ISO/IEC 646

ISO/IEC 646 is the name of a set of ISO standards, described as Information technology — ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange and developed in cooperation with ASCII at least since 1964.^[1][2] Since its first edition in 1967^[3] it has specified a 7-bit character code from which several national standards are derived.

ISO/IEC 646 was also ratified by ECMA as ECMA-6. The first version of ECMA-6 had been published in 1965,^[4] based on work the ECMA's Technical Committee TC1 had carried out since December 1960.^[4]

Characters in the ISO/IEC 646 Basic Character Set are invariant characters.^[5] Since that portion of ISO/IEC 646, that is the invariant character set shared by all countries, specified only those letters used in the ISO basic Latin alphabet, countries using additional letters needed to create national variants of ISO 646 to be able to use their native scripts. Since universal acceptance of the 8-bit byte did not exist at that time, the national characters had to be made to fit within the constraints of 7 bits, meaning that some characters that appear in ASCII do not appear in other national variants of ISO 646.

History

ISO/IEC 646 and its predecessor ASCII (ASA X3.4) largely endorsed existing practice regarding character encodings in the telecommunications industry.

As ASCII did not provide a number of characters needed for languages other than English, a number of national variants were made that substituted some less-used characters with needed ones. Due to the incompatibility of the various national variants, an International Reference Version (IRV) of ISO/IEC 646 was introduced, in an attempt to at least restrict the replaced set to the same characters in all variants. The original version (ISO 646 IRV) differed from ASCII only in that in code point 0x24, ASCII's dollar sign ($) was replaced by the international currency symbol (¤). The final 1991 version of the code ISO 646:1991 is also known as ITU T.50, International Reference Alphabet or IRA, formerly International Alphabet No. 5 (IA5). This standard allows users to exercise the 12 variable characters (i.e., two alternative graphic characters and 10 national defined characters). Among these exercises, ISO 646:1991 IRV (International Reference Version) is explicitly defined and identical to ASCII.^[6]

The ISO 8859 series of standards governing 8-bit character encodings supersede the ISO 646 international standard and its national variants, by providing 96 additional characters with the additional bit and thus avoiding any substitution of ASCII codes. The ISO 10646 standard, directly related to Unicode, supersedes all of the ISO 646 and ISO 8859 sets with one unified set of character encodings using a larger 21-bit value.

A legacy of ISO/IEC 646 is visible on Windows, where in many East Asian locales the backslash character used in filenames is rendered as ¥ or other characters such as ₩. Despite the fact that a different code for ¥ was available even on the original IBM PC's code page 437, so much text was created with the backslash code used for ¥ that even modern Windows fonts have found it necessary to render the code that way. Another legacy is the existence of trigraphs in the C programming language.

Published standards

• ISO/R646-1967^[3]
• ISO 646:1972^[7]
• ISO 646:1983^[8]
• ISO/IEC 646:1991^[7][9]
• ECMA-6 (1965-04-30), first edition^[4]
• ECMA-6 (1967-06), second edition^[3][4]
• ECMA-6 (1970-07), third edition^[4][10]
• ECMA-6 (1973-08), fourth edition^[4][10]
• ECMA-6 (1984-12, 1985-03), fifth edition^[4]
• ECMA-6 (1991-12, 1997-08), sixth edition^[7]

Code page layout

The following table shows the ISO/IEC 646 character set. Each character is shown with the hex code of its Unicode equivalent and the decimal value of the ISO/IEC 646 code. Grey shaded cells indicate code points with character glyphs that vary from region to region. These are discussed in detail below.

Legend:

Alphabetic   Control character   Numeric digit   Punctuation

Extended punctuation   Graphic character   International   Undefined

ISO/IEC 646(-INV)

	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
0_	NUL 0000 0	SOH 0001 1	STX 0002 2	ETX 0003 3	EOT 0004 4	ENQ 0005 5	ACK 0006 6	BEL 0007 7	BS 0008 8	HT 0009 9	LF 000A 10	VT 000B 11	FF 000C 12	CR 000D 13	SO 000E 14	SI 000F 15
1_	DLE 0010 16	DC1 0011 17	DC2 0012 18	DC3 0013 19	DC4 0014 20	NAK 0015 21	SYN 0016 22	ETB 0017 23	CAN 0018 24	EM 0019 25	SUB 001A 26	ESC 001B 27	FS 001C 28	GS 001D 29	RS 001E 30	US 001F 31
2_	SP 0020 32	! 0021 33	" 0022 34	35	36	% 0025 37	& 0026 38	' 0027 39	( 0028 40	) 0029 41	* 002A 42	+ 002B 43	, 002C 44	- 002D 45	. 002E 46	/ 002F 47
3_	0 0030 48	1 0031 49	2 0032 50	3 0033 51	4 0034 52	5 0035 53	6 0036 54	7 0037 55	8 0038 56	9 0039 57	: 003A 58	; 003B 59	< 003C 60	= 003D 61	> 003E 62	? 003F 63
4_	64	A 0041 65	B 0042 66	C 0043 67	D 0044 68	E 0045 69	F 0046 70	G 0047 71	H 0048 72	I 0049 73	J 004A 74	K 004B 75	L 004C 76	M 004D 77	N 004E 78	O 004F 79
5_	P 0050 80	Q 0051 81	R 0052 82	S 0053 83	T 0054 84	U 0055 85	V 0056 86	W 0057 87	X 0058 88	Y 0059 89	Z 005A 90	91	92	93	94	_ 005F 95
6_	96	a 0061 97	b 0062 98	c 0063 99	d 0064 100	e 0065 101	f 0066 102	g 0067 103	h 0068 104	i 0069 105	j 006A 106	k 006B 107	l 006C 108	m 006D 109	n 006E 110	o 006F 111
7_	p 0070 112	q 0071 113	r 0072 114	s 0073 115	t 0074 116	u 0075 117	v 0076 118	w 0077 119	x 0078 120	y 0079 121	z 007A 122	123	124	125	126	DEL 007F 127

National variants

Some national variants of ISO 646 are:

Code	ISO-IR	ISO ESC	Approved	National Standard	Description
CA	121	ESC 2/8 7/7	ISO 646	CSA Z243.4-1985-1	Canada (No. 1 alternative, with “î”) (French, classical) (Code page 1020[11])
CA2	122	ESC 2/8 7/8	ISO 646	CSA Z243.4-1985-2	Canada (No. 2 alternative, with “É”) (French, reformed orthography)
CN	57[12]	ESC 2/8 5/4	?	GB/T 1988-80	People's Republic of China (Basic Latin)
CU	151	ESC 2/8 2/1 4/1	ISO 646	NC 99-10:81 / NC NC00-10:81	Cuba (Spanish)
DANO	9-1[13]	ESC 2/8 4/5[13]	SIS?	NATS, main set	Norway and Denmark (journalistic texts)
?	9-2[13]	ESC 2/8 4/6[13]		NATS, additional set	Denmark and Norway
DE	21[13][12]	ESC 2/8 4/11[13]	ISO 646	DIN 66003	Germany (German) (Code page 1011,[14] 20106[15][16][17])
DK	—		?	DS 2089[18][19]	Denmark (Danish) (Code page 1017[20])
ES	17[13]	ESC 2/8 5/10[13]	ECMA	Olivetti	Spanish (international) (Code page 1023[21])
ES2	85[12]	ESC 2/8 6/8	ECMA	IBM	Spain (Basque, Castilian, Catalan, Galician) (Code page 1014[22])
FI	10[12]		ISO 646	SFS 4017	Finland (basic version) (Code page 1018[23])
FR	69[12]	ESC 2/8 6/6	ISO 646	AFNOR NF Z 62010-1982	France (French) (Code page 1010[24])
FR1	25[13][12]	ESC 2/8 5/2[13]	ISO 646	AFNOR NF Z 62010-1973	France (obsolete since April 1985) (Code page 1104[25])
GB	4[13][12]	ESC 2/8 4/1[13]	ISO 646	BS 4730	United Kingdom (English) (Code page 1013[26])
GR	88	ESC 2/8 6/10	?	HOS ELOT	Greece (withdrawn in November 1986)
HU	86	ESC 2/8 6/9	ISO 646	MSZ 7795/3	Hungary (Hungarian)
IE	207		?	NSAI 433:1996	Ireland (Irish)
INV	170	ESC 2/8 2/1 4/2	ISO 646	ISO 646:1983	Invariant subset
(IRV)	2[13][12]	ESC 2/8 4/0[13]	ISO 646	ISO 646:1983 (but not in ISO/IEC 646:1991)	International Reference Version (Code page 1009,[27] 20105[15][16][28])
IS	?		?	?	Iceland (Icelandic)
IT	15[13][12]	ESC 2/8 5/9[13]	ECMA	UNI 0204-70 / Olivetti?	Italian (Code page 1012[29])
JP	14[13][12]	ESC 2/8 4/10[13]	ISO 646	JIS C 6220-1969-ro	Japan (Romaji) (Code page 895[30])
JP-OCR-B	92	ESC 2/8 6/14	ISO 646	JIS C 6229-1984-b	Japan (OCR-B)
KR	—		?	KS C 5636-1989	South Korea
MT	—		?	?	Malta (Maltese, English)
NL	—		ECMA	IBM	Netherlands (Dutch) (Code page 1019[31])
NO	60[12]	ESC 2/8 6/0	ISO 646	NS 4551 version 1[12]	Norway (Code page 1016[32])
NO2	61[12]	ESC 2/8 6/1	ISO 646	NS 4551 version 2[12]	Norway (obsolete since June 1987) (Code page 20108[15][16][33])
pl	—			BN-74/3101-01	Poland (Polish has 18 letters with diacritical marks, but only 9 lowercase letters are normalized due to code space reasons.
PT	16[12]	ESC 2/8 4/12	ECMA	Olivetti	Portuguese (international)
PT2	84[12]	ESC 2/8 6/7	ECMA	IBM	Portugal (Portuguese, Spanish) (Code page 1015[34]
SE	10[13][12]	ESC 2/8 4/7[13]	ISO 646	SEN 850200 Annex B	Sweden (basic Swedish) (Code page 1018[23])
SE2	11[13][12]	ESC 2/8 4/8[13]	ISO 646	SEN 850200 Annex C	Sweden (extended Swedish for names) (Code page 20107[15][16][35])
SEFI	8-1[13]	ESC 2/8 4/3[13]	SIS	NATS, main set	Sweden and Finland (journalistic texts)
?	8-2[13]	ESC 2/8 4/4[13]		NATS, additional set	Finland, Sweden
swi	—		ECMA	Olivetti	Switzerland (French, German) (Code page 1021[36])
T.61	102	ESC 2/8 7/5	?	ITU/CCITT T.61 Recommendation	International (Teletex)
TW	—		?	CNS 5205-1996	Republic of China (Taiwan)
US / (IRV)	6[13][12]	ESC 2/8 4/2[13]	ISO 646	ANSI X3.4-1968 and ISO 646:1983 (also IRV in ISO/IEC 646:1991)	United States (ASCII, Code page 367,[37] 20127[15][16][38])
YU	141	ESC 2/8 7/10	ISO 646	JUS I.B1.002 (YUSCII)	former Yugoslavia (Croatian, Slovene, Serbian, Bosnian)
?	1[13]	ESC 2/1 4/0[13]	ISO 646		ISO 646 controls[13]
?	7[13]	ESC 2/1 4/1[13]	ISO 646		Scandinavian newspaper controls[13]
?	13[13][12]	ESC 2/8 4/9[13]	ISO 646	Hewlett-Packard	Katakana
?	18[13]	ESC 2/8 5/11[13]	ISO 646		Greek graphics
?	19[13]	ESC 2/8 5/12[13]	ISO 646		Latin-Greek graphics
?	26[13]	ESC 2/1 4/3[13]	ISO 646		IPTC controls[13]
?	27[13]	ESC 2/8 5/5[13]	ECMA	Honeywell-Bull	Latin-Greek mixed graphics (Greek capitals only)[13]
?	31[13]	ESC 2/8 5/8[13]			Greek alphabet set for bibliographic use[13]
?	47	ESC 2/8 5/6		British Post Office	Viewdata and Teletext
?	49	ESC 2/8 5/7	IAEA	INIS	ISO 646 IRV subset

The specifics of the changes for some of these variants are given in this table:

Codes				Characters for each ISO 646 compatible charset
Binary	Oct	Dec	Hex	INV	T.61	US / IRV (1991)	JP	JP-​OCR-​B	KR	CN	TW	IRV (1983)	GB			DK	NO	NO2	FI / SE	SE2	DE	HU	FR	FR1	CA	CA2	IE	IS	IT	PT	PT2	ES	ES2	CU	MT	YU	NL	SEFI	DANO	swi	pl
				170	102	6	14	92	---	57	---	2	4	18	19		60	61	10	11	21	86	69	25	121	122	207		15	16	84	17	85	151	---	141	---	8-1	9-1	---		27
010 0001	041	33	21	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	!	Ξ
010 0010	042	34	22	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	"	«	"	"	"
010 0011	043	35	23		#	#	#	#	#	#	#	#	£	£	£	#	#	§	#	#	#	#	£	£	#	#	£	#	£	#	#	#	#	#	#	#	#	#	»	ù	#	Γ
010 0100	044	36	24		¤	$	$	$	$	¥	$	¤	$	$	$	¤	$	$	¤	¤	$	¤	$	$	$	$	$	$	$	$	$	$	$	¤	$	$	$	$	$	$	zł	¤
010 1001	047	39	27	'	'	'	'	'	'	'	'	’	’	’	’	’	’	’	’	’	’	’	’	’	’	’	’	'	’	’	’	’	’	’	’	’	’	’	’	’	'	Ψ
010 1100	054	44	2C	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	,	ΠΗΝ?
100 0000	100	64	40		@	@	@	@	@	@	@	@	@	´	@	@	@	@	@	É	§	Á	à	à	à	à	Ó	Ð	§	§	´	§	·	@	@	Ž	@			à	ę	Δ
101 1011	133	91	5B		[	[	[	[	[	[	[	[	[	[	[	Æ	Æ	Æ	Ä	Ä	Ä	É	°	°	â	â	É	Þ	°	Ã	Ã	¡	¡	¡	ġ	Š	[	Ä	Æ	é	ź	Ω
101 1100	134	92	5C			\	¥	¥	₩	\	\	\	\	\	\	Ø	Ø	Ø	Ö	Ö	Ö	Ö	ç	ç	ç	ç	Í	\	ç	Ç	Ç	Ñ	Ñ	Ñ	ż	Đ	\	Ö	Ø	ç	\	Θ
101 1101	135	93	5D		]	]	]	]	]	]	]	]	]	]	]	Å	Å	Å	Å	Å	Ü	Ü	§	§	ê	ê	Ú	Æ	é	Õ	Õ	¿	Ç	]	ħ	Ć	]	Å	Å	ê	ń	Φ
101 1110	136	94	5E			^	^	^	^	^	^	ˆ	ˆ	ˆ	ˆ	Ü	ˆ	ˆ	ˆ	Ü	ˆ	ˆ	^	ˆ	î	É	Á	Ö	ˆ	ˆ	ˆ	ˆ	¿	¿	ˆ	Č	ˆ	■	■	î	ś	Λ
101 1111	137	95	5F	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	è	_	Σ
110 0000	140	96	60			`	`		`	`	`	`	`	`	`	`	`	`	`	é	`	á	µ	µ	ô	ô	ó	ð	ù	`	`	`	`	`	ċ	ž	`			ô	ą	`
111 1011	173	123	7B			{	{	{	{	{	{	{	{	{	{	æ	æ	æ	ä	ä	ä	é	é	é	é	é	é	þ	à	ã	ã	°	´	´	Ġ	š	{	ä	æ	ä	ó	{
111 1100	174	124	7C		|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	ø	ø	ø	ö	ö	ö	ö	ù	ù	ù	ù	í	|	ò	ç	ç	ñ	ñ	ñ	Ż	đ	|	ö	ø	ö	ł	|
111 1101	175	125	7D			}	}	}	}	}	}	}	}	}	}	å	å	å	å	å	ü	ü	è	è	è	è	ú	æ	è	õ	õ	ç	ç	[	Ħ	ć	}	å	å	ü	ż	}
111 1110	176	126	7E			~	‾		‾	‾	‾	˜	‾	‾	¨	ü	¯	|	¯	ü	ß	˝	¨	¨	û	û	á	ö	ì	°	˜	˜	¨	¨	Ċ	č	¯	–	–	û	ć	‾

In the table above, the cells with non-white background emphasize the differences from the US variant used in the Basic Latin subset of ISO/IEC 10646 and Unicode.

The characters displayed in cells with red background could be used as combining characters, when preceded or followed with a backspace C0 control. This encoding method may be considered deprecated.

Later, when wider character sets gained more acceptance, ISO 8859, vendor-specific character sets and eventually Unicode became the preferred methods of coding most of these variants.

Variants of ASCII that are not ISO 646

There are also some 7-bit character sets that are not officially part of the ISO 646 standard. Examples include:

• 7-bit Greek, ELOT 927. The Greek alphabet is mapped to positions 0x61–0x71 and 0x73–0x79, on top of the Latin lowercase letters.
• 7-bit Cyrillic, KOI-7 or Short KOI. The Cyrillic characters are mapped to positions 0x60–0x7E, on top of the Latin lowercase letters. Superseded by the KOI-8 variants.
• 7-bit Hebrew, SI 960. The Hebrew alphabet is mapped to positions 0x60–0x7A, on top of the lowercase Latin letters (and grave accent for aleph). 7-bit Hebrew was always stored in visual order. This mapping with the high bit set, i.e. with the Hebrew letters in 0xE0–0xFA, is ISO 8859-8.
• 7-bit Arabic, ASMO 449. The Arabic alphabet is mapped to positions 0x41–0x5A and 0x60–0x6A, on top of both uppercase and lowercase Latin letters.

See also

• ISO basic Latin alphabet (consisting exactly of the letters in ISO 646)
• ASCII
• DEC National Replacement Character Set (NRCS)
• ISO/IEC 2022 Information technology: Character code structure and extension techniques
• ISO/IEC 6937 (ANSI)
• C Trigraph
• ITU T.50
• ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2

References

1. Mullendore, Ralph Elvin (1964) [1963]. Ptak, John F., ed. "On the Early Development of ASCII - The History of ASCII". JF Ptak Science Books (published March 2012). Archived from the original on 2016-05-26. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
2. 6 and 7 Bit Coded Character Sets for Information Processing Interchange (draft), International Organization for Standardization, July 1964 (NB. 21 pages. With cover letter for the members of the X3.2 and Task Groups from Eric Clamons.)
3. Mackenzie, Charles E. (1980). Coded Character Sets, History and Development. The Systems Programming Series (1 ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 7, 9, 412. ISBN 0-201-14460-3. LCCN 77-90165. ISBN 978-0-201-14460-4. Retrieved 2016-05-22.
4. Standard ECMA-6: 7-Bit Coded Character Set (PDF) (5th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: European Computer Manufacturers Association (Ecma). March 1985. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2016-05-29. The Technical Committee TC1 of ECMA met for the first time in December 1960 to prepare standard codes for Input/Output purposes. On April 30, 1965, Standard ECMA-6 was adopted by the General Assembly of ECMA.
5. Bodfish, John; Wilson, Mark; Gregory, Stephen; Nye, Julie Blume. Bodfish, John, ed. "Invariant Character Handling". NISO Circulation Interchange Protocol. Colorado Department of Education, USA: NCIP Standing Committee (NCIP-SC). Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
6. Demchenko, Yuri (2000) [1997]. "International Standardization of 7-Bit Codes, ISO 646". TERENA. 4. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
7. Standard ECMA-6: 7-Bit coded Character Set (PDF) (6th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: European Computer Manufacturers Association (Ecma). August 1997 [December 1991]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2016-05-29.
8. "Information processing -- ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange". 1983-07-01. ISO 646:1983. Archived from the original on 2016-05-30. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
9. "Information technology -- ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange" (3rd ed.). 1991-12-16. ISO/IEC 646:1991. Archived from the original on 2016-05-30. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
10. Standard ECMA-6: 7-Bit Input/Output Coded Character Set (PDF) (4th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: European Computer Manufacturers Association (Ecma). August 1973. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2016-05-29.
11. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01020 / Name: Canadian (French) Variant". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1992-10-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
12. "HP PCL/PJL Reference PCL 5 Comparison Guide" (PDF) (2 ed.). Hewlett-Packard Company, LP. June 2003. HP part-number 502-0378. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-10. Retrieved 2016-08-10.
13. Bemer, Robert William (1980). "Chapter 1: Inside ASCII". General Purpose Software. Best of Interface Age. 2. Portland, OR, USA: dilithium Press. pp. 1–50. ISBN 0-918398-37-1. LCCN 79-67462. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-27. Retrieved 2016-08-27, from: Bemer, Robert William (May 1978). "Inside ASCII - Part I". Interface Age. Portland, OR, USA: dilithium Press. 3 (5): 96–102., Bemer, Robert William (June 1978). "Inside ASCII - Part II". Interface Age. Portland, OR, USA: dilithium Press. 3 (6): 64–74., Bemer, Robert William (July 1978). "Inside ASCII - Part III". Interface Age. Portland, OR, USA: dilithium Press. 3 (7): 80–87.
14. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01011 / Name: 7-Bit Germany F.R.". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
15. "Code Page Identifiers". Microsoft Developer Network. Microsoft. 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-06-19. Retrieved 2016-06-19.
16. "Web Encodings - Internet Explorer - Encodings". WHATWG Wiki. 2012-10-23. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
17. Foller, Antonin (2014) [2011]. "German (IA5) encoding - Windows charsets". WUtils.com - Online web utility and help. Motobit Software. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
18. Danish Standard DS 2089: Application of ISO 7-bit coded character set. February 1974. UDC 681.3:003.62.
19. Stroustrup, Bjarne (1994-03-29). Design and Evolution of C++ (1st ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 0-201-54330-3.
20. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01017 / Name: 7-Bit Denmark". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
21. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01023 / Name: Spain Variant". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1992-10-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
22. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01014 / Name: 7-Bit Spain". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-10-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
23. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01018 / Name: 7-Bit Finland/Sweden". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
24. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01010 / Name: 7-Bit France". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
25. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01104 / Name: French NRC Set". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-21. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
26. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01013 / Name: 7-Bit United Kingdom". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
27. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01009 / Name: ISO IRV". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1990-04-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
28. Foller, Antonin (2014) [2011]. "Western European (IA5) encoding - Windows charsets". WUtils.com - Online web utility and help. Motobit Software. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
29. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01012 / Name: 7-Bit Italy". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
30. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 00895 / Name: Japan 7-Bit Latin". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1986-10-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-18. Retrieved 2016-06-18.
31. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01019 / Name: 7-Bit Netherlands". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
32. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01016 / Name: 7-Bit Norway". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
33. Foller, Antonin (2014) [2011]. "Norwegian (IA5) encoding - Windows charsets". WUtils.com - Online web utility and help. Motobit Software. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
34. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01015 / Name: 7-Bit Portugal". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
35. Foller, Antonin (2014) [2011]. "Swedish (IA5) encoding - Windows charsets". WUtils.com - Online web utility and help. Motobit Software. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
36. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01021 / Name: Switzerland Variant". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1992-10-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
37. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 00367 / Name: ASCII". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1978-01-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
38. Foller, Antonin (2014) [2011]. "US-ASCII encoding - Windows charsets". WUtils.com - Online web utility and help. Motobit Software. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.

External links

• Zeichensatz nach ISO 646 (ASCII) (in German)
• History at GNU Aspell website
• ISO646 Character Tables Character Tables by Koichi Yasuoka (安岡孝) (see Domestic ISO646 Character Tables and Quasi-ISO646 Character Tables)
• Turkish Text Deasciifier a tool (based on statistical pentagram analysis of the Turkish language) which reverts an ASCII'fied Turkish text by determining the appropriate (but ambiguous) diacritics normally needed in Turkish but missing in the US-ASCII set.