marriage, just a day before his father's 19th birthday, when his mother was 16. As the eldest son of the ruling king, he automatically became crown prince at birth. On 30 January of the same year, he was baptised at Christiansborg Palace by Ludvig Harboe, Bishop of Zealand. His godparents were King Christian VII (his father), the dowager queen Juliana Maria (his step-grandmother) and his half-uncle, Hereditary Prince Frederick (Arveprins Frederik).[3][4]

His father suffered from serious psychological problems, including suspected schizophrenia expressed by catatonic periods which resulted in the king ceding power to his doctor, Johann Friedrich Struensee. From 1770 to 1772, Struensee was de facto regent and lover of Caroline Matilda, Frederick's mother. Both were ideologically influenced by Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire and Jean Jacques Rousseau. While Struensee was in power, young Frederick was raised at Hirschholm Palace following the educational approach advocated by Rousseau in his famous work Émile. Instead of receiving direct instruction, Frederick was expected to learn everything through his own efforts through playing with two commoner boys as per Struensee's instructions.[5]

On 8 January 1772, after the revolt against Struensee, Frederick's 18-year-old half-uncle Hereditary Prince Frederick was made regent. The real power, however, was held by Hereditary Prince Frederick's mother (Crown Prince Frederick's step-grandmother), Queen Dowager Juliana Maria, aided by Ove Høegh-Guldberg. Finally, on 14 April 1784, the crown prince Frederick VI was declared of legal majority; he proceeded to seize and exercise the full powers of the regency, dismissing the ministers loyal to the Queen Dowager. It is said that during the coup, he engaged in a fistfight with his half-uncle over the regency. He continued as regent of Denmark under his father's name until the latter's death in 1808.[6]

19-year-old Crown Prince Frederick, surrounded by his staff. In the background Frederiksberg Palace. Painted by Christian August Lorentzen.

Crown prince's regency

During the regency, Frederick instituted widespread liberal reforms with the assistance of Chief Minister Andreas Peter Bernstorff, including the abolition of serfdom in 1788. Crises encountered during his reign include disagreement with the British over neutral shipping. This resulted in two British attacks on Copenhagen, the Battle of Copenhagen of 1801 and the Battle of Copenhagen of 1807. The conflict continued in the Gunboat War between Denmark-Norway and the United Kingdom, which lasted until the Treaty of Kiel in 1814. [7]

There was speculation that he was to marry a Prussian princess, a choice supported by his step-grandmother Juliana Maria and her brother-in-law Frederick the Great. To show his independence from advisors, he personally selected his first-cousin Marie Sophie of Hesse-Kassel, a member of a German family with close marriage links with the royal families of both Denmark and Great Britain. They married in Gottorp on 31 July 1790 and had eight children. Their eldest daughter, Princess Caroline married her father’s first cousin, Ferdinand, Hereditary Prince of Denmark. The youngest, Princess Wilhelmine, became the wife of the future Frederick VII of Denmark. None of Frederick VI's sons survived infancy and when he died, he was succeeded by his cousin Christian VIII of Denmark, the son of his half-uncle Prince Frederick.[8]

The anointment of King Frederick VI at Frederiksborg Palace on 31 July 1815. The ceremony was postponed due to the Napoleonic Wars.
Frederik VI by Christoph Wilhelm Wohlien, after a portrait by
Friedrich Carl Gröger

King of Denmark and loss of Norway

Frederick became King of Denmark on 13 March 1808. When the throne of Sweden seemed likely to become vacant in 1809, Frederick was interested in being elected there as well. Frederick actually was the first monarch of Denmark and Norway to descend from Gustav I of Sweden, who had secured Sweden's independence in 1520s after the period of the Kalmar Union with other Scandinavian countries. However, Frederick's brother-in-law, Prince Christian Augustus of Augustenborg, was first elected to the throne of Sweden, followed by the French Marshal Bernadotte. [9]

During the Napoleonic Wars, he tried to maintain Danish neutrality, however after the British bombardment of Copenhagen, he was forced to ally Denmark with Napoleon.[10] After the French defeat in Russia in 1812, the Allies again asked him to change sides but he refused. Many Danish historians portray the king as stubborn, incompetent, and motivated by a misconceived loyalty towards Napoleon. However some historians in recent years have provided a different interpretation that sheds a better light on the king. He stayed with Napoleon in order to protect the exposed situation of Norway, which was dependent on grain imports and had become the target of Swedish territorial ambitions. He expected the wars would end with a great international conference in which Napoleon would have a major voice, and would help protect Denmark's interests, especially in Norway.[11] [12]

After the French defeat in the Napoleonic Wars in 1814 and the loss of Norway by Denmark, Frederick VI carried through an authoritarian and reactionary course, giving up the liberal ideas of his years as a prince regent. Censorship and suppression of all opposition together with the poor state of the country's economy made this period of his reign somewhat gloomy, though the king himself in general maintained his position of a well-meaning autocrat. From the 1830s the economic depression was eased a bit and from 1834 the king reluctantly accepted a small democratic innovation by the creation of the Assemblies of the Estate (purely consultative regional assemblies); this had the unintended result of later exacerbating relations between Danes and Germans in Schleswig, whose regional assembly became a forum for constant bickering between the two national groups.[13]

Bust of Frederick VI, modelled by Bertel Thorvaldsen

Later life

Frederick VI was known as a patron of astronomy and in 1832 offered gold medal prizes to anyone who discovered a comet using a telescope. His successors continued this until 1850. The prize was terminated in the aftermath of the First War of Schleswig. After the discovery of the Haraldskær Woman in a peat bog in Jutland in the year 1835, Frederick VI ordered a royal interment in an elaborately carved sarcophagus for the Iron Age mummy, decreeing it to be the body of Queen Gunnhild. Later this identification proved incorrect, but the action suited his political agenda at the time.[14]

Frederik VI died at the age of 71 at Amalienborg Palace and was buried in Frederick V's chapel in Roskilde Cathedral. Frederick reigned over Denmark for a total of 55 years; 24 years as crown prince regent and 31 years as king. He was the 894th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Spain and the 654th Knight of the Order of the Garter in 1822. The Royal Frederick University (now University of Oslo) in Oslo was named in his honour.

Frederik VI and Queen Marie with Princesses Caroline and Vilhelmine

Descendants

The only surviving children of Frederick VI and Marie of Hesse-Kassel were two of their daughters. Their children were:

By his mistress Frederikke Dannemand (Bente Mortensdatter Andersen (Rafsted)),[15] King Frederick VI had the following children:[16]

Ancestry

References

  1. ↑ "British Survey Handbooks, Denmark". Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  2. ↑ "kronprinsregent". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
  3. ↑ "Kongelig fødsel og dåb - om kirkebøgerne - fra Dansk Historisk Fællesråd". historie-online.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 2013-02-18.
  4. ↑ Magne Njåstad. "Arveprins Frederik". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  5. ↑ Magne Njåstad. "Johann Friedrich Struensee". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  6. ↑ Magne Njåstad. "Ove Høegh-Guldberg". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  7. ↑ Magne Njåstad. "Flåteranet i 1807". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  8. ↑ "Frederick VI of Denmark". European Royal History. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  9. ↑ Knut Dørum. "Frederik 6". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  10. ↑ A. N. Ryan, "The Causes of the British Attack upon Copenhagen in 1807." English Historical Review (1953): 37-55. in JSTOR
  11. ↑ Michael Bregnsbo, "The motives behind the foreign political decisions of Frederick VI during the Napoleonic Wars," Scandinavian Journal of History (2014) 39#3 pp 335-352
  12. ↑ Magne Njåstad. "Norge under Napoleonskrigene". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  13. ↑ Jon Gunnar Arntzen. "Frederik 6". Norsk biografisk leksikon. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  14. ↑ "Haraldskaer Woman" (PDF). Archaeological Institute of America. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  15. ↑ "Kong Frederik VI". Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  16. ↑ "Frederick VI, King of Denmark". Retrieved 21 December 2015.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frederick VI of Denmark.
Frederick VI
Born: January 28 1768 Died: December 3 1839
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Christian VII		 King of Norway
1808–1814 		Succeeded by
Christian VIII
King of Denmark
Duke of Holstein and Schleswig
1808–1839
Vacant Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
1814–1839
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