Relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma

Aerial view of Futenma Air Base

There have been various plans for the relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma, a United States Marine Corps base located within the urban area of Ginowan City (pop. 93,661) in Okinawa, Japan.[1][2] Early plans proposed to move the base off the island of Okinawa and later proposals specified within the island.

Local opposition within Okinawa regarding the facility has so far hindered efforts to begin construction. As of August 2015, the Japanese government had agreed to halt construction activities temporarily while talks with Okinawan officials continued.[3] Still, US sources insisted nothing about their approach had changed.[4]

In October 2015, despite strong opposition in Okinawa, the Japanese central government began work to build the base in the Henoko Bay, in Nago. The issue has been taken to court by both parties in November 2015[5] and December 2015.[6]

Protest meeting against the base, in Ginowan, November 2009

General controversy

Okinawa prefecture constitutes 0.6% of Japan's land surface,[7] yet as of 2006, 75% of all USFJ bases were located on Okinawa, and U.S. military bases occupied 18% of the main island.[8]

There is local opposition in Okinawa to the construction of a new base, more than 76 per cent of the population having expressed their opposition to a relocation in Henoko.[9][10]

In November 2014 Takeshi Onaga, who had run for election on an anti-base platform, was elected Governor of Okinawa.[11][12] His predecessor and main opponent in the gubernatorial race, Hirokazu Nakaima, had previously opposed the relocation plans himself too; but 11 months before the 2014 election, Nakaima approved a landfill permit allowing the relocation plans to progress, two days after Tokyo earmarked 348 billion yen for Okinawa's economic development.[13][14]

One of Japan's most popular filmmakers, Hayao Miyazaki, publicly spoke out in July 2015 against the facility when he argued that most Okinawans are against it.[4]

In July 15, 2015's daily press briefing at the White House, US Navy Admiral John Kirby said in regards to opposition: "Construction of the facility is the meaningful result of many years of sustained work between the United States and Japan, and our understanding is that construction’s going to continue. This is something we’ve talked at length about with the Government of Japan. Certainly I’ve seen the reports and understand some of the angst by people in Okinawa, but nothing’s changed about our approach or our policies with respect to that facility. We have, through many different fora, consistently talked about the importance of this relocation and the degrees to which it helps strengthen our alliance with Japan."[4]

Stages

Henoko Bay plan

1996-1997

Nago, Okinawa Island.

In December 1996, as part of the Defense Policy Review Initiative (DPRI), the Japanese and U.S. governments decided that the Futenma base should be relocated to an off-shore location in the Oura Bay of Henoko (Ourawan in Japanese; often called Henoko Bay), in Nago, a relatively less populated aera of the northern part of the island, 'in order to reduce military impact to the populated communities of southern Okinawa'.[15]

This was and remains a controversial decision, since the projected site involved construction on a coral reef[16] and seagrass beds inhabited by the dugong,[17][18][19] an endangered marine mammal protected under Japanese law and U.S. law.[20] In October 2015, The Japan Times mentioned that 'two members of a governmental panel monitoring the environmental impact of the Futenma base relocation within Okinawa Prefecture (had) admitted to accepting donations from contractors involved.'[21]

In a non-binding referendum conducted in December 1997, the majority of Nago residents voted against the Henoko relocation plan.[22] However, a few days later on December 24, Nago Mayor Tetuya Higa ignored the referendum results and accepted the relocation plan, resigned, and moved to Tokyo.[23][24] The next year Tateo Kishimoto was elected mayor of Nago and tried to find compromises regarding the relocation.[25] So did his successor Yoshikazu Shimabukuro, at a time when the Prefecture Governor, Masahide Ota, was opposed to the Henoko relocation. The next mayor too, Susumu Inamine, was opposed to it and he was elected twice with a high margin on an anti-base agenda.[25]

2013-current

The Henoko Bay plan was reactivated in 2013 by the U.S. and Japanese governments after other projects were abandoned (see below).

Posters opposing the base relocation in Henoko (Henoko, Nago, 2013)

The Japanese central government began work on October 29, 2015 to build the base in the Henoko coastal area of Nago, to replace the Futenma Air Station, despite strong opposition among Okinawans and political and legal action initiated by Governor Takeshi Onaga, who insisted the relocation was 'extremely unjust'.[26]

The opposition to the relocation has received notable support outside of Okinawa, including those of animation film maker Hayao Miyazaki,[27] who will help 'a fund set up to oppose the relocation', of Nobel Prize Kenzaburo Oe[28] and of musician Ryuichi Sakamoto. The latter, whose October 2015 single is a charity work in favor of the Henoko Fund,[29] is "a critic of the national security legislation enacted (in September 2015) (and) said the issue of the heavy U.S. military presence on Okinawa and the contentious security laws share the same root."[30]

Greenpeace too gathered signatures of people from 164 countries, in a call for the relocation to be stopped and the coral reef and dugong habitat preserved.[31]

In November 2015, the Asahi Shimbun called Japanese Government agenda on the matter an 'obsession'.[32]

In December 2015, a group of 70 American personalities, including the filmmaker Oliver Stone, criticized the U.S. Ambassador to Japan, Caroline Kennedy, for the support she expressed to the contentious U.S.-Japan relocation plan.[33]

In June 2016, massive protests took place after the rape and murder of an Okinawan woman by an American base staff member: 'The incidents seem certain to complicate efforts to relocate a Marine air base at Okinawa, to a less densely populated part of the island. Onaga and a majority of Okinawa residents want the base moved off the island.', commmented USA Today.[34][35]

Camp Schwab plan (2005-2006)

On 26 October 2005, the governments of the United States and Japan agreed to move the relocation site for Futenma from the reef area off Henoko to the interior and coastal portions of the existing Marine base at Camp Schwab, just a few hundred meters away from the previously-planned offshore facility.[36][37] One of the cited reasons for the change was to reduce the engineering challenge associated with building a runway on reefs in deep water: experts estimate that rather than the 15-plus years required to construct a new airbase at the previous reef location, the Camp Schwab plan will enable Futenma to be relocated sooner.[38] These plans were also accelerated when a CH-53D Sea Stallion transport helicopter experienced mechanical issues and crashed on the campus of Okinawa International University in August 2004: all three crew members were injured but there were not civilian injuries.[39]

Camp Schwab and the Henoko Cape, 2013

The mayor of Nago, which hosts Camp Schwab, formally agreed to accept the relocation when he signed an agreement with Defense Minister Nukaga on 8 April 2006.[40] Mayor Shimabukuro was later joined by all five of the major mayors of northern Okinawa. Although some all-Okinawa public opinion polls indicated that majority of Okinawans wish the based moved out of the prefecture entirely,[41] all 12 elected mayors of northern Okinawa publicly accepted the new relocation plan, exposing a range of conflicting opinions among Okinawans: those who maintain that military facilities and associated public works infrastructure benefit the island's economy, environmentalists, and those who either object or are critical to the U.S. military presence on ideological grounds or on rooted sentiments.[15][38][41][42]

The relocation plans again gained national attention in 2009 when the Democratic Party of Japan included a promise to move Futenma off the island in its manifesto. After winning the election, Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama found the promise hard to honor and resigned after only eight months in office when it was confirmed that the base would not move off Okinawa.[43] At one point in 2009, Osaka Prefecture governor Toru Hashimoto even publicly proposed moving the base's functions to Osaka's Kansai International Airport (which is on an artificial island), remarking that "the burden [of bases on Okinawa] should be spread more evenly throughout Japan."[44]

Susumu Inamine, the mayor of Nago city elected on 24 January 2010, and reelected again on 19 January 2013, is against the Henoko relocation plan and argued for the relocation of Futenma outside of Okinawa.[45] The local assembly of Nago voted against the relocation plan, and the prefectural assembly of Okinawa also formally asked the prime minister to move the base out of the prefecture.[46] On 17 May 2010, the anniversary of the reversion of Okinawa to Japan, an estimated 17,000 Okinawans encircled the base in protest.[47] This was the fifth time such an action took place.[48]

Guam and Okinawa plan (2011-2012)

In 2011, the chairman and ranking member of the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services called for an alternative plan where Futenma aircraft would move to Kadena Air Base while the current aircraft at Kadena would move to Andersen Air Force Base.[49] However, US and Japan governments remained with the relocation plan as previously agreed[50] and the fate of Futenma remained unresolved through early 2012, with the U.S. insisting that the Marine Corps' aviation elements be kept on the island while the Okinawa Prefectural government and Nago City government would like the base moved off the island.[51] The US alleged that the aviation elements should be in close proximity to the ground and logistics elements of the Marine Air Ground Task Force, and the Japanese government of the time maintained the plan to keep the replacement airbase within Okinawa.

The US and Japan delinked the relocation of Futenma from plans to decrease the number of Marines stationed on Okinawa under a troop redeployment agreement in April 2012.[52] Under the terms of the new U.S.-Japan agreement, 5,000 U.S. Marines were to be relocated to Guam and 4,000 U.S. Marines to other Pacific locations such as Hawaii or Australia, while some 10,000 Marines would remain on Okinawa.[52][53][54][55][56][57][58] No timetable for the Marines redeployment was announced, but the Washington Post reported that U.S. Marines would leave Futenma as soon as suitable facilities on Guam and elsewhere would be ready.[55] The relocation move was expected to cost 8.6 billion US Dollars[53] and included a $3.1 billion cash commitment from Japan for the move to Guam as well as for developing joint training ranges on Guam and on Tinian and Pagan in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.[52]

During this period, the US began to deploy Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey tilt rotor aircraft to Futenma in 2012, allowing the Marines (and the MV-22B Osprey aircraft) from Okinawa to train all along the length of Japan and around the entire Asia-Pacific region, with the Osprey's greatly increased speed, lift capabilities and range.[59]

"Okinawa Consolidation Plan" (2013-current)

(Recent updates about this plan are detailed in the Henoko Bay Plan section above)

In April 2013, the United States and Japan released an "Okinawa Consolidation Plan," which detailed more general positions of the 1996 DPRI and 2006 SACO plans, specifying 2,500 acres of land to be returned Japan. This included returning the entirety of MCAS Futenma by "Japanese Fiscal Year 2022 or later" once the "replacement facilities in Okinawa are provided." As part of the original DPRI plan, Futenma's KC-130J 'Super Hercules' refueling transport squadron moved to MCAS Iwakuni on mainland Japan in July 2014.[60] The plan also included, as in previous plans, moving Marine Corps airfield facilities to Camp Schwab at Henoko.[61] The proposed location within Camp Schwab is insulated from potential protesters, unlike the previous proposed location in Henoko Bay where local civilians were able to enter the survey area.[62]

In December 2013, Okinawa Governor Hirokazu Nakaima approved a landfill proposal by the Japanese government to permit construction of new military facilities in Henoko, a move praised by the US.[13] The decision came two days after Tokyo earmarked 348 billion yen for Okinawa's economic development and despite earlier campaign promises by Nakaima to move the base outside of the prefecture all together.[14] Over 2,000 citizens responded immediately with a protest in front of the prefectural administration building, with around 1,000 forcing their way into the building to stage a sit-in.[14][63] The head of the Nago municipal assembly responded that "what the governor has done is unforgivable. Residents who are opposed will surely resort to the use of force, such as blocking roads to stop this from happening."[64] The Okinawa prefectural assembly adopted a resolution by a 24-21 vote calling for Nakaima's resignation, stating that he broke an election promise by agreeing to the move.[65]

Susumu Inamine, Mayor of Nago, where the new facility is to be built, opposed the plan, while Mayor Atsushi Sakima, of Ginowan where the current facility is located, supported the plan. Nago held a mayoral election in January 2014, in which Inamine's main rival, former Vice Mayor Bunshin Suematsu, supported the plan as "a significant step toward reducing the dangers posed by Futenma."[62] Inamine won the election and subsequently vowed to block any landfill plans in the city, but the national government said it would continue with the plan and that the authority to approve the plan rested at the time with the governor of Okinawa.[66]

Takeshi Onaga, running on an anti-base platform, won the November 2014 gubernatorial elections in Okinawa[11] promising to veto any landfill work needed for the new base to be built.[12] In March 2015, Onaga ordered a suspension of work on the new base,[67] and in August 2015 the Japanese government agreed to halt construction activities temporarily while talks with Okinawan officials continued.[3]

Recent alternative proposals

In November 2015, George Washington University professor Mike Mochizuki explained that 'an option of setting up a helicopter base at Marine Corps Camp Schwab in Nago can be considered instead of the current plan to build runways in the camp that would extend offshore'[68] 'The option was included in a 1996 report by the Special Action Committee on Okinawa between the two countries.', noted the Japan Times.

If 'in the past, Japanese officials in the ruling and opposition parties have (...) suggested Kyushu and Hokkaido as alternatives to Henoko', in November 2015 again, a group of citizens from Kansai (although the group being known as 'traditionally anti-base activists') called for Futenma’s replacement airstrip to be built in Osaka, in 'hope to lighten Okinawa’s base-hosting burden and prevent an escalation of violence.'[69]

See also

References

  1. ↑ City of Ginowan (2012). 平成23年版　宜野湾市統計書 [Statistics of Ginowan City, 2011 ed.] (in Japanese). Ginowan, Okinawa Prefecture. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
  2. ↑ United States Marine Corps (2012). 海兵隊普天間航空基地 [Marine Corps Air Station Futenma] (in Japanese). Retrieved 2012-05-25.
  3. 1 2 "US military helicopter crashes off Okinawa in Japan". BBC. 12 August 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 July 15, 2015 - JAPAN, Daily Press Briefing
  5. ↑ "Tokyo-Okinawa battle moving to court". The Asian Nikkei. November 2015.
  6. ↑ "Okinawa Sues State to Block Futenma Base Relocation". The Japan News. Retrieved 2015-12-26.
  7. ↑ "No home where the dugong roam". The Economist. October 27, 2005.
  8. ↑ 沖縄に所在する在日米軍施設・区域(Japanese), Japan Ministry of Defense
  9. ↑ Yoshida, Reiji (2015-04-07). "Poll finds overwhelming opposition in Okinawa to Futenma relocation plan". The Japan Times Online. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
  10. ↑ Shimoji, Yoshio (2011). "The Futenma Base and the U.S.-Japan Controversy: an Okinawan perspective". www.japanfocus.org. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  11. 1 2 "Okinawa US base move in doubt after governor elections". BBC. 16 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  12. 1 2 "U.S. base relocation opponent elected Okinawan governor". Japan Today. 17 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  13. 1 2 Wakatsuki, Yoko (27 December 2013). "U.S. Okinawa base will be allowed to move after 17-year deadlock". CNN. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  14. 1 2 3 Kiyoshi Takenaka (27 December 2013). "Japan gets Okinawa approval for U.S. Marine base move". Reuters. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
  15. 1 2 "Futenma mondai [普天間問題]". Gendai yōgo no kiso chishiki [現代用語の基礎知識] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Jiyū Kokuminsha. 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
  16. ↑ "NACSJ, Henoko site projection, 5 p." (PDF).
  17. ↑ "Endangered dugong spotted just east of Henoko site". The Japan Times Online. 2014-08-18. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
  18. ↑ "Environmental fears over US base plan in Okinawa - BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
  19. ↑ "Okinawa dugong". www.biologicaldiversity.org. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
  20. ↑ Egelko, Bob (5 August 2004). "Imperiled mammal threatened by plan for Okinawa base, Court in S.F. hears activists advocate applying U.S. labw". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 24 July 2006.
  21. ↑ "Futenma relocation panel experts admit taking payments from contractors". The Japan Times Online. 2015-10-20. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
  22. ↑ "Residents vote 'No' to heliport - Japanese report". BBC News. 21 December 1997. Retrieved 24 July 2006.
  23. ↑ 仲泊弘次「命を落とす覚悟」『普天間飛行場代替施設問題10年史』P52-53　北部地域振興協議会
  24. ↑ Johnston, Eric (2015-08-31). "No exit in sight from Futenma quagmire, where local resentment is deep". The Japan Times Online. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
  25. 1 2 "Asia Unbound » The Constancy of Contest with Okinawa". Council on Foreign Relations - Asia Unbound. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
  26. ↑ "Okinawa rebuffs state order on landfill work, court battle looms". The Japan Times Online. 2015-11-11. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
  27. ↑ "Fund set up to fight Futenma plan adds director Miyazaki to leadership". The Japan Times Online. 2015-05-08. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2015-11-14.
  28. ↑ "Kenzaburo Oe and 23 other artists and intellectuals release statement supporting governor's revocation of Henoko land reclamation permit". Ryukyu Shimpo - Okinawa, Japanese newspaper, local news. Retrieved 2015-11-14.
  29. ↑ ""Miruku Yugafu - Undercooled" Unaigumi + Ryuichi Sakamoto　｜　what's new｜　commmons". www.commmons.com. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  30. ↑ "Sakamoto to release single in effort to block U.S. base project in Okinawa". Asahi Shimbun. October 3, 2015. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
  31. ↑ "Greenpeace calls for Oura Bay to be made an ocean sanctuary". Ryukyu Shimpo - Okinawa, Japanese newspaper, local news. Retrieved 2015-11-17.
  32. ↑ "EDITORIAL: Despite Tokyo's obsession, Henoko is not the only option for U.S. air base - AJW by The Asahi Shimbun". AJW by The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
  33. ↑ "U.S. envoy to Japan faces criticism over Okinawa base remarks". The Japan Times Online. 2015-12-23. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2015-12-26.
  34. ↑ "Tens of thousands protest on Okinawa to close key U.S. bases in Japan".
  35. ↑ "One of biggest protests in 2 decades: Over 50,000 Okinawans gather for anti-US military rally".
  36. ↑ ABC News, 26 October 2005.
  37. ↑ BBC News, 26 October 2005.
  38. 1 2 Allen, David and Chiyomi Sumida, "Futenma questions and answers", Stars and Stripes, 27 November 2009.
  39. ↑ Allen, David (15 August 2004). "Helo crashes on Okinawa campus". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  40. ↑ Allen, David and Chiyomi Sumida (16 April 2006). "No accord yet on who pays to move Marines to Guam" (reprint in Leatherneck). Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 26 February 2008.
  41. 1 2 "Thousands of Japanese protest U.S. base plan", Reuters, 8 November 2009.
  42. ↑ Sief, Linda, (Reuters) "Q+A-Japan-U.S. base feud hits nerve ahead of Obama visit", Forbes, 25 October 2009.
  43. ↑ "Japanese PM Yukio Hatoyama resigns amid Okinawa row". BBC. 2 June 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
  44. ↑ Will the U.S. Marines charge ashore at Kansai airport?, Japan Today
  45. ↑ Kim, Dong-Jin (25 January 2010). 日 오키나와현 나고시장, 美기지 현외 이전파 당선. Segye Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved 27 January 2010.
  46. ↑ David Allen, "Okinawa assembly to formally ask for Futenma base to move off the island", Stars and Stripes Online Edition, Thursday, 25 February 2010
  47. ↑ David Allen and Chiyomi Sumida, "Okinawans encircle U.S. base", Stars and Stripes Pacific edition, Tuesday, 18 May 2010
  48. ↑ "'Human chain' around Futenma base", The Asahi Shimbun English Online Edition, Monday, 17 May 2010
  49. ↑ "Accountability report cites higher buildup cost; U.S. senators push alternative plan." Pacific Daily News, 26 May 2011.
  50. ↑ "Gavan McCormack, "Deception and Diplomacy: The US, Japan, and Okinawa 欺瞞と外交−−アメリカ、日本、沖縄 •Japanese text available"". www.japanfocus.org. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  51. ↑ "U.S. to Remove 9,000 Marines from Okinawa". Time. 27 April 2012. Archived from the original on April 29, 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  52. 1 2 3 "US agrees to Okinawa troop redeployment". Al Jazeera. 27 April 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  53. 1 2 Seales, Rebecca (27 April 2012). "End of an era: U.S. cuts back presence in Okinawa as 9,000 Marines prepare to move out". Daily Mail. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  54. ↑ Shanker, Thom (26 April 2012). "U.S. Agrees to Reduce Size of Force on Okinawa". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  55. 1 2 Greg Jaffe and Emily Heil (27 April 2012). "U.S. comes to agreement with Japan to move 9,000 Marines off Okinawa". The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  56. ↑ "Okinawa deal between US and Japan to move marines". BBC. 27 April 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  57. ↑ "U.S., Japan unveil revised plan for Okinawa". The Asahi Shimbun. 27 April 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  58. ↑ Quintana, Miguel (28 April 2012). "Japan Welcomes US Base Agreement". Voice of America. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  59. ↑ Takahashi, Kosuke. "US Marines eye Japan as a training yard." Asia Times, 23 June 2012.
  60. ↑ Natalie Rostran (15 July 2014). "VMGR-152 SUMOs begin transfer to MCAS Iwakuni". DVIDS. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  61. ↑ "Consolidation Plan for Facilities and Areas in Okinawa" (PDF). Department of Defense. April 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  62. 1 2 "Henoko prep work to start in Jan.". Yomiuri Shimbun. 28 December 2013. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  63. ↑ "Okinawa base foes protest governor's OK of offshore fill work for Futenma replacement". Japan Times. Kyodo. 27 December 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
  64. ↑ "Controversial US airbase in Okinawa gets green light". DW. 27 December 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
  65. ↑ "Okinawan governor faces revolt in assembly". AP. 13 January 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  66. ↑ Obe, Mitsuru (20 January 2014). "Tokyo Insists It Will Plow Ahead With Okinawa Base Relocation". Wall Street Journal Japan Real Time. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  67. ↑ "Okinawa Governor Orders a Halt to Work on U.S. Military Airfield". New York Times. 23 March 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  68. ↑ "U.S. professor proposes Nago chopper base without runways and Ospreys kept outside Okinawa". The Japan Times Online. 2015-11-19. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  69. ↑ Johnston, Eric (2015-11-22). "Osaka group preps Kansai solution to Futenma base row". The Japan Times Online. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2015-11-24.

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