List of Turkic dynasties and countries

The following is a list of dynasties, states or empires which are Turkic-speaking, of Turkic origins, or both. There are currently five recognized Turkic sovereign states. Additionally, there are six federal subjects of Russia in which a Turkic language is a majority, and three where Turkic languages are the minority, and also Crimea, a disputed territory between Ukraine and Russia where Turkic languages are the minority. There have been numerous Turkic confederations, dynasties, and empires throughout history across the Eurasian continent.

World map with present-day independent recognized Turkic countries highlighted in red

The maximum extent of the Safavid Empire under Shah Abbas I.

The Seljuk Empire, highlighted in orange, at its greatest extent in 1092 AD

The Ottoman Empire at its greatest extent.

The Turkic Khaganate at its greatest extent, in 576 AD under Ishbara Qaghan, before the Göktürk civil war

Flag of the Turkic Council

Contemporary entities with at least one Turkic language recognized as official

Republic Day

Name	Years
Azerbaijan	May 28, 1918
Turkey	October 29, 1923
Kyrgyzstan	October 14, 1924
Uzbekistan	October 27, 1924
Kazakhstan	June 19, 1925
Turkmenistan	August 22, 1991

Current independent states

Name	Years
Turkey	1923	85% Turkish, 15% Others.
Azerbaijan	1991	91.6% Azerbaijanis, 0.29% Tatars.[1]
Kazakhstan	1991	63.1% Kazakhs, 2.9% Uzbeks, 1.4% Uyghurs, 1.3% Tatars, 0.6% Turkish, 0.5% Azerbaijanis, 0.1% Kyrgyz.[2]
Kyrgyzstan	1991	70.9% Kyrgyz, 14.3% Uzbeks, 0.9% Uyghurs, 0.7% Turkish, 0.6% Kazakhs, 0.6% Tatars, 0.3% Azerbaijanis.[3]
Turkmenistan	1991	75.6% Turkmens, 9.2% Uzbeks, 2.0% Kazakhs, 1.1% Turkish 0.7% Tatars[4]
Uzbekistan	1991	71.4% Uzbeks, 4.1% Kazakhs, 2.4% Tatars, 2.1% Karakalpaks, 1% Crimean Tatars, 0.8% Kyrgyz, 0.6% Turkmens, 0.5% Turkish, 0.2% Azerbaijanis, 0.2% Uyghurs, 0.2% Bashkirs.[5]

De-facto state

Recognized only by Turkey and by the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic.

Name	Years
Northern Cyprus[6]	1983	67.54% Turkish Cypriots, 32.45% Turkish

Federal subjects of Russia

Turkic nations where Turkic peoples are a majority

Name
Bashkortostan	2010 – 29.5% Bashkirs, 25.4% Tatars, 2.7% Chuvash
Chuvashia	2010 – 67.7% Chuvash, 2.8% Tatars
Karachay-Cherkessia	2010 – 41.0% Karachays, 3.3% Nogais
Tatarstan	2010 – 53.2% Tatars, 3.1% Chuvash
Tuva	2010 – 82% Tuvans, 0.4% Khakas
Sakha Republic	2010 – 49.9% Yakuts, 0.2% Dolgans, 0.9% Tatars

Turkic nations where Turkic peoples are a minority

Name
Altai Republic	2010 – 34.5% Altais, 6.2% Kazakhs
Kabardino-Balkaria	2010 – 12.7% Balkars
Crimea	2010 – 12.6% Crimean Tatars
Khakassia	2010 – 12.1% Khakas

Autonomous regions

Name
Gagauzia in Moldova	2004 – 82.1% Gagauz.[7]
Xinjiang in China	2000 – 45.21% Uyghurs, 6.74% Kazakhs, 0.86% Kyrgyz, 0.066% Uzbeks, 0.024% Chinese Tatars
Karakalpakstan in Uzbekistan	36% Uzbeks, 32% Karakalpaks, 25% Kazakhs
Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in Azerbaijan	99% Azerbaijanis[8]
Xunhua Salar Autonomous County in China	2000 – 61.14% Salars

Historical Turkic confederations, dynasties, and states

Tribal confederations

Tiele people	Dingling	Yenisei Kirghiz (The Yenisei Kirghiz Khagans claimed to be of agnatic Chinese descent from Li Ling)[9][10]	Yueban
Onogurs	Ashina	Toquz Oghuz
Karluks	Chigils	Yagma	Basmyl
Oghuz	Sabir people	Bulgars	Shatuo	Kankalis	Kipchaks	Cumans

Turkic dynasties and states

Name	Notes	Years	Capital	map
Turkic Khaganate		552–ca. 580 682–744	Ordu Baliq
Western Turkic Khaganate		593–659	Suyab
Eastern Turkic Khaganate		581–630	Ordu Baliq
Xueyantuo		628–646
Kangar union		659–750	located in Ulutau mountains
Türgesh		699–766	Balasagun
Kimeks		743–1220	Khagan-Kimek Imekia
Uyghur Khaganate		744–848	Ordu Baliq
Oghuz Yabgu State		750–1055	Yangikent
Karluk Yabgu State		756–940	Suyab later Balasagun
Kara-Khanid Khanate		840–1212	Balasagun, Kashgar, Samarkand
Gansu Uyghur Kingdom		848–1036	Zhangye
Kingdom of Qocho		856–1335	Gaochang, Beshbalik
Pechenegs		860–1091
Cumania[11][12]		900–1220
Anatolian Beyliks		11th–16th century	Many such as Karaman, Sinop, Adana, Alanya, Kahramanmaraş.	90px
Ahmadilis		1122–1209	Maragha
Eldiguzids		ca.1135–1225	Nakhchivan (city) and Hamadan
Salghurids		1148–1282	Fars Province
Ottoman Empire	Also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey, was an empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia	1299–1923	Söğüt 1299–1335, Bursa 1335–1413, Adrianople 1413–1453, Constantinople 1453–1922
Sufids		1361–1379
Safavid Empire	Originally of Turkic Oghuz descent.[13][14][15][16]	1501–1736	Tabriz 1501–1555 Qazvin 1555–1598 Isfahan 1598–1736

Europe

Name	Notes	Years	Capital	Map
Khazar Empire	Originally, the Khazars were pagan Tengrist worshippers.	6th–11th century	Balanjar 650–720 ca., Samandar (city) 720s–750, Atil 750-ca.965–969
Avar Khaganate	Established in the Pannonian Basin region in 567.	567–804	Szeged
Great Bulgaria		632–668	Phanagoria 632–665
First Bulgarian Empire	Tengrist Turkic pre-Christianization;[17] became Slavic post-Christianization	681–1018	Pliska 681–893, Preslav 893–972, Skopje 972–992, Ohrid 992–1018
Volga Bulgaria		7th century–1240s	Bolghar, Bilär

Middle East

Name	Notes	Years	Capital	Map
Tulunids		868–905	al-Qatta'i
Ikhshidid Dynasty		935–969
Burid Dynasty		1104–1154	Damascus
Zengid Dynasty		1127–1250	Aleppo
Rasulids		1228–1455
Bahri dynasty		1250–1389
Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)	The first half of the Mamluk Sultanate was dominated by the Kipchak Turkic Bahri dynasty, after the Mongol conquest of the Kipchak steppes, the second half of the Mamluk Sultanate was the Burji dynasty dominated by non-Turkic Circassians.	1250–1517	Cairo

North African region

Name	Notes	Years	Capital	Map
Husainid Dynasty	The Husainid dynasty is the former ruling dynasty of Tunisia originally of Cretan Turkish origin. They came to power under al-Husayn I ibn Ali in 1705 replacing the Muradid dynasty. His father was a Cretan Turk and his mother was a Tunisian.[18][19][20]	15 July 1705 – 25 July 1957	Tunis	Tunisia (dark blue)

Indian subcontinent

Name	Notes	Years	Capital	Map
Mamluk Dynasty		1206–1290	Delhi
Qarlughid Dynasty		1224–1266	Ghazna, Binban
Khilji Dynasty		1290–1320	Delhi
Tughlaq Dynasty		1320–1414	Delhi
Ilyas Shahi dynasty		1342–1487	Sonargaon
Bahmani Sultanate		1347–1527	Gulbarga (1347–1425) Bidar (1425–1527)
Malwa Sultanate		1392–1562	Dhar and Mandu
Bidar Sultanate		1489–1619
Adil Shahi dynasty		1490–1686	Bijapur
Qutb Shahi Dynasty		1518–1687	Golconda / Hyderabad
Tarkhan Dynasty		1554–1591	Sindh
Asaf Jahi Dynasty		1724–1948	Hyderabad

Sinicized Turkic dynasties

The Shatuo Turks founded several sinicized dynasties in northern China during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The official language of these dynasties was Chinese and they used Chinese titles and names.

Name	Notes	Years	Capital	Map
Later Tang		923–936	Daming County 923, Luoyang 923–936
Later Jin[21]	The Later Jin founder, Shi Jingtang, claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry.	936–947	Taiyuan 936, Luoyang 937, Kaifeng 937–947
Later Han	Sources conflict as to the origin of the Later Han and Northern Han Emperors; some indicate Shatuo ancestry while another claims that the Emperors claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry.[22]	947–951	Kaifeng
Northern Han	Same family as Later Han. Sources conflict as to the origin of the Later Han and Northern Han Emperors; some indicate Shatuo ancestry while another claims that the Emperors claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry.[22]	951–979	Taiyuan

Turko-Persian states

The Turko-Persian tradition was an Islamic tradition of the interpretation of literary forms, practiced and patronized by Turkic rulers and speakers. Many Turko-Persian states were founded in modern-day Eastern Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.^[23]

Name		Years	Capital	Map
Ghaznavid Empire	Ruled by a thoroughly Persianized family of Turkic mamluk origin[24][25]	962–1186	Ghazna 977–1163, Lahore 1163–1186
Seljuk Empire	Ruled by a clan[26] of originally Oghuz Turkic descent.[24][27][28][29]	1037–1194	Nishapur 1037–1043, Rey, Iran 1043–1051, Isfahan 1051–1118, Hamadan Western capital 1118–1194, Merv Eastern capital (1118–1153)
Sultanate of Rûm		1077–1307	İznik, Iconium (Konya)
Khwarazmian dynasty	Ruled by a family of Turkic mamluk origin.[30]	1077–1231/1256	Gurganj 1077–1212, Samarkand 1212–1220, Ghazna 1220–1221, Tabriz 1225–1231
Kara Koyunlu		1375–1468	Tabriz
Ak Koyunlu		1378–1501	Diyarbakır : 1453 – 1471, Tabriz :1468 – January 6, 1478

Turco-Mongol states

Turco-Mongol is a term describing the synthesis of Mongol and Turkic cultures by several states of Mongol origin throughout Eurasia. These states adopted Turkic languages, either among the populace or among the elite, and converted to Islam, but retained Mongol political and legal institutions. Two of these states founded by the Timurid dynasty, specifically the Timurid Empire and Mughal Empire, were influenced by the Persian and Indian cultures.

Name	Years	Capital	Notes	Map
Kerait khanate	11th century-13th century
Naiman Khanate	−1204
Chagatai Khanate	1225–1340s	Almaliq, Qarshi
Golden Horde	1240s–1502	Sarai Batu	Founded as an appanage of the Mongol Empire, the Golden Horde gradually became Turkicized after the Empire's fragmentation
Timurid Empire	1370–1506	Samarkand 1370–1505, Herat 1505–1507	Persianate dynasty of Turco-Mongol lineage
Shaybanid Khanate	1428–1599
Kazan Khanate	1438–1552	Kazan
Crimean Khanate	1441–1783	Bakhchisaray
Nogai Khanate	1440s–1634	Saray-Jük
Kazakh Khanate	1456–1847	Turkistan
Moghulistan	1462–1591
Great Horde	1466–1502	Sarai
Astrakhan Khanate	1466–1556	Xacitarxan
Siberia Khanate	1490–1598	Tyumen until 1493, Qashliq from 1493
Khanate of Bukhara	1500–1785	Bukhara
Khanate of Khiva	1511–1920	Khiva
Yarkent Khanate	1514–1705	Yarkent
Arghun dynasty	1520–1554	Bukkur
Mughal Empire	1526–1857	Agra 1526–1571, Fatehpur Sikri 1571–1585, Lahore 1585–1598, Agra 1598–1648, Shahjahanabad/Delhi 1648–1857	Founded by Turco-Mongol ruler Babur, adopted the Persian language in later periods.[31][32][33][34]
Khanate of Kokand	1709–1876	Kokand
Emirate of Bukhara	1785–1920	Bukhara

Turco-Iranian dynasties

The following list is of Iranian dynasties of Turkic origin.

Name	Notes	Years	Capital	Map
Afsharid Dynasty	Originally of Turkic descent and origin.[35]	1736–1796	Mashhad
Qajar Dynasty[36]	Originally of Turkic Oghuz descent.[37]	1785–1925	Tehran

Former Republics

Name	Notes	Years	Map	Capital
Provisional Government of Western Thrace later Independent Government of Western Thrace	Republic of Western Thrace was a small, short-lived partially recognized republic established in Western Thrace from August 31 to October 25, 1913. It encompassed the area surrounded by the rivers Maritsa (Evros) in the east, Mesta (Nestos) in the west, the Rhodope Mountains in the north and the Aegean Sea in the south. Its total territory was c. 8.600 km².[38]	1913		Komotini
Crimean People's Republic		1917–1918		Bakhchysarai
Idel-Ural State		1917–1918
Alash Orda		1917–1920		Semey
Republic of Aras		1918–1919		Nakhchivan (city)
Republic of Kars	Also known as the Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus.	1918–1919		Kars
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic		1918–1920		Ganja, Azerbaijan until Sep 1918, Baku
Azadistan	Azadistan was a short-lived state in the Iranian provinces of Azarbaijan that lasted from the early 1920 until September 1920. It was established by Mohammad Khiabani, representative to the parliament and a prominent dissident against foreign colonialism.[29]	1920		Tabriz
Government of the Grand National Assembly	Based in the region of Anatolia.	1920–1923		Ankara
People's Republic of Tannu Tuva		1921–1944		Kyzyl
First East Turkestan Republic	First East Turkestan Republic was a short-lived breakaway would-be Islamic republic founded in 1933. It was centered on the city of Kashgar in what is today the People's Republic of China-administered Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.	1933–1934		Kashgar
Republic of Hatay	Also known informally as the Republic of Hatay as Hatay State.	1938–1939		Antakya
East Turkistan Republic		1944–1949		Ghulja
Azerbaijan People's Government		1945–1946		Tabriz
Turkish Federated State of Cyprus		1975–1983		Nicosia

Soviet Republics

Name	Notes	Years	Map	Capital
Khorezm People's Soviet Republic		1920–1924		Khiva
Bukhara People's Soviet Republic		1920–1924		Bukhara
Azerbaijan SSR		1920–1991		Baku
Uzbek SSR		1924–1991		Samarkand 1924–1930, Tashkent 1930–1991
Turkmen SSR		1924–1991		Ashgabat
Kazakh SSR		1936–1991		Almaty
Kyrgyz SSR		1936–1991		Bishkek

Autonomous Soviet Republics

Name	Notes	Years	Map	Capital
Turkestan ASSR		1918–1924		Tashkent
Bashkir ASSR		1919–1990		Ufa
Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic		1920–1925		Orenburg
Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic		1920–1990		Kazan
Yakut ASSR		1922–1991		Yakutsk
Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic		1921–1924		Vladikavkaz
Nakhchyvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic		1921–1990		Nakhchivan (city)
Kazak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic		1925–1936		Almaty
Chuvash ASSR		1925–1992		Cheboksary
Karakalpak ASSR		1932–1992		Nukus
Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic		1936–1991		Nalchik
Kabardin Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic		1944–1957
Crimean ASSR		1945–1991		Simferopol
Tuvan ASSR		1961–1992
Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic		1990–1992		Gorno-Altaysk

Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union

Name	Notes	Years	Map	Capital
Chuvash Autonomous Oblast		1920–1925		Cheboksary
Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Oblast		1921–1936		Nalchik
Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast		1922–1926
Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast		1922–1991
Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast		1924–1936		Bishkek
Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast		1925–1932		To‘rtko‘l
Karachay Autonomous Oblast		1926–1957
Khakassian Autonomous Oblast		1930–1992
Tuvan Autonomous Oblast		1944–1961

See also

• Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)
• Turkic migration
• Turkic tribal confederations
• Oghuz Turks
• Turco-Mongol
• Mongol and Tatar states in Europe
• Nomadic empire
• Russian Turkestan
• Turkic peoples

Notes

1. Demographics of Azerbaijan.
2. Demographics of Kazakhstan.
3. Demographics of Kyrgyzstan
4. Demographics of Turkmenistan
5. Demographics of Uzbekistan
6. Recognized only by Turkey and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, see Cyprus dispute.
7. Gagauzia
8. http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm
9. Veronika Veit, ed. (2007). The role of women in the Altaic world: Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26–31 August 2001. Volume 152 of Asiatische Forschungen (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 61. ISBN 3447055375. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
10. Michael Robert Drompp (2005). Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history. Volume 13 of Brill's Inner Asian library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 126. ISBN 9004141294. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
11. Encyclopedia of European peoples, Vol.1, Ed. Carl Waldman, Catherine Mason, (Infobase Publishing Inc., 2006), 475; "The Kipchaks were a loose tribal confederation of Turkics...".
12. Vásáry, István, Cumans and Tatars: Oriental military in the pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 6; "..two Turkic confederacies, the Kipchaks and the Cumans, had merged by the twelfth century.".
13. Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. 1977, p. 77.
14. Helen Chapin Metz. Iran, a Country study. 1989. University of Michigan, p. 313.
15. Emory C. Bogle. Islam: Origin and Belief. University of Texas Press. 1989, p. 145.
16. Andrew J. Newman, Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire, IB Tauris (March 30, 2006).
17. Peter Sarris (2011). Empires of Faith: The Fall of Rome to the Rise of Islam, 500–700. p. 308.
18. Brown 2015, pp. 29-30.
19. ed. Abun-Nasr 1987, p. 173.
20. Johnston 2011, p. 21.
21. Wudai Shi, ch. 75. Considering the father was originally called Nieliji without a surname, the fact that his patrilineal ancestors all had Chinese names here indicates that these names were probably all created posthumously after Shi Jingtang became a "Chinese" emperor. Shi Jingtang actually claimed to be a descendant of Chinese historical figures Shi Que and Shi Fen, and insisted that his ancestors went westwards towards non-Han Chinese area during the political chaos at the end of the Han Dynasty in early 3rd century.
22. According to Old History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 99, and New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 10. Liu Zhiyuan was of Shatuo origin. According to Wudai Huiyao, vol. 1 Liu Zhiyuan's great-great-grandfather Liu Tuan (劉湍) (titled as Emperor Mingyuan posthumously, granted the temple name of Wenzu) descended from Liu Bing (劉昞), Prince of Huaiyang, a son of Emperor Ming of Han
23. Lewis, Bernard. "Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire", p29. Published 1963, University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1060-0.
24. M.A. Amir-Moezzi, "Shahrbanu", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK): "... here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."
25. Muhammad Qāsim Hindū Šāh Astarābādī Firištah, "History Of The Mohamedan Power In India", Chapter I, "Sultān Mahmūd-e Ghaznavī", p.27: "... "Sabuktegin, the son of Jūkān, the son of Kuzil-Hukum, the son of Kuzil-Arslan, the son of Fīrūz, the son of Yezdijird, king of Persia. ..."
26. Jonathan Dewald, "Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World", Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24
27. K.A. Luther, "Alp Arslān" in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK): "... Saljuq activity must always be viewed both in terms of the wishes of the sultan and his Khorasanian, Sunni advisors, especially Nezām-al-molk ..."
28. Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Seljuq", Online Edition, (LINK): "... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship ..."
29. O.Özgündenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK)
30. M. Ismail Marcinkowski, Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey, with a foreword by Professor Clifford Edmund Bosworth, member of the British Academy, Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2003, ISBN 9971-77-488-7.
31. Thackston 1996
32. Findley 2005
33. Saunders 1970, p.177
34. "The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Tamarind Empire)". Ucalgary.ca. Retrieved 2011-07-06.; "The Islamic World to 1600: Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (The Mughal Empire)". Ucalgary.ca. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
35. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afsharids-dynasty
36. Abbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896, I.B.Tauris, pp 2–3
37. Richard N. Frye and Lewis V. Thomas. The United States and Turkey and Iran, Harvard University Press, 1951, p. 217
38. "Panayotis D. Cangelaris - The Western Thrace Autonomous Government "Muhtariyet" Issue (1913) Philatelic Exhibit". Cangelaris.com. Retrieved 2016-09-25.

Further reading

• Finkel, Caroline, "Osman's Dream, History of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923", 2005, John Murray ISBN 0-465-02396-7
• Findley, C.V., The Turks in World History, 2005, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517726-6
• Forbes Manz, B., The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane, 2002, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63384-2
• Hupchick, D.P., The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism, 2002, Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6417-3
• Lewis, Bernard. "Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire", 1963, University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1060-0.
• Saunders, J.J., The History of the Mongol Conquests, 2001, Routledge & Kegan Ltd. ISBN 978-0-8122-1766-7
• Thackston, W.M., The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor, 2002, Modern Library. ISBN 978-0-375-76137-9
• Vásáry, I., Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365, 2005, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83756-9
• Veronika Veit, ed. (2007). The role of women in the Altaic world: Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26–31 August 2001. Volume 152 of Asiatische Forschungen (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 3447055375. Retrieved 8 February 2012.