Bay Area Rapid Transit

"BART" redirects here. For other uses, see BART (disambiguation).

Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART)

A Pittsburg / Bay Point bound train at Walnut Creek in July 2008.
Overview
Locale San Francisco Bay Area
Counties: Alameda, Contra Costa, San Francisco, and San Mateo
Transit type Rapid transit
Number of lines

6 lines

Number of stations 45
(plus 4 under construction, 9 planned/proposed)
Daily ridership 423,120 weekdays
207,539 Saturdays
151,562 Sundays
(FY 2015 average)[1]
Annual ridership 126.0 million (FY 2015)[1]
Chief executive Grace Crunican
Headquarters Kaiser Center
Oakland, California
Website Bay Area Rapid Transit
Operation
Began operation September 11, 1972 (1972-09-11)
Operator(s) San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District
Character Fully grade separated with at-grade, elevated and subway sections
Number of vehicles 662 total, with 535 in service;[2] excluding AGT fleet
Train length 4-10 cars[3] (710 feet (216 m) max)
3-cars (AGT)
Headway 15–20 mins (by line); 3–8 mins (between trains at busiest stations)
Technical
System length 104 mi (167 km) (rapid transit)[4]
3.2 mi (5.1 km) (AGT)[4]
Track gauge 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm)[4]
(Indian gauge)
Minimum radius of curvature 120 m (390 ft)
Electrification Third rail, 1,000 V DC[4][5]
Average speed 35 mph (56 km/h)[4]
Top speed 80 mph (130 km/h);[4] 70 mph (110 km/h)[6] during normal operations
System map
BART daytime system map

Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) is a public transportation system serving the San Francisco Bay Area. The rapid transit elevated and subway system connects San Francisco with cities in the East Bay and the northern portion of San Mateo County. BART's rapid transit system operates 5 routes on 104 miles (167 km) of track, with 44 stations in 4 counties, which are Alameda County, Contra Costa County, City and County of San Francisco, and San Mateo County. Additionally, BART operates a 3.2-mile (5.1 km) AGT line to the Oakland International Airport which adds a 45th station to the system. A further spur line under BART jurisdiction in eastern Contra Costa County will utilize other rail technologies. With an average of 423,120 weekday passengers and 126 million annual passengers in fiscal year 2015,[1] BART is the fifth-busiest heavy rail rapid transit system in the United States. The name is spoken as an acronym instead of an initialism; it is referred to as "Bart," unlike "B-A-R-T."

BART is operated by the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District, a special-purpose transit district that was formed in 1957 to cover Alameda County, Contra Costa County, and San Francisco County. BART had eventually begun to expand into San Mateo County, starting with the opening of Colma station in 1995, and eventually the extension to the San Francisco International Airport and the Millbrae Caltrain station in 2003.

BART combines the aesthetics and carrying capacity of a metro system with the logistics and pricing model of commuter rail. It is an alternative to highway transportation, especially to avoid traffic on the San Francisco Bay Bridge, which connects San Francisco to Oakland and the East Bay suburbs. As of 2016, the BART system is being expanded to San Jose with the consecutive Warm Springs and Silicon Valley BART extensions.

History

Development and origins

Some of the Bay Area Rapid Transit System's current coverage area was once served by an electrified streetcar and suburban train system called the Key System. This early 20th-century system once had regular trans-bay traffic across the lower deck of the Bay Bridge. By the mid-1950s, that system had been dismantled in favor of highway travel. A new rapid-transit system was proposed to take the place of the Key System during the late 1940s, and formal planning for it began in the 1950s.[7] Some funding was secured for the BART system in 1959,[8] and construction began a few years later. Passenger service began on September 11, 1972, initially just between MacArthur and Fremont.[9]

The new BART system was hailed as a major step forward in subway technology,[10] although questions were asked concerning the safety of the system[11] and the huge expenditures necessary for the construction of the network.[12] All nine Bay Area counties were involved in the planning and envisioned to be connected by BART.

Alameda County, Contra Costa County, and The City and County of San Francisco are the original counties that BART serves. Santa Clara County, San Mateo County, and Marin County were also intended to be part of the system. Santa Clara County Supervisors opted out in 1957, preferring instead to build expressways. In 1961, San Mateo County supervisors voted to leave BART, saying their voters would be paying taxes to carry mainly Santa Clara County residents.[13] Although Marin County originally voted in favor of BART participation at the 88% level, the district-wide tax base was weakened by the withdrawal of San Mateo County. Marin County withdrew in early 1962 because its marginal tax base could not adequately absorb its share of BART's projected cost. Another important factor in Marin's withdrawal was an engineering controversy over the feasibility of running trains across the Golden Gate Bridge.[14]

The extension of BART into Marin was forecast as late as three decades after the 1972 start. Initially, a lower level under the Golden Gate Bridge was preferred. In 1970, the Golden Gate Transportation Facilities Plan considered a tunnel under the Golden Gate[15] or a new bridge parallel to the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge[16] but neither of these plans was pursued.

Extensions were completed to Colma and Pittsburg/Bay Point in 1996, Dublin/Pleasanton in 1997, SFO and Milbrae in 2003,[17] and the automated guideway transit spur line that connects BART to Oakland International Airport in 2014.[18]

Modernization

Bay Area Rapid Transit
Legend
System diagram
 eBART Maintenance Yard 2018
 Antioch 2018
 Pittsburg Center 2018
eBART Transfer 2018
Pittsburg/Bay Point
 Diablo Range
 North Concord / Martinez
Richmond Maintenance Yard
Amtrak Richmond
Concord
 
Concord
El Cerrito del Norte
Train Yard
 
El Cerrito Plaza
Pleasant Hill / Contra Costa Centre
 Walnut Creek
North Berkeley
Lafayette
Downtown Berkeley
Orinda
Ashby
Berkeley Hills Tunnel
 Rockridge
MacArthur
southbound
transfer
19th St. Oakland
northbound
transfer
 12th St. Oakland City Center
Oakland Wye
 Lake Merritt
West Oakland
Fruitvale
Transbay Tube
Coliseum Amtrak transfer
Doolittle Car Barn proposed
San Francisco Ferry Building Embarcadero
Oakland Int'l Airport Oakland International Airport
Montgomery Street
San Leandro
Powell Street
Bay Fair transfer
Civic Center / UN Plaza
Castro Valley
San Leandro Hills
16th Street Mission
West Dublin / Pleasanton
24th Street Mission
Dublin / Pleasanton
Glen Park
Livermore proposed
 Hayward
transfer Balboa Park
South Hayward
 
Hayward
Daly City
Maintenance Complex
 
 Union City
Colma
Fremont
Colma Maintenance Yard
Lake Elizabeth tunnel
 Irvington proposed
South San Francisco
Warm Springs / South Fremont 2016
transfer San Bruno
Calaveras proposed
 Milpitas Santa Clara VTA 2017
San Francisco International Airport AirTrain (San Francisco International Airport) S.F. Int'l Airport
Berryessa 2017
Caltrain Millbrae
Alum Rock proposed
 Downtown San Jose proposed
 Diridon / Arena CaltrainSanta Clara VTAAmtrak proposed
 Santa Clara CaltrainAmtrak proposed
Santa Clara
Maintenance Facility
 proposed
5 ft 6 in gauge
third rail 1,000 V DC
Standard gauge DMU
eBART
Market Street Subway
upper level constructed for Muni Metro
Cable Liner AGT
Coliseum–Oakland International Airport

Since the mid-1990s, BART has been trying to modernize its system.[19] The fleet rehabilitation is part of this modernization; in 2009, fire alarms, fire sprinklers, yellow tactile platform edge domes, and cemented-mat rubber tiles were installed. The rough black tiles on the platform edge mark the location of the doorway of approaching trains, allowing passengers to wait at the right place to board. All faregates and ticket vending machines were replaced.

In 2007, BART stated its intention to improve non-peak (night and weekend) headways for each line to 15 minutes. The current 20-minute headways at these times is viewed as a psychological barrier to ridership.[20] In mid-2007, BART temporarily reversed its position stating that the shortened wait times would likely not happen due to a $900,000 state revenue budget shortfall. Nevertheless, BART eventually confirmed the implementation of the plan by January 2008.[21] Continued budgetary problems halted the expanded non-peak service and returned off-peak headways to 20 minutes in 2009.[22]

In 2008 BART announced that it would install solar power systems on the roofs of two yards and maintenance facilities in addition to car ports with rooftop solar panels at the Orinda station.[23] The board lamented not being able to install them at all stations but it stated that Orinda was the only station with enough sun for them to make money from the project.[23]

In 2012 The California Transportation Commission announced they would provide funding for expanding BART facilities, through the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority, in anticipation of the opening of the Silicon Valley Berryessa Extension. $50 million would go in part to improvements to the Hayward Maintenance Complex.[24]

Earthquake safety

A 2010 study[25] shows that along with some Bay Area freeways, some of BART's overhead structures could collapse in a major earthquake, which has a significant probability of occurring within three decades.[26] Seismic retrofiting has been carried out in recent years to address these deficiencies, especially in the Transbay Tube.

Extensions underway

Construction of eBART in Pittsburg and Antioch is underway as of 2016. The extension to Silicon Valley is under construction in Warm Springs, Milpitas, and Berryessa.

Expansion strategy and proposals

BART's current focus is on improving service and reliability in its core system (where density and ridership is highest), rather than extensions into far-flung suburbia. In 2007, these plans included: a line that would continue from the Transbay Terminal through the South-of-Market, northwards on Van Ness and terminating in western San Francisco along the Geary corridor, the Presidio, or North Beach; a line along the Interstate Highway 680 corridor; and a fourth set of rail tracks through Oakland.[27] However, BART maps still show a planned extension to Livermore, in the fringe of Alameda County, and the Antioch eBART extension is under construction.

Further expansion has been proposed, contingent upon the allocation of funding. This includes the second phase of the Silicon Valley extension to downtown San Jose and Santa Clara, the Livermore extension, and 'wBART': I-80/West Contra Costa Corridor (extension to Hercules); in addition, at least four infill stations such as Irvington and Calaveras have been proposed.[28]

As of 2013, long-range plans included a new four-bore Transbay Tube beneath San Francisco Bay that would run parallel and south of the existing tunnel and emerge at the Transbay Transit Terminal to connect to Caltrain and the future California High Speed Rail system. The four-bore tunnel would provide two tunnels for BART and two tunnels for conventional/high-speed rail. The BART system and conventional U.S. rail use different and incompatible rail gauges and different loading gauges.[4]

Infrastructure

Location of the third rail changes at the station. On the left side of the track in the distance is the emergency walkway — the third rail is across the track from this walkway.

The entirety of the system runs in exclusive right-of-way. BART's rapid transit revenue routes cover 104 miles (167 km) with 44 stations.[4] On the main lines, approximately 37 miles of lines run through underground sections with 23 miles on elevated tracks. The main system uses a 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) Indian gauge[4] and mostly ballastless track. Originally utilizing flat-edge rail and wheelsets with cylindrical treads, BART is now switching to conical tread to reduce the noise caused by flange/rail contact and loss of adhesion of one of the wheels on curves.[29] (A new spur line will utilize conventional 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge rail in the future.)

DC electric current at 1,000 volts is delivered to the trains over a third rail.[5] In stations the third rail is on the side away from the passenger platform, except the middle platform at the San Francisco International Airport station. This reduces the danger of a passenger falling on the third rail or stepping on it to climb back to the platform after falling off. On ground-level tracks, the third rail alternates from one side of the track to the other, providing breaks in the third rail to allow for emergency evacuations. Underground tunnels, aerial structures and the Transbay Tube have evacuation walkways and passageways to allow for train evacuation without exposing passengers to contact with the third rail, which is located as far away from these walkways as possible.[30]

The maximum speed trains can travel is 80 miles per hour (130 km/h),[4] but BART does not typically operate trains at that speed except to help a train make up time.[31] The maximum speed BART uses during normal operations is 70 mph.[6]

Trains length ranges from four cars to a maximum of ten cars, which fills the 700-foot (213 m) length of a platform.[32] At its maximum length of 710 feet (216 m), BART has the longest trains of any metro system in the United States. The system also features car widths of 10.5 feet (3.2 m) (the same width as a Budd Metroliner), a maximum gradient of four percent, and a minimum curve radius of 394 feet (120 m) on the main lines.[33]

Systemwide headways are limited due to the merging of four lines through the Transbay Tube and San Francisco, as well as the lack of sidings necessary for overtaking trains.

Many of the original system 1970s-era BART stations, especially the aerial stations, feature simple, Brutalist architecture, while the newer stations are a mix of Neomodern and Postmodern architecture. The additional double tracked four mile long upper deck of the Market Street Subway and its four underground stations were built by BART for the S.F. Municipal Railway as specified by the system's original plan.

An automated guideway transit line and a 45th station were opened in 2014 and utilize off-the-shelf cable car technology developed by DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car: the Cable Liner.

The combination of unique loading gauges and bespoke rail technologies has complicated maintenance of the system, as rolling stock requires custom wheelsets, brake systems, and power systems.[34]

Routes

All routes go to Oakland, and all but the Richmond–Fremont line go through the Transbay Tube to San Francisco. Most segments of the BART system carry trains of more than one route.

Trains regularly operate on five routes. Unlike most other rapid transit and rail systems around the world, BART lines are generally not referred to by shorthand designations – they are only occasionally referred to officially by color names.[35] However, future train cars will display line colors more prominently.[36]

The five BART lines are identified on maps, schedules, and signage in stations by the names of their termini:

In addition, BART also operates a separate automated guideway transit line:

Discontinued

Automation

BART was one of the first U.S. systems of any size to have substantial automated operations. The trains are computer-controlled via BART's Operations Control Center (OCC) and headquarters at the Kaiser Center in Downtown Oakland and generally arrive with regular punctuality. Train operators duties may include, but are not limited to, the following:

  1. Monitors console and radio communications to ensure that vehicles are operating within established guidelines;
  2. Observes and detects problems with passengers entering and exiting train doors and takes corrective action; observes and detects hazards on the track, in the station or platforms, or the train itself, reports them to Operations Control Center personnel via radio, and take necessary corrective action;
  3. Make announcements to passengers regarding station arrivals, transfer points, delays, and emergencies and answers passenger questions;
  4. In yards, on test tracks, turntables and wash facilities, follows directions from Tower personnel and operates console to move trains as directed;
  5. Takes prescribed action such as evacuating passengers, administer first aid, and using a fire extinguisher during emergencies;
  6. Reports basic equipment malfunctions of mechanical or electrical nature to Operations Control Center; works with foreworkers and technicians to isolate reported problems;
  7. Maintains logs of work activities; completes forms to report unusual circumstances and action taken;
  8. Uses a variety of communication equipment, including a public address system, two‑way radios and emergency telephones;
  9. Monitors and learns to apply changes in operating and emergency procedures;
  10. Maintains and upgrades knowledge of policies and procedures as required.

Rolling stock

Exterior of a BART C car at Daly City station
A Demonstration Car (modified C2 car) with a designated bike space in the area normally reserved for passengers in wheelchairs; the front-facing seat on the left-hand side of the car has been removed to accommodate bicycles, in turn, the aisle-facing seat on the right-hand side near the operator's cab has been removed to accommodate wheelchairs. This car also has hand straps.
Manufacturer  Class  Image  Number   Built   Notes 
Rohr A 59 1968–1971
Rohr B 389 1968–1971
Alstom C1 150 1987–1989
Morrison-Knudsen C2 80 1994-1996[39]
Bombardier D 310 2012– order being filled/testing
Bombardier E 465 2012– order being filled/testing
DCC Doppelmayr Cable Liner 4 automated guideway transit trainsets
Stadler GTW 8 diesel multiple units on order

Car types

BART operates four types of cars, built from three separate orders, totaling 662 cars.[2]

To run a typical peak morning commute, BART requires 579 cars. Of those, 535 are scheduled to be in active service; the others are used to build up four spare trains (essential for maintaining on-time service).[2][40] At any one time, the remaining 90 cars are in for repair, maintenance, or some type of planned modification work.[41]

The Coliseum–Oakland International Airport line uses a completely separate and independently operated fleet as it uses cable car-based automated guideway transit technology. It uses four Cable Liner trains built by DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car, arranged as three-car sets, but the system can accommodate four-car trains in the future.

Future railcars

To speed up rider entry and exit at stations, BART is preparing to introduce new 6-door cars. BART contracted Canadian railcar manufacturer Bombardier Transportation with an order for 410 new cars, split into a base order of 260 cars and a first option order of 150 additional cars.[42][43]

There will be two different types of car configurations for the new fleet; a cab car (D-cars), which will make up 40% of the fleet, or, 310 cars, and a non-cab car (E-cars), which will make up the remainder of the fleet, or, 465 cars.[44][45] All cars are to be equipped with bike racks, new vinyl seats (54 per car), and a brand new passenger information system which will display next stop information.[46] The first test car was unveiled in April 2016.[47] Upon approval, the first 10 cars were expected to be in service in December 2016, and at least 60 by December 2017.[47] Delivery of all 775 cars is expected to be completed by September 2021.[48]

The vehicle procurement for eBART includes eight Stadler GTW trains, with two options to purchase six more. The first will be delivered in June 2016.[49] The Stadler GTW trains are diesel multiple units with 2/6 articulated power units, and are based on models previously used in Austin, Dallas and New Jersey.[47][50]

Travelling

Hours of operation

Map of evening and Sunday service.

BART has five rapid transit lines; most of each line's length is on track shared with other lines. Trains on each line run every 15 minutes on weekdays and 20 minutes during evenings, weekends and holidays; stations on the section of track between Daly City and West Oakland are serviced by four lines and therefore see 16 trains an hour on each track.

BART service begins around 4:00 am on weekdays, 6:00 am on Saturdays, and 8:00 am on Sundays. Service ends every day near midnight with station closings timed to the last train at station. Two of the five lines, the Fremont–Daly City and Richmond–Daly City/Millbrae lines, do not have evening (after 7:00 p.m. and 9:00 p.m., respectively) or Sunday service, but all stations remain accessible by transfer from the other lines.[51][52][53] The Coliseum–Oakland International Airport AGT line runs every 6 minutes, with approximately the same operating hours as the five rapid transit lines.

All Nighter bus service runs when BART is closed. 30 out of 44 BART stations are served either directly or within a few blocks. BART tickets are not accepted on these buses, with the exception of BART Plus tickets (which are no longer accepted on AC Transit, Muni, SamTrans, or VTA beginning in 2013), and each of the four bus systems that provide All-Nighter service charges its own fare, which can be up to $3.50; a four-system ride could cost as much as $9.50 as of 2007.[54]

Fares

Ticket vending machines at the Powell Street Station

Fares on BART are comparable to those of commuter rail systems and are higher than those of most subways, especially for long trips. The fare is based on a formula that takes into account both the length and speed of the trip. A surcharge is added for trips traveling through the Transbay Tube, to Oakland International Airport, to San Francisco International Airport, and/or through San Mateo County, a county that is not a member of the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. Passengers can use refillable paper-plastic-composite tickets,[55] on which fares are stored via a magnetic strip, to enter and exit the system. The exit faregate prints the remaining balance on the ticket each time the passenger exits the station. A paper ticket can be refilled at a ticket machine, the remaining balance on any ticket can be applied towards the purchase of a new one, or a card is captured by the exit gate when the balance reaches zero; multiple low value cards can be combined to create a larger value card but only at specific ticket exchange locations, located at some BART stations.[56] The magnetic strip-based technology was developed by Cubic Transportation Systems with a contract awarded in 1974.[57]

BART relies on unused ticket values on discarded low-value cards for additional revenue, as much as $9.9 million.[58] The paper ticket technology is identical to the Washington Metro's paper fare card, though the BART system does not charge higher fares during rush hour. Both systems were supplied by Cubic Transportation Systems, with contract for BART being awarded in 1974.

Clipper, a contactless smart card accepted on all major Bay Area public transit agencies, may be used in lieu of a paper ticket.

A standard-fare BART ticket. The initial purchased fare is printed parallel to the magnetic strip, and the card's remaining balance is printed on the left, updated upon each exit.

The minimum fare is $1.95 (except San Mateo County trips) under 6 miles (9.7 km).[59] The maximum one-way fare including all possible surcharges is $15.70, the journey between San Francisco International Airport and Oakland International Airport. The farthest possible trip, from Pittsburg/Bay Point to Millbrae, costs less because of the $4 additional charge added to SFO trips and $6 additional charge added to OAK trips.[60] Entering and exiting the same station within three hours accrues an excursion fare of $5.75. Passengers without sufficient fare to complete their journey must use a cash-only AddFare machine to pay the remaining balance in order to exit the station.

BART uses a system of five different color-coded tickets for regular fare, special fare, and discount fare to select groups as follows:[61]

Unlike many other rapid transit systems, BART does not have an unlimited ride pass, and the only discount provided to the public is a 6.25% discount when "high value tickets" are purchased with fare values of $48 and $64, for prices of $45 and $60 respectively. Amtrak's Capitol Corridor and San Joaquins trains sell $10 BART tickets on board in the café cars for only $8,[62][63] resulting in a 20% discount. A 62.5% discount is provided to seniors, the disabled, and children age 5 to 12. Middle and high school students 13 to 18 may obtain a 50% discount if their school participates in the BART program; these tickets are intended to be used only between the students' home station and the school's station and for transportation to and from school events. The tickets can be used only on weekdays. These School Tickets and BART Plus tickets have a last-ride bonus where if the remaining value is greater than $0.05, the ticket can be used one last time for a trip of any distance. Most special discounted tickets must be purchased at selected vendors and not at ticket machines. The Bart Plus tickets can be purchased at the ticket machines.

The San Francisco Muni "A" monthly pass provides unlimited rides within San Francisco, with no fare credit applied for trips outside of the city. San Francisco pays $1.02 for each trip taken under this arrangement.[64]

Faregates with the orange barrier wings retracted for a Spare the Air Day

Fares are enforced by the station agent, who monitors activity at the fare gates adjacent to the window and at other fare gates through closed circuit television and faregate status screens located in the agent's booth. All stations are staffed with at least one agent at all times.

Proposals to simplify the fare structure abound. A flat fare that disregards distance has been proposed, or simpler fare bands or zones. Either scheme would shift the fare-box recovery burden to the urban riders in San Francisco, Oakland and Berkeley and away from suburban riders in East Contra Costa, Southern Alameda, and San Mateo Counties, where density is lowest, and consequently, operational cost is highest.[65]

Ridership levels

During the fiscal year ending June 30, 2015, BART recorded an average weekday ridership of 423,120, the highest in its history,[1] making BART the fifth-busiest heavy rail rapid transit system in the United States. During fiscal year 2015, the busiest station was Embarcadero with 45,460 average weekday exits, followed by Montgomery Street with 44,333. The busiest station outside of San Francisco was 12th Street Oakland City Center with 13,921 riders, followed by Downtown Berkeley with 13,744. The least busy station was North Concord / Martinez with 2,766 weekday exits.[68][69]

BART's one-day ridership record was set on Halloween of 2012 with 568,061 passengers attending the San Francisco Giants' victory parade for their World Series championship.[72] This surpassed the record set two years earlier of 522,198 riders in 2010 for the Giants' 2010 World Series victory parade.[73] Before that, the record was 442,100 riders in October 2009, following an emergency closure of the Bay Bridge.[74] During a planned closure of the Bay Bridge, there were 475,015 daily riders on August 30, 2013, making that the third highest ridership.[75] On June 19, 2015, BART recorded 548,078 riders for the Golden State Warriors championship parade, placing second on the all-time ridership list.[70]

BART set a Saturday record of 419,162 riders on February 6, 2016, coinciding with Super Bowl 50 events and a Golden State Warriors game.[71][76] That easily surpassed the previous Saturday record of 319,484 riders, which occurred in October 2012, coinciding with several sporting events and Fleet Week.[77] BART set a Sunday ridership record of 292,957 riders in June 2013, in connection with the San Francisco Gay Pride Parade,[78] surpassing Sunday records set the previous two years when the Pride Parade was held.[78]

High gasoline prices pushed ridership to record levels during 2012. Prior to 2013, five of BART's top ten ridership days of all time occurred in September and October 2012.[79][80]

Connecting services

AC Transit bus stop at Bay Fair Station

Two BART stations have connections to Amtrak regional rail services: Coliseum and Richmond. Capitol Corridor trains run from Sacramento to San Jose from both stations. Additionally, Richmond has connections to the San Joaquin and the nationally-serviced California Zephyr.

Caltrain, which provides service between San Francisco, San Jose and Gilroy, has a cross-platform interchange at Millbrae.

Connections to San Francisco's local light rail system, the Muni Metro, are facilitated primarily through the twin-level Market Street subway. Plans from 1960 called for BART trains to traverse the Twin Peaks Tunnel,[81] but the upper level of the subway was turned over to Muni and both agencies share the Embarcadero, Montgomery, Powell and Civic Center stations. Some Muni Metro lines connect with (or pass nearby) the BART system at the Balboa Park and Glen Park stations.

Complimentary shuttle bus service connects BART to the Altamont Corridor Express (ACE) commuter rail at West Dublin/Pleasanton, Dublin/Pleasanton, and Fremont.

Under-construction extensions will allow for a connection to Santa Clara County's VTA light rail in 2017. Future, unfinalized plans call for further rail connections in San Jose and Santa Clara.

Connecting services via bus

Bus transit services connect to BART, which, while managed by separate agencies, are integral to the successful functioning of the system, including the San Francisco Municipal Railway (Muni), AC Transit, SamTrans, County Connection, and the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District (Golden Gate Transit). Until 1997, BART ran its own "BART Express" connector buses,[82] which ran to eastern Alameda County and far eastern and western areas of Contra Costa County; these routes were later devolved to sub-regional transit agencies such as Tri Delta Transit and the Livermore Amador Valley Transit Authority (WHEELS) or, in the case of Dublin/Pleasanton service, replaced by a full BART extension.

Other services connect to BART including the Emery Go Round (Emeryville), WestCAT (north-western Contra Costa County), San Leandro LINKS, Napa VINE, Rio Vista Delta Breeze, Dumbarton Express, SolTrans, Union City Transit, and the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority in Silicon Valley.

Several commuter and interregional bus services connect to BART, including the San Joaquin RTD Commuter (Stockton), Tri Delta Transit (Contra Costa County), Greyhound, California Shuttle Bus, Valley of the Moon Commute Club, Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach, and Modesto Area Express BART Express.

Cars

Many BART stations offer parking, however, under-pricing causes station parking lots to overflow in the morning.[83] Pervasive congestion and under-pricing forces some to drive to distant stations in search of parking.[84]

BART hosts car sharing locations at many stations, a program pioneered by City CarShare. Riders can transfer from BART and complete their journeys by car. BART offers long-term airport parking through a third-party vendor[85] at most East Bay stations. Travelers must make an on-line reservation in advance and pay the daily fee of $5 before they can leave their cars at the BART parking lot.

Airports

BART goes to the San Francisco International Airport; connections are available to AirTrain for passengers neither departing nor arriving from the international terminal.

The Coliseum–Oakland International Airport line is an automated guideway transit line that connects from Coliseum station to all terminals at the Oakland International Airport. Unlike similar services at other airports, fares for the line are integrated into the BART fare system, to which the BART ticket faregates for the line are located on the Coliseum station platform. The line's automated guideway transit (AGT) vehicles are cable-propelled, and operate on an elevated guideway 3.2 miles (5.1 km) long. It arrives at Coliseum station every 5 to 20 minutes,[86] and are designated to transport passengers to OAK in 10–15 minutes.[18][86]

Facilities

Cell phone and Wi-Fi

In 2004, BART became the first transit system in the United States to offer cellular telephone communication to passengers of all major wireless carriers on its trains underground.[87] Service was made available for customers of Verizon Wireless, Sprint/Nextel, AT&T Mobility, and T-Mobile in and between the four San Francisco Market Street stations from Civic Center to Embarcadero. In 2009, service was expanded to include the Transbay Tube, thus providing continuous cellular coverage between West Oakland and Balboa Park.[88] In 2010, service was expanded to all underground stations in Oakland (19th Street, 12th Street/Oakland City Center, and Lake Merritt).[89] Uninterrupted cellular coverage of the entire BART system is a goal. As of 2012 passengers in both the Berkeley Hills tunnel and the Berkeley subway (Ashby, Downtown and North Berkeley) received cell service. The only section still not covered by cell service is a short tunnel that leads to Walnut Creek BART, and San Mateo County subway stations (including service to SFO and Millbrae).

In 2007, BART ran a beta test of Wi-Fi Internet access for travelers. It initially included the four San Francisco downtown stations: Embarcadero, Montgomery, Powell, and Civic Center. It included above ground testing to trains at BART's Hayward Test Track. The testing and deployment was extended into the underground interconnecting tubes between the four downtown stations and further. The successful demonstration provided for a ten-year contract with WiFi Rail, Inc. for the services throughout the BART right of way.[90] In 2008 the Wi-Fi service was expanded to include the Transbay Tube.[91] BART terminated[92] the relationship with Wi-Fi Rail in December 2014, citing that WiFi Rail had not submitted an adequate financial or technical plan for completing the network throughout the BART system.

In 2011 during the Charles Hill killing and aftermath BART disabled cell phone service to hamper demonstrators.[93] The ensuing controversy drew widespread coverage,[94] that raised legal questions about free speech rights of protesters and the federal telecommunications laws that relate to passengers.[95] In response, BART released an official policy on cutting off cell phone service.[96]

Library-a-Go-Go

A book vending machine at the del Norte station.

Since 2008 the district has been adding Library-a-Go-Go book vending machines.[97] The Contra Costa County Library machine was added to the Pittsburg/Bay Point station in 2008.[97] The $100,000 machine, imported from Sweden, was the first in the nation and was followed by one at the El Cerrito del Norte station in 2009.[97][98][99] Later in 2011 a Peninsula Library System machine was added at the Millbrae Station.[97][100]

Organization and management

2012 statistics
Number of vehicles670
Initial system cost$1.6 billion
Equivalent cost in 2004 dollars (replacement cost)$15 billion
Hourly passenger capacity15,000
Maximum daily capacity360,000
Average weekday ridership365,510
Annual operating revenue$379.10 million
Annual expenses$619.10 million
Annual profits (losses)($240.00 million)
Rail cost/passenger mile (excluding capital costs)$0.332

Governance

The San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District is a special district consisting of Alameda County, Contra Costa County, and the City and County of San Francisco. San Mateo County, which hosts six BART stations, is not part of the BART District. A nine-member elected Board of Directors represents nine districts. BART has its own police force.[101]

While the district includes all of the cities and communities in its jurisdiction, some of these cities do not have stations on the BART system. This has caused tensions among property owners in cities like Livermore who pay BART taxes but must travel outside the city to receive BART service.[102] In areas like Fremont, the majority of commuters do not commute in the direction that BART would take them (many Fremonters commute to San Jose, where there is currently no BART service). This would be alleviated with the completion of a BART-to-San Jose extension project and the opening of the Berryessa Station in San Jose.

Budget

In 2005, BART required nearly $300 million in funds after fares. About 37% of the costs went to maintenance, 29% to actual transportation operations, 24% to general administration, 8% to police services, and 4% to construction and engineering. In 2005, 53% of the budget was derived from fares, 32% from taxes, and 15% from other sources, including advertising, station retail space leasing, and parking fees.[103] BART reported a farebox recovery ratio of 75.67% in February 2016,[104] up from 2012's 68.2%.[105] BART train operators and station agents have a maximum salary of $62,000 per year with an average of $17,000 in overtime pay.[106] (BART management claimed that in 2013, union train operators and station agents averaged about $71,000 in base salary and $11,000 in overtime, and pay a $92 monthly fee from that for health insurance.)[107]

Comparison with other rail transit systems

Main article: Rapid transit

BART, like other transit systems of the same era, endeavored to connect outlying suburbs with job centers in Oakland and San Francisco by building lines that paralleled established commuting routes of the region's freeway system.[108] The majority of BART's service area, as measured by percentage of system length, consists of low-density suburbs. Unlike the Chicago "L" or the London Underground, individual BART lines were not designed to provide frequent local service, as evidenced by the system's current maximum achievable headway of 13.33 minutes per line through the quadruple interlined section in San Francisco. Within San Francisco city limits, Muni provides local light rail surface and subway service, and runs with smaller headways (and therefore provides more frequent service) than BART.

BART could be characterized as a "commuter subway," since it has many characteristics of a regional commuter rail service, somewhat similar to S-Bahn services in Germany, Denmark, Austria and Switzerland, such as lengthy lines that extend to the far reaches of suburbia, with significant distances between stations.[109][110] BART also possesses some of the qualities of a metro system[111] in the urban areas of San Francisco and Oakland; where multiple lines converge, it takes on the characteristics of an urban metro, including short headways and transfer opportunities to other lines. Urban stations are as close as one-half mile (800 m) apart, and have combined 2½- to 5-minute service intervals at peak times.

Incidents

Automatic Train Control failure

In the 1970s, three BART engineers developed concerns about the safety of the Automatic Train Control (ATC) system, but were unable to get their supervisors to consider them. Together, they went to the BART Board of Directors. An investigation started, and the BART management retaliated by firing the engineers. Investigation into the ATC and related design and management issues was still underway when, on October 2, 1972, a BART train overran a station due to ATC failure and injured several passengers. During the litigation process, the IEEE filed an amicus curiae brief in support of the engineers, and in 1978 the IEEE recognized the engineers with an ethics award.[112] The "BART case" is now widely used in courses on engineering ethics.

Fatal electrical fire

In January 1979, an electrical fire occurred on a train as it was passing through the Transbay Tube. One firefighter (Lt. William Elliott, 50, of the Oakland Fire Department) was killed in the effort to extinguish the blaze. Since then, safety regulations have been updated.[113]

Death of worker James Strickland

On October 14, 2008, track inspector James Strickland was struck and killed by a train as he was walking along a section of track between the Concord and Pleasant Hill stations. Strickland's death started an investigation into BART's safety alert procedures.[114] At the time of the accident, BART had assigned trains headed in opposite directions to a shared track for routine maintenance. BART came under further fire in February 2009 for allegedly delaying payment of death benefits to Strickland's family.[115]

Shooting of Oscar Grant III

On January 1, 2009, a BART Police officer, Johannes Mehserle, fatally shot Oscar Grant III.[116][117]

Eyewitnesses gathered direct evidence of the shooting with video cameras, which were later submitted to and disseminated by media outlets and watched hundreds of thousands of times[118] in the days following the shooting. Violent demonstrations occurred protesting the shooting.[119]

Mehserle was arrested and charged with murder, to which he pleaded not guilty. Oakland civil rights attorney John Burris filed a US$25 million wrongful death claim against the district on behalf of Grant's daughter and girlfriend.[120] Oscar Grant III's father also filed a lawsuit claiming that the death of his son deprived him of his son's companionship.

Mehserle's trial was subsequently moved to Los Angeles following concerns that he would be unable to get a fair trial in Alameda County. On July 8, 2010, Mehserle was found guilty on a lesser charge of involuntary manslaughter.[121] He was released on June 13, 2011 and is now on parole.[122]

Shooting of Charles Hill

On July 3, 2011, two officers of the BART Police shot and killed Charles Hill at Civic Center Station in San Francisco. Hill was allegedly carrying a knife.[123]

On August 12, 2011, BART shut down cellphone services on the network for three hours in an effort to hamper possible protests against the shooting[124][125] and to keep communications away from protesters at the Civic Center station in San Francisco.[126] The shutdown caught the attention of Leland Yee and international media, as well as drawing comparisons to the former Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak in several articles and comments.[127] Antonette Bryant, the union president for BART, added that, "BART have lost our confidence and are putting rider and employee safety at risk."[128]

Members of Anonymous broke into BART's website and posted names, phone numbers, addresses, and e-mail information on the Anonymous website.[129][130]

On August 15, 2011, there was more disruption in service at BART stations in downtown San Francisco.[131][132][133] The San Francisco Examiner reported that the protests were a result of the shootings, including that of Oscar Grant.[134][135] Demonstrations were announced by several activists, which eventually resulted in disruptions to service. The protesters have stated that they did not want their protests to results in closures, and accused the BART police of using the protests as an excuse for disruption.[136] Protesters vowed to continue their protests every Monday until their demands were met.

On August 29, 2011, a coalition of nine public interest groups led by Public Knowledge filed an Emergency Petition asking the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to declare "that the actions taken by the Bay Area Rapid Transit District (“BART”) on August 11, 2011 violated the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, when it deliberately interfered with access to Commercial Mobile Radio Service (“CMRS”) by the public" and "that local law enforcement has no authority to suspend or deny CMRS, or to order CMRS providers to suspend or deny service, absent a properly obtained order from the Commission, a state commission of appropriate jurisdiction, or a court of law with appropriate jurisdiction".[137][138]

In December 2011 BART adopted a new "Cell Service Interruption Policy" that only allows shutdowns of cell phone services within BART facilities "in the most extraordinary circumstances that threaten the safety of District passengers, employees and other members of public, the destruction of District property, or the substantial disruption of public transit service".[139] According to a spokesperson for BART, under the new policy the wireless phone system would not be turned off under circumstances similar to those in August 2011. Instead police officers would arrest individuals who break the law.[140]

In February 2012, the San Francisco District Attorney concluded that the BART Police Officer that shot and killed Charles Hill at the Civic Center BART station the previous July "acted lawfully in self defense" and will not face charges for the incident. A federal lawsuit filed against BART in January by Charles Hill's brother was proceeding.[141]

In March 2012, the FCC requested public comment on the question of whether or when the police and other government officials can intentionally interrupt cellphone and Internet service to protect public safety.[140]

Employee fatalities

On the afternoon of October 19, 2013, a BART employee and a contractor, who were inspecting tracks, were struck and killed near Walnut Creek by a train being moved for routine maintenance. A labor strike by BART's two major unions was underway at the time, which caused a significant disruption to Bay Area commuters' daily lives and cost millions of dollars in lost productivity.[142] The operator of the train was a BART manager and had been a train operator two decades prior.[143]

Berkeley Hills Tunnel breakdown

On December 4, 2013, a BART train suffered mechanical braking problems and made an emergency stop in the Berkeley Hills Tunnel near Rockridge station. Eleven people were treated for smoke inhalation.[144]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Total Annual Exits FY1973 – FY2015" (xls). BART.gov. San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2015 – via http://www.bart.gov/about/reports/.
  2. 1 2 3 Chinn, Jerold (January 29, 2015). "Long wait ahead for longer BART trains". San Francisco Bay Area. Retrieved 2015-09-29. BART explains it has total of 662 trains, but about 535 are in service during peak commute times, about 86.5 percent of its fleet. BART said it runs more of its fleet than any other major transit agency despite having the oldest trains in the nation.
  3. ↑ "BART Board approves budget focused on service improvements". BART. June 11, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "BART System Facts". San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
  5. 1 2 "BART – Car Types". Bay Area Rapid Transit. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  6. 1 2 "BART Sustainable Communities Operations Analysis" (PDF). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. June 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2014. Certain sections of the BART system are designed for 80 mph operations, however the maximum operating speed BART currently uses today is 70 mph. It is unlikely that 80 mph operating speeds will be used again due to the increase in motor wear and propulsion failures at the higher rate. There are also higher impacts on track maintenance. In addition, the 80 mph segments tend to be short, and the higher speed benefits are limited as train speeds become inconsistent.
  7. ↑ "A History of BART: The Concept is Born". Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART). Retrieved 2007-01-07.
  8. ↑ See BART Composite Report, prepared by Parsons Brinkerhof Tutor Bechtel, 1962
  9. ↑ "BART– Not a Moment Too Soon". Los Angeles Times. September 13, 1972. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  10. ↑ "BART First in Operation: 2nd great subway boom under way in many cities". The Bulletin. Retrieved 2009-08-23.
  11. ↑ Gillam, Jerry (November 15, 1972). "Safe Automated BART Train Controls Doubted". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  12. ↑ Lembke, Daryl (November 16, 1972). "BART Manager Denies System Was Overcharged by Designers". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  13. ↑ "History of BART to the South Bay". San Jose Mercury News. March 12, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-22.
  14. ↑ "A History of BART: The Concept is Born". Bart.gov. Retrieved 2013-10-22.
  15. ↑ Fischer, Eric (January 17, 2010). "Golden Gate Transportation Facilities Plan Alternate 4". Flickr.com. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
  16. ↑ Fischer, Eric (January 17, 2010). "Golden Gate Transportation Facilities Plan Alternate 5". Flickr.com. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
  17. ↑ "Celebrating 40 Years of Service 1972 • 2012 Forty BART Achievements Over the Years" (pdf). Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART). 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  18. 1 2 "New BART service to Oakland International Airport now open". Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART). November 21, 2014. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  19. ↑ Holstege, Sean (July 24, 2002). "BART bond might make ballot in fall". Oakland Tribunal. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  20. ↑ Cuff, Denis (May 29, 2007). "BART board wants to lessen waits". Contra Costa Times. Retrieved October 26, 2007.
  21. ↑ "Good move by BART". Contra Costa Times. October 1, 2007. Retrieved October 26, 2007.
  22. ↑ Bay Area Rapid Transit. "Off-peak service reductions began Monday, September 14th". Retrieved May 30, 2013.
  23. 1 2 BART goes solar at Orinda station, by Dennis Cuff, Contra Costa Times, July 10, 2008, access date July 13, 2008
  24. ↑ "Santa Clara VTA receives state funding to expand BART facilities", RT&S, December 7, 2012
  25. ↑ "Earthquake Safety Program Technical Information". Bay Area Rapid Transit District. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
  26. ↑ "Earthquake Safety Program". Bay Area Rapid Transit District. February 11, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
  27. ↑ Cabanatuan, Michael (June 22, 2007). "BART'S New Vision: More, Bigger, Faster". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved October 26, 2007.
  28. ↑ "BART Metro Vision Update" (PDF). Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART). April 25, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  29. ↑ "The Four-Year Fight to Make San Francisco's Subway Stop Screaming". Wired. 2016-09-02.
  30. ↑ "BART: Passenger Panic Worsened Tunnel Fire". CBS. Archived from the original on December 4, 2007. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  31. ↑ "BART reduces trains speeds, station lighting, to help PG&E and state power grid". July 24, 2006. Retrieved September 26, 2015. BART doesn't typically run trains at their maximum speed of 80 mph except to help a train make up time.
  32. ↑ "BART Train length". Google Groups: ba.transportation. July 3, 2000. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
  33. ↑ Paul Garbutt (1997). "Facts and Figures". World Metro Systems. Capital Transport. pp. 130–131. ISBN 1-85414-191-0.
  34. ↑ Gafni, Matthias (March 25, 2016). "Has BART's cutting-edge 1972 technology design come back to haunt it?". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  35. ↑ "BART to run on Sunday schedule Christmas Day". BART. December 21, 2006. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
  36. ↑ "New Train Car Project". BART. October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
  37. ↑ BART History Archived October 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine., BART.gov
  38. ↑ "30 million trips and counting: BART celebrates 10th anniversary of SFO extension". BART.gov. June 21, 2013. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
  39. ↑ http://www.bart.gov/sites/default/files/docs/PosterTimeline_v2.pdf
  40. ↑ Cabanatuan, Michael (April 10, 2010). "BART can't keep pace with rising 'crush loads'". SFGate.
  41. ↑ ""Why can't the trains be longer?" Some background to explain". BART. September 25, 2008. Archived from the original on August 27, 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  42. ↑ Richman, Josh (May 10, 2012). "BART board approves contract for 410 new train cars". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
  43. ↑ Bowen, Douglas John (May 11, 2012). "BART taps Bombardier; U.S. content at issue". Railway Age. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
  44. ↑ "Board Meeting Agenda" (PDF). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. November 21, 2013. pp. 91–92. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
  45. ↑ "New Train Car Project; New Features". Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART). 2013. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  46. ↑ "New Train Car Project New Features". Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART). 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
  47. 1 2 3 "Onsite testing begins for BART's first new train car". www.bart.gov. 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2016-04-22.
  48. ↑ "New Train Car Project Delivery Plan". Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART). 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  49. ↑ "East Contra Costa BART Extension (eBART) Implementation". Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART). May 19, 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-09.
  50. ↑ "Stadler Rail delivers trains to Oakland". Stadler Rail. April 26, 2014. Retrieved 2015-08-09.
  51. ↑ "Schedules By Line". BART. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
  52. ↑ "BART – Overview". BART. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
  53. ↑ "Why doesn't BART run 24 hours?". BART. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
  54. ↑ "All Nighter Bus Service". 511 SF Bay Area Travel Guide. Archived from the original on May 21, 2007. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
  55. ↑ "BART Unveils Modern Fare Gates and New Ticket Vending Machines". Business Wire. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  56. ↑ "BART – ticket refunds and exchanges". BART. Archived from the original on September 22, 2006. Retrieved January 22, 2007.[
  57. ↑ "40 years of Cubic transport success". Collection Point. No. 18. Cubic Transportation Systems. October 2012. p. 18. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. 1975 Cubic wins $54 million contract to provide system for Washington DC
  58. ↑ Jon Carroll (December 6, 2000). "Tiny Tickets Ha Ha Ha Ha". The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
  59. ↑ "QuickPlanner >> Results between Downtown Berkeley and North Berkeley". BART. Archived from the original on January 9, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
  60. ↑ "QuickPlanner >> Results between Pittsburg/Bay Point and SFO". BART. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
  61. ↑ "BART Ticket Types". BART. Archived from the original on September 22, 2006. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
  62. ↑ "Capitol Corridor Ride Guide" (PDF). The Capitol Corridor. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2007. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
  63. ↑ "The Capitol Corridor: BART Connections". The Capitol Corridor. Archived from the original on October 11, 2006. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
  64. ↑ "SFMTA Advises Customers of Muni Fare Increases for January 2010". San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (SFMTA). December 17, 2009. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
  65. ↑ "Today's free lecture: fare idea falls flat". Inside Bay Area. September 19, 2006. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
  66. ↑ "Total Annual Exits FY1973 – FY2014" (xls). BART.gov. San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2015 – via http://www.bart.gov/about/reports/.
  67. ↑ "BART reports record ridership and progress on escalator repair". Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART). August 9, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2015.
  68. ↑ "Average Weekday Exits by Station" (xls). BART. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  69. ↑ "Monthly Ridership Reports (September 2012)" (xls). BART. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
  70. 1 2 3 4 "Warriors parade BART's second highest ridership day". BART. June 20, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
  71. 1 2 3 4 Alexander, Kurtis (February 7, 2016). "Super Bowl helps BART crush weekend-day ridership record". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  72. ↑ "BART marks all-time highest ridership day in 40 years of service". BART. October 31, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
  73. ↑ "World Series parade boosts BART ridership to highest day ever – past half-million". BART. November 4, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
  74. ↑ "11.01.2009 BART customers continue to set ridership records". Bart.gov. Archived from the original on November 20, 2010. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
  75. ↑ "BART ridership soars during Bay Bridge closure". KTVU. August 30, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
  76. ↑ "BART ends milestone week with a record; next challenge: playing catch-up". BART. February 8, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  77. ↑ "BART shatters Saturday ridership record, adds capacity for Sunday". BART. October 7, 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2012.
  78. 1 2 "Pride Parade Service Breaks Sunday Ridership Record". BART. June 30, 2013. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
  79. ↑ "October BART ridership soaring". BART. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
  80. ↑ "BART reports record ridership and progress on escalator repair". BART. August 9, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
  81. ↑ Fischer, Eric. "San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District: General Map: May 2, 1960 Routes , Flickr – Photo Sharing!". Flickr. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
  82. ↑ "Bart Express Connecting Bus Service". ALL-Transit.com. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
  83. ↑ "BART parking overview". BART. Archived from the original on September 22, 2006. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
  84. ↑ Richards, Gary (October 7, 2015). "Opening of BART Warm Springs station pushed back to next year". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 2015-10-09. parking after 10 a.m. at any BART station is difficult. Here are the southern Alameda County stations where you might get lucky and find parking in this order: South Hayward, Hayward, Union City, West Dublin/Pleasanton and Castro Valley.... BART is testing the feasibility of posting real-time information that would let a driver check whether spots are available at a particular station. Right now, the best it can do is to provide estimates on its website for when parking lots will be full.
  85. ↑ "Long-Term Parking for Travelers". BART. Archived from the original on September 22, 2006. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
  86. 1 2 "BART's year-old Oakland airport link a hit, but fees spark gripes". SF Chronicle. 2015. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
  87. ↑ Michael Cabanatuan (November 19, 2005). "Underground, but not unconnected – BART offers wireless service to riders". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
  88. ↑ BART expands wireless access to Transbay Tube, BART, December 21, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2009.
  89. ↑ BART expands wireless network to underground stations in downtown Oakland, BART, August 27, 2010. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
  90. ↑ "WiFi Rail Inc. to provide wifi access on BART system". BART. February 2009. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
  91. ↑ "WiFi Rail Tube Access". KRON 4. June 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
  92. ↑ "BART scraps Wi-Fi contract, prompting threats of legal action". Retrieved 2016-07-06.
  93. ↑ Elinson, Zusha (August 11, 2011). "BART Cuts Cell Service to Foil Protest". The Bay Citizen. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
  94. ↑ "US regulators seek input on cell phone interruptions". 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2016-01-02.
  95. ↑ Rachel Lackert (2012-05-01). "BART Cell Phone Service Shutdown: Time for a Virtual Forum?". Retrieved 2016-01-02. this unilateral action raised significant legal questions as to whether this was authorized under federal telecommunications law relating to the right of the passengers to access the telephone network and the legality of a shutdown by a quasi-governmental authority such as BART. Additionally, BART’s actions raised issues concerning the First Amendment rights of the passengers and protesters to freedom of speech and assembly.
  96. ↑ "BART's Cell Phone Shutdown, One Year Later". 2012-08-12. Retrieved 2016-01-02.
  97. 1 2 3 4 "Library-a-Go-Go comes to El Cerrito del Norte BART Station". Bart.gov. June 15, 2009. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  98. ↑ "In California, a New ATM for Books Debuts". Libraryjournal.com. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  99. ↑ "Self-Service to the People". Libraryjournal.com. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  100. ↑ "Library book lending machine opens at Millbrae BART Station". Bart.gov. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  101. ↑ "BART Police". BART. Archived from the original on August 26, 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  102. ↑ "BART's Livermore role reviewed". Contra Costa Times. July 17, 2003. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  103. ↑ "BART 2005 Annual Report" (PDF)."BART 2005 Annual Report" (TXT). BART.gov. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
  104. ↑ "BART 2016 Factsheet" (PDF). BART.gov. Bay Area Rapid Transit. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  105. ↑ "Sustainable BART".
  106. ↑ Griffin, Melissa (June 13, 2013). "BART labor seeking more money for not laboring". The San Francisco Examiner.
  107. ↑ "San Francisco rail strike continues as commuters face third day of chaos". The Guardian. London. AP. July 3, 2013.
  108. ↑ W. S. Homburger. "The impact of a new rapid transit system on traffic on parallel highway facilities". 1029-0354, Volume 4, Issue 3. Transportation Planning and Technology. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
  109. ↑ "Fact Book Glossary – Mode of Service Definitions". American Public Transportation Association. 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
  110. ↑ "Passenger Rail Issues". East Bay Bicycle Coalition. Archived from the original on February 22, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
  111. ↑ "Rapid transit". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved February 27, 2008.; "Metro". International Association of Public Transport. Retrieved February 27, 2008.
  112. ↑ Unger, Stephen. "September 1973 Newsletter". IEEE Committee on Social Implications of Technology (CSIT). IEEE. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
  113. ↑ Geoffrey Hunter, Oakland Fire Department, 2005, p95 ISBN 978-0-7385-2968-4
  114. ↑ Gordon, Rachel; Bulwa, Demian; Jones, Carolyn (October 15, 2008). "BART train kills worker on tracks in Concord". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
  115. ↑ Eskenazi, Joe (February 2, 2009). "BART Accused of Being Late – in Paying Out to Survivors of Track Inspector Killed by Train". San Francisco News – The Snitch. Blogs.sfweekly.com. Archived from the original on January 5, 2011. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
  116. ↑ Jill Tucker; Kelly Zito; Heather Knight (January 2, 2009). "Deadly BART brawl – officer shoots rider, 22". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 4, 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  117. ↑ Eliott C. McLaughlin; Augie Martin; Dan Simon (2009). "Spokesman: Officer in subway shooting has resigned". CNN. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  118. ↑ Elinor Mills (2009). "Web videos of Oakland shooting fuel emotions, protests". CNET Networks. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
  119. ↑ Demian Bulwa; Charles Burress; Matthew B. Stannard; Matthai Kuruvilaurl (January 8, 2009). "Protests over BART shooting turn violent". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
  120. ↑ "BART Shooting: Family Suing BART For $25 Million". KTVU. 2009. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 4, 2009.
  121. ↑ "Jury Finds Mehserle Guilty Of Involuntary Manslaughter". KTVU. July 8, 2010. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
  122. ↑ Bulwa, Demian (June 14, 2011). "Johannes Mehserle, ex-BART officer, leaves jail". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  123. ↑ Upton, John (July 25, 2011). "BART Police Release Video of Shooting – Pulse of the Bay". The Bay Citizen. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  124. ↑ Murphy, David (August 13, 2011). "To Prevent Protests, San Francisco Subway Turns Off Cell Signals, August 13, 2011". PC Magazine. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  125. ↑ "S.F. subway muzzles cell service during protest". CNET.
  126. ↑ "Questions, Complaints Arise Over BART Cutting Cell Phone Service". KTVU.
  127. ↑ "Leland Yee scolds BART over cell phone blackout". KGO-TV.
  128. ↑ "BART Under Fire From Hackers, Critics, Employees". KTVU.
  129. ↑ "Hackers Escalate Attack On BART; User IDs Stolen". KTVU.
  130. ↑ "Shadowy Internet group Anonymous attacks BART website". San Francisco Examiner.
  131. ↑ "BART runs without problems despite protest threats". KGO-TV.
  132. ↑ "BART Warns Commuters Of Potential Protest Disruptions". KTVU.
  133. ↑ "BART Warns Commuters Of Potential Protest Disruptions". NBC Bay Area.
  134. ↑ "Protesters storm BART, slow commute out of San Francisco". San Francisco Examiner. Archived from the original on December 16, 2011.
  135. ↑ "BART warns passengers of possible protests at San Francisco stations Thursday". San Francisco Examiner.
  136. ↑ Protest plan for OpBART-3 Plan for further protests by OpBART.
  137. ↑ "In the Matter of the Petition of Public Knowledge et al. for Declaratory Ruling that Disconnection of Telecommunications Services Violates the Communications Act", Harold Feld, Legal Director, and Sherwin Siy, Deputy Legal Director, of Public Knowledge before the Federal Communications Commission, August 29, 2011
  138. ↑ Crawford, Susan (September 25, 2011). "Phone, Web Clampdowns in Crises Are Intolerable". Bloomberg News.
  139. ↑ "Cell Service Interruption Policy" (pdf). Bay Area Rapid Transit District. December 2011. Retrieved March 30, 2012.
  140. 1 2 Wyatt, Edward (March 2, 2012). "F.C.C. Asks for Guidance on Whether, and When, to Cut Off Cellphone Service". The New York Times.
  141. ↑ Crowell, James (February 22, 2012). "BART Officer Who Shot Charles Hill, 'Acted Lawfully' According To District Attorney". Huffington Post.
  142. ↑ John Wildermuth (October 18, 2013). "BART workers go on strike". San Francisco Chronicle.
  143. ↑ Gafni, Matthias; Peterson, Gary; Nelson, Katie (October 19, 2013). "Two BART workers struck, killed by train near Walnut Creek". San Jose Mercury News.
  144. ↑ Shields, Brian (December 4, 2013). "BART Brake Smoke Causes Injuries in Caldecott Tube". KRON4. Retrieved December 5, 2013.

Further reading

External links

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Route map: Bing / Google

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