List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe

  European states

  Most commonly accepted extent of European territory of transcontinental states

The list below includes all entities falling even partially under any of the various common definitions of Europe, geographical or political. Fifty-six sovereign states, six of which have limited recognition, are listed with territory in Europe and/or membership in international European organisations. There are eight areas that are not integral parts of a European state or have special political status.

Geographical boundaries of Europe

Under the commonly used geographic definition, the border between Asia and Europe stretches along the Ural Mountains,^[1] Ural River, and Caspian Sea in the east,^[2] the Greater Caucasus range^[3] and the Black Sea, with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles, in the south.^[4][5][5] Based on that division, transcontinental states Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkey have territory both in Europe and Asia.

The island of Cyprus in West Asia is proximate to Anatolia (or Asia Minor) and is on the Anatolian Plate ^[6] but is often considered part of Europe and is a current member of the European Union (EU). Armenia is entirely in West Asia also but is a member of certain European organisations.^[7] Sometimes Israel is considered as part of geopolitical Europe as well. The island of Malta is on the African Plate.

Although the Mediterranean Sea provides a clearer divide between Africa and Europe, some traditionally European islands such as Malta, Sicily, Pantelleria and the Pelagian Islands are located on the African continental plate.^[8] The island of Iceland is part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, straddling the Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate.^[9]

Some territories geographically outside Europe have strong connections with European states. Greenland has socio-political connections with Europe and is part of the Kingdom of Denmark, but closer to the continent of North America and usually grouped with it.^[10]

Other territories are part of European countries but are geographically located in other continents, such as the French overseas departments,^[11] the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla on the coast of Africa,^[12] and the Dutch Caribbean territories of Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius.^[13]

Political map of Europe and surrounding region

Sovereign states

A sovereign state is a political association with effective sovereignty over a population for whom it makes decisions in the national interest.^[14] According to the Montevideo convention, a state must have a permanent population, a defined territory, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states.^[15]

Recognized states

There are 50 internationally recognized sovereign states with territory located within the common definition of Europe and/or membership in international European organisations, of which 44 have their capital city within Europe. All except the Vatican City are members of the United Nations (UN),^[16] and all except Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City are members of the Council of Europe.^[17] 28 of these countries have also been member states of the EU since 2013, which means they are highly integrated with each other and share their sovereignty with EU institutions.

Each entry in the list below has a map of its location in Europe. Territory in Europe is shown in dark-green; territory not geographically in Europe is shown in a lighter shade of green. The lightest shade of green represents states in the EU and is shown on the maps of all territories within the EU.

*	= Member of the EU[18]

Flag	Map	English short and formal names [19][20][21]	Domestic short and formal names [19][20]	Capital [21][22][23]	Population ^[a][24]	Area ^[a][25]
		Albania^[i] Republic of Albania	Albanian: Shqipëri / Shqipëria — Republika e Shqipërisë	Tirana Albanian: Tiranë	3,020,209	28,748 km^2 (11,100 sq mi)
		Andorra Principality of Andorra	Catalan: Andorra — Principat d'Andorra	Andorra la Vella Catalan: Andorra la Vella	85,458	468 km^2 (181 sq mi)
		Armenia^[b] Republic of Armenia	Armenian: Հայաստան — Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն (Hayastan — Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun)	Yerevan Armenian: Երևան (Yerevan)	3,060,631	29,743 km^2 (11,484 sq mi)
		Austria* Republic of Austria	German: Österreich — Republik Österreich	Vienna German: Wien	8,223,062	83,871 km^2 (32,383 sq mi)
		Azerbaijan^[b] Republic of Azerbaijan	Azerbaijani: Azǝrbaycan — Azǝrbaycan Respublikası	Baku Azerbaijani: Bakı	9,686,210	86,600 km^2 (33,436 sq mi)
		Belarus Republic of Belarus	Belarusian: Беларусь — Рэспубліка Беларусь Russian: Беларусь — Республика Беларусь (Bielarus' — Respublika Belaruś)	Minsk Belarusian: Мінск (Minsk)	9,608,058	207,600 km^2 (80,155 sq mi)
		Belgium* Kingdom of Belgium	Dutch: België — Koninkrijk België French: Belgique — Royaume de Belgique German: Belgien — Königreich Belgien	Brussels Dutch: Brussel French: Bruxelles German: Brüssel	11,239,755	30,528 km^2 (11,787 sq mi)
		Bosnia and Herzegovina	Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Latin: Bosna i Hercegovina Bosnian, Serbian Cyrillic: Босна и Херцеговина	Sarajevo Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Latin: Sarajevo Bosnian, Serbian Cyrillic: Сарајево	3,871,643	51,197 km^2 (19,767 sq mi)
		Bulgaria* Republic of Bulgaria	Bulgarian: България — Република България (Bǎlgarija — Republika Bǎlgarija)	Sofia Bulgarian: София (Sofia)	6,924,716	110,879 km^2 (42,811 sq mi)
		Croatia* Republic of Croatia	Croatian: Hrvatska — Republika Hrvatska	Zagreb Croatian: Zagreb	4,470,534	56,594 km^2 (21,851 sq mi)
		Cyprus*^[c] Republic of Cyprus	Greek: Κύπρος — Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία (Kýpros — Kypriakí Dimokratí) Turkish: Kıbrıs — Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti	Nicosia Greek: Λευκωσία (Lefkosia) Turkish: Lefkoşa	1,172,458	9,251 km^2 (3,572 sq mi)
		Czech Republic*	Czech: Česko — Česká republika	Prague Czech: Praha	10,538,275	78,867 km^2 (30,451 sq mi)
		Denmark*^[f] Kingdom of Denmark	Danish: Danmark — Kongeriget Danmark	Copenhagen Danish: København	5,569,077	2,210,000 km^2 (853,286 sq mi)
		Estonia* Republic of Estonia	Estonian: Eesti — Eesti Vabariik	Tallinn Estonian: Tallinn	1,257,921	45,228 km^2 (17,463 sq mi)
		Finland* Republic of Finland	Finnish: Suomi — Suomen tasavalta Swedish: Finland — Republiken Finland	Helsinki Finnish: Helsinki Swedish: Helsingfors	5,268,799	338,145 km^2 (130,559 sq mi)
		France* French Republic	French: France — République française	Paris French: Paris	66,259,012	643,427 km^2 (248,429 sq mi)
		Georgia^[b]	Georgian: საქართველო (Sak'art'velo)	Tbilisi / T'bilisi Georgian: თბილისი (T'bilisi)	4,935,880	69,700 km^2 (26,911 sq mi)
		Germany* Federal Republic of Germany	German: Deutschland — Bundesrepublik Deutschland	Berlin German: Berlin	80,996,685	357,022 km^2 (137,847 sq mi)
		Greece* Hellenic Republic	Greek: Ελλάς — Ελληνική Δημοκρατία (Ellás — Elliniki Dimokratia)	Athens Greek: Αθήνα (Athína)	10,816,286	131,957 km^2 (50,949 sq mi)
		Hungary*	Hungarian: Magyarország	Budapest Hungarian: Budapest	9,919,128	93,028 km^2 (35,918 sq mi)
		Iceland Republic of Iceland	Icelandic: Ísland — Lýðveldið Ísland	Reykjavík Icelandic: Reykjavík	317,351	103,000 km^2 (39,769 sq mi)
		Ireland*^[d][26]	English: Ireland Irish: Éire	Dublin English: Dublin Irish: Baile Átha Cliath	4,832,765	70,273 km^2 (27,133 sq mi)
		Italy* Italian Republic	Italian: Italia — Repubblica Italiana	Rome Italian: Roma	61,680,122	301,340 km^2 (116,348 sq mi)
		Kazakhstan^[e] Republic of Kazakhstan	Kazakh: Қазақстан — Қазақстан Республикасы (Qazaqstan — Qazaqstan Respūblīkasy) Russian: Казахстан — Республика Казахстан (Kazahstan — Respublika Kazahstan)	Astana Kazakh: Астана Russian: Астана (Astana)	17,948,816	2,724,900 km^2 (1,052,090 sq mi)
		Latvia* Republic of Latvia	Latvian: Latvija — Latvijas Republika	Riga Latvian: Rīga	2,165,165	64,589 km^2 (24,938 sq mi)
		Liechtenstein Principality of Liechtenstein	German: Liechtenstein — Fürstentum Liechtenstein	Vaduz German: Vaduz	37,313	160 km^2 (62 sq mi)
		Lithuania* Republic of Lithuania	Lithuanian: Lietuva — Lietuvos Respublika	Vilnius Lithuanian: Vilnius	2,943,472	65,300 km^2 (25,212 sq mi)
		Luxembourg* Grand Duchy of Luxembourg	German: Luxemburg — Großherzogtum Luxemburg French: Luxembourg — Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Luxembourgish: Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg	Luxembourg German: Luxemburg French: Luxembourg Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg	520,672	2,586 km^2 (998 sq mi)
		Macedonia^[i] Republic of Macedonia	Macedonian: Македонија — Република Македонија (Makedonija — Republika Makedonija)	Skopje Macedonian: Скопје (Skopje)	2,091,719	25,713 km^2 (9,928 sq mi)
		Malta* Republic of Malta	English: Malta — Republic of Malta Maltese: Malta — Repubblika ta' Malta	Valletta English: Valletta Maltese: Valletta	412,655	316 km^2 (122 sq mi)
		Moldova Republic of Moldova	Romanian: Moldova — Republica Moldova	Chișinău Romanian: Chișinău	3,583,288	33,851 km^2 (13,070 sq mi)
		Monaco Principality of Monaco	French: Monaco — Principauté de Monaco	Monaco French: Monaco	30,508	2 km^2 (0.8 sq mi)
		Montenegro^[i]	Montenegrin: Црна Гора (Crna Gora)	Podgorica Montenegrin: Подгорица (Podgorica)	650,036	13,812 km^2 (5,333 sq mi)
		Netherlands*^[f]^[g][13] Kingdom of the Netherlands	Dutch: Nederland — Koninkrijk der Nederlanden	Amsterdam (capital) The Hague (seat of government) Dutch: Amsterdam Dutch: 's-Gravenhage / Den Haag	16,877,351	41,543 km^2 (16,040 sq mi)
		Norway Kingdom of Norway	Bokmål: Norge — Kongeriket Norge Nynorsk: Noreg — Kongeriket Noreg	Oslo Norwegian: Oslo	5,147,792	323,802 km^2 (125,021 sq mi)
		Poland* Republic of Poland	Polish: Polska — Rzeczpospolita Polska	Warsaw Polish: Warszawa	38,346,279	312,685 km^2 (120,728 sq mi)
		Portugal* Portuguese Republic	Portuguese: Portugal — República Portuguesa	Lisbon Portuguese: Lisboa	10,427,301	92,090 km^2 (35,556 sq mi)
		Romania*	Romanian: România	Bucharest Romanian: București	21,729,871	238,391 km^2 (92,043 sq mi)
		Russia^[e] Russian Federation	Russian: Росси́я — Российская Федерация (Rossija — Rossijskaja Federacija)	Moscow Russian: Москва (Moskva)	146,267,288	17,098,242 km^2 (6,601,668 sq mi)
		San Marino Republic of San Marino	Italian: San Marino — Repubblica di San Marino	San Marino Italian: San Marino	32,742	61 km^2 (24 sq mi)
		Serbia^[i] Republic of Serbia	Serbian: Србија — Република Србија, Srbija – Republika Srbija	Belgrade Serbian: Београд, Beograd	7,209,764	88,361 km^2 (34,116 sq mi)
		Slovakia* Slovak Republic	Slovak: Slovensko — Slovenská republika	Bratislava Slovak: Bratislava	5,443,583	49,035 km^2 (18,933 sq mi)
		Slovenia* Republic of Slovenia	Slovene: Slovenija — Republika Slovenija	Ljubljana Slovene: Ljubljana	1,988,292	20,273 km^2 (7,827 sq mi)
		Spain* Kingdom of Spain	Spanish: Reino de España	Madrid Spanish: Madrid	47,737,941	505,370 km^2 (195,124 sq mi)
		Sweden* Kingdom of Sweden	Swedish: Sverige — Konungariket Sverige	Stockholm Swedish: Stockholm	9,723,809	450,295 km^2 (173,860 sq mi)
		Switzerland Swiss Confederation	German: Schweiz — Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft French: Suisse — Confédération Suisse Italian: Svizzera — Confederazione Svizzera Romansh: Svizra — Confederaziun svizra	Bern / Berne German: Bern French: Berne Italian: Berna	8,061,516	41,277 km^2 (15,937 sq mi)
		Turkey^[e]^[i] Republic of Turkey	Turkish: Türkiye — Türkiye Cumhuriyeti	Ankara Turkish: Ankara	76,667,864	783,562 km^2 (302,535 sq mi)
		Ukraine	Ukrainian: Украïна (Ukraina)	Kiev Ukrainian: Київ (Kyiv)	44,291,413	603,550 km^2 (233,032 sq mi)
		United Kingdom*^[h] United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	English: United Kingdom — United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	London English: London	63,742,977	243,610 km^2 (94,058 sq mi)
		Vatican City Vatican City State Holy See	Italian: Città del Vaticano — Stato della Città del Vaticano Latin: Sancta Sedes[27]	Vatican City Italian: Città del Vaticano	842	0.44 km^2 (0.17 sq mi)

States with limited recognition

The following six entities in Europe have partial diplomatic recognition by one or more UN member states (and therefore are defined as states by the constitutive theory of statehood) or have no diplomatic recognition by any UN member state but are defined as states by the declarative theory of statehood and are recognised by one or more Non-UN member states. None are members of the UN, Council of Europe or EU.

Flag	Map	English short and formal names	Status	Domestic short and formal names	Capital	Population^[a]	Area^[a]
		Abkhazia^[b] Republic of Abkhazia	Claimed as an autonomous republic of Georgia. Recognised by four UN states.[28]	Abkhaz: Аҧсны (Apsny) Russian: Абха́зия (Abhazia)	Sukhumi Abkhaz: Аҟəа (Akwa) Russian: Сухуми	250,000 [29]	8,660 km^2 (3,344 sq mi)[30]
		Kosovo Republic of Kosovo[19]	Recognised by 110 UN member states;[31] Serbia does not recognise the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence, and considers it an autonomous province.	Albanian: Kosova / Kosovë — Republika e Kosovës Serbian: Косово — Република Косово, Kosovo – Republika Kosovo	Pristina[22] Albanian: Prishtina, Prishtinë Serbian: Приштина, Priština	1,836,529[24]	10,887 km^2 (4,203 sq mi)[25]
		Nagorno-Karabakh^[b] Nagorno-Karabakh Republic	Claimed as part of Azerbaijan. De facto independent state,[32] recognised by 3 non-UN states.	Armenian: Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ — Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ Հանրապետություն (Lernayin Gharabaghi — Lernayin Gharabaghi Hanrapetut’yun)[33]	Stepanakert Armenian: Ստեփանակերտ (Khankendi)	141,400[34]	7,000 km^2 (2,703 sq mi)[35]
		Northern Cyprus^[c] Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus	Claimed as part of the Republic of Cyprus. Recognised by Turkey.[36]	Turkish: Kuzey Kıbrıs — Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti	Nicosia Turkish: Lefkoşa	294,906[37]	3,355 km^2 (1,295 sq mi)[25]
		South Ossetia^[b] Republic of South Ossetia	Claimed as part of Georgia. Recognised by four UN states.[28]	Ossetian: Хуссар Ирыстон — Республикæ Хуссар Ирыстон (Khussar Iryston — Respublikæ Khussar Iryston) Russian: Южная Осетия — Республика Южная Осетия (Yuzhnaya Osetiya — Respublika Yuzhnaya Osetiya)	Tskhinvali Ossetian: Цхинвал or Чъреба (Chreba)	70,000[38]	3,900 km^2 (1,506 sq mi)[39]
		Transnistria / Trans-Dniester Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic	Claimed as a territorial unit of Moldova. De facto independent state,[32] recognised by 3 non-UN states.	Moldovan: Нистрянэ — Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ (Transnistria — Republica Moldovenească Nistreană) Russian: Приднестрóвье — Приднестрóвская Молдáвская Респýблика (Pridnestrov'ye — Pridnestrovskaya Moldavskaya Respublika) Ukrainian: Придністров'я — Придністровська Молдавська Республіка (Prydnistrov'ya — Pridnistrovs'ka Moldavs'ka Respublika)	Tiraspol Moldovan: Тираспол Russian: Тирáсполь Ukrainian: Тирасполь	530,000[40]	3,500 km^2 (1,351 sq mi)[41]

Dependent territories

The following six European entities are dependent territories.^[42]

*	= Part of the EU, although there may be special arrangements

Flag	Map	English short and formal names[19][21]	Legal status	Domestic short and formal names	Capital[22]	Population[24]	Area[25]
		Akrotiri and Dhekelia ^[c] Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia	British overseas territory	English: Akrotiri and Dhekelia — Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia	Episkopi Cantonment English: Episkopi Cantonment	15,700	254 km^2 (98 sq mi)
		Faroe Islands / Faeroe Islands	Constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark	Faroese: Føroyar Danish: Færøerne	Tórshavn Faroese: Tórshavn Danish: Thorshavn	49,947	1,393 km^2 (538 sq mi)
		Gibraltar*[43]	British overseas territory	English: Gibraltar	Gibraltar English: Gibraltar	29,185	6.5 km^2 (2.5 sq mi)
		Guernsey^[h] Bailiwick of Guernsey	Crown Dependency in right of Guernsey[44][45][46]	English: Guernsey — Bailiwick of Guernsey French: Guernesey — Bailliage de Guernesey Guernésiais: Guernesey — Bailliage de Guernesey	Saint Peter Port English: Saint Peter Port French: Saint Pierre Port Guernésiais: Saint Pierre Port	65,849	78 km^2 (30 sq mi)
		Isle of Man^[h]	Crown Dependency in right of Man[46][47][48]	English: Isle of Man Manx: Mannin — Ellan Vannin	Douglas English: Douglas Manx: Doolish	86,866	572 km^2 (221 sq mi)
		Jersey^[h] Bailiwick of Jersey	Crown Dependency in right of Jersey[44][45][46]	English: Jersey — Bailiwick of Jersey French: Jèrri — Bailliage de Jèrri Jèrriais: Jèrri — Bailliage de Jèrri	Saint Helier English: Saint Helier French: Saint-Hélier Jèrriais: Saint Hélyi	96,513	118 km^2 (46 sq mi)

Special areas of internal sovereignty

The following places are considered integral parts of their controlling state, but have a political arrangement which was decided through an international agreement.

*	= Part of the EU, although there may be special arrangements

Flag	Map	English short and formal names	Legal status	Domestic short and formal names	Capital	Population	Area
		Åland*[49] Åland Islands[21]	Self-governing area of Finland, significant autonomy as the result of the Åland crisis[50]	Swedish: Åland — Landskapet Åland	Mariehamn[21] Swedish: Mariehamn	27,500[51]	6,787 km^2 (2,620 sq mi)[51]
		Northern Ireland*	Part of the United Kingdom, devolved government determined by the Good Friday Agreement[52]	Northern Ireland[53]	Belfast[53]	1,810,863 [54]	14,130 km^2 (5,456 sq mi)[53]
		Svalbard[19]	Special territory of Norway, determined by the Svalbard Treaty[55]	Norwegian: Svalbard	Longyearbyen[21][22] Norwegian: Longyearbyen	2,019[24]	62,045 km^2 (23,956 sq mi)[25]

See also

• Lists of European countries:
  • by date of formation
  • by GDP
    • by GDP per capita
    • by GDP PPP
  • by geographic area
• International organisations in Europe
• List of former sovereign states in Europe
• Predecessors of sovereign states in Europe
• Timeline of European nations
• Geopolitical divisions of Europe

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Area and population numbers include integral areas located outside of Europe. The area and population of states with separatist regions includes that of the separatist regions.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Part of Transcaucasian Region, at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. Physiographically, Armenia falls entirely in Western Asia, while Georgia and Azerbaijan are mostly in Asia with small portions north of the Caucasus Mountains divide in Europe.
3. ^ ^{a b c} The island of Cyprus is located on the Cyprian arc on the edge of the Asian Anatolian Plate and is physiographically associated with Asia, but it is part of European organisations such as the EU.
4. ^ The terms Republic of Ireland and Poblacht na hÉireann are not official long names and are used only as a legal description meant to differentiate the state from the island.
5. ^ ^{a b c} Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkey have territory in both Europe (dark green) and Asia (light green).
6. ^ ^{a b} Denmark and the Netherlands are constituent countries of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of the Netherlands respectively. Both are members of the EU; however, the other constituent countries of their kingdoms are not. In international organisations, the terms Denmark and Netherlands are often used as short forms of their respective kingdoms as a whole.
7. ^ The Netherlands is also known as "Holland", but this is the improper name of the whole country as it refers only to a small region inside the country. See Netherlands (terminology).
8. ^ ^{a b c d} The United Kingdom consists of the countries of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The UK is responsible for the foreign relations and ultimate good governance of the Crown dependencies of Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Jersey, which are otherwise separate. The mainlands of England, Scotland and Wales make up the island of Great Britain (or simply Britain), which is sometimes used synonymously with the United Kingdom.
9. ^ ^{a b c d e f} EU candidate country.

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